文学课缩印 - 用于合并

reintroduction of Christianity;the network of monasteries;pagan and Christian;Caedmona poetic paraphrase of the Bible, The first Christian writer;Cynewulf;Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.Beowulf and Grendel /Beowulf and Grendels Mother /Beowulf and the Dragon the theme of Beowulf: Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people struggle against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader with the help of heroes. The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. Beowulf successively fights against the three monsters as the overcoming of the hostile forces of nature by mans will and perseverance. Artistic features: 1.Alliteration 2 Metaphor/Kennings 3 Understatement the Arthurian Legend.Anonymous: in alliterative verse Four cantos: The first: tells of King Arthur at Camelot feasting his knights of the Round Table during the Christmas season. The Second: describes Gawains long journey and his reception at a castle by the lord and his fair lady. The Third: tells of the three days of Gawains stay at the castle. The Fourth:describes Gawains journey to the Green Chapel on New Years Day. Two main motifs in the story: The tests of faith, courage and purity The human weakness fro self-preservation Chaucer:The contributions to English Literature : 1)Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas to replace the old English alliterative verse. 2) In the Romaunt the Rose , he first introduced into English the octosyllabic couplet. 3) In The Legend of Good Women , he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. And in The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer employed the heroic couplet with true ease. 4)Chaucer also developed the art of literature itself . In Troilus and Criseyde, he gave the world what is virtually the first modern novel. 5)In The Canterbury Tales , he developed his art of poetry still further towards drama and the art of novel. John Dryden, called Chaucer the father of English poetry. For the Renaissance, he was the English Homer. Features of ballads Flourished in the 15th century Originally oral literature (Ballads were collected and written down in the 18th century. Earliest publication of collection of ballads was Thomas Percys “Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”.) Collective creation (no certain writer for each ballad) Ballads wrote on all kinds of subjects. Important points of the character of Robin Hood: hatred for the cruel oppressors and love for the poor; orthodox in religion; reverence for the King (just an illusion) Social Significance: showing the fighting spirit, courage and revolutionary energy of English peasantry. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, Stratford-on-Avon. wrote 38 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems. He is the greatest dramatist of the English Renaissance. Shakespeare is surpassingly great because his works never fail to bear a kind of closeness to human life and never fail to be the mirror reflecting human nature. Shakespeares four dramatic periods: a. His first dramatic period was one of apprenticeship. b. His second dramatic period was highly individualized c. His third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. d. Shakespeares last period includes romantic tragicomedies It typically shows Shakespeares pessimistic views towards human life and society in his late years. Sonnet 18 Iambic pentameter, The rhyme of the poem is abab cdcd efef gg. Main ideas: Quatrain 1: praise the beauty of the young man Quatrain 2: changes in life and nature Quatrain 3: “your” beauty will last forever Couplet: “your” beauty will live in my poem. Immortalize beauty Hamlet as a typical tragic hero: Good qualities: noble-minded, brave, intelligent, learned, with a strong sense of justice, loved and respected by his people; Weaknesses: rash, impulsive, indecisive, sometimes can be cruel, harsh and coarse His tragic flaw is lack of emotional balance; either acts rashly, without thinking, or doesnt act quickly and firmly enough. His indecisiveness, his inability to act when action is needed, is one of the major causes for his downfall. Hamlets soliloquy The speech reveals the psychological make-up, the intricate mental workings, the thinking process of Hamlet. The use of psychological analysis gives greater depth and breadth to the thoughts and feelings of the character. 1. a thinker, a philosopher, pondering on both his personal considerations and social problems 2. a man with a sense of justice 3. pessimistic and gloomy view about life, cynical attitude towards society 4. wide range of knowledge 5. belief in the Christian doctrine about heaven and hell Shakespeares tragedies reflect the sharp contradictions of the Elizabethan society, the economic and social crisis of the time, and show the authors deep observation of life. In his tragedies he portrayed heroes who are victims of injustice and treachery. He exposed and denounced hypocrisy, treachery and general corruption at the royal court and various evils in the society. Paradise Lost Satan is the real hero of the poem.The features of his character include his boldness, unbending ambition and “unconquerable will”. The poem is full of biblical and classical allusions. The majesty of expression suits well the sublimity of the poets thought. Selected Reading : Gullivers Travels 1. Gullivers Travels , Jonathans best fictional work . The book contains four parts : His experience in Lilliput , Alone in Brobbingnay , visit to the Flying Island and Account of his discoveries in the Houyhnhnm land . In structure , the four parts make an organic whole . 2. Gulliver give an account of some aspects of Lillipution life and obviously alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks of the English government . Romanticism:Intellectually it marked a violent reaction to the Enlightenment. 在艺术表现上偏重于想象、夸张、象征及美丑对 比等手法的运用，产生了出奇制胜的审美效果。“幻想的文学”代替了启蒙主义时期的“思想的文学”。 提出“回到中世纪” 的 口号。中世纪民间文学的丰富的想象，真挚的情感，自由的表达方式，通俗的语言，都是浪漫主义所追求的。 Politically it was inspired by the revolutions in America and France and popular wars of independence in Poland, Spain, Greece, and elsewhere. (The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions. The Romantics saw both the corruption and injustice of the feudal societies and the fundamental inhumanity of the economic, social and political forces of capitalism. ) Emotionally it expressed an extreme assertion of the self and the value of individual experience, together with the sense of the infinite and transcendental. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. Socially it championed progressive causes, though when these were frustrated it often produced a bitter, gloomy, and despairing outlook. 厌恶工业文明和城市文化，反思工业文明和科技理性对人文精神的负面影响，并进行抗衡与抵御，提出“回到自然” 的口号。人与自然在情感上的共鸣与和谐，成为其重要特色。 Features of Romantic writing 1. Expressiveness. a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The Romantics believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society. b. Wordsworths theory of poetry is calling for simple themes drawn from humble life expressed in the language of ordinary people. c. The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. d. The Romantics believed that object should be the expression of the writers emotion, impression and beliefs. 2. Imagination. It is in solitude, in communication with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties, the imagination. 3. Worship of Nature. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. 4. To escape from a world that had become excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic and ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times and places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. 5. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules. Historical Background of the Period A. The French Revolution. B. The Industrial Revolution Wordsworth Themes 1.Nature-connect emotion and spirit -The worshipper of nature 2.Humble people- 3.Imagination The Preface, (1800) added to the Lyrical Ballads (1798). It brought success to Lyrical Ballads. Importance: its a piece of literary criticism which shows Wordsworths theory of poetry writing. 1. Theme of poetry: incidents and situations chosen from common life. 2. Language: really used by common people. -simple 3. Ordinary things are to be presented in an unusual way. (“We are seven”) by imagination 4. Trace the primary laws of human nature. Why Lyrical Ballads is a landmark in English poetry? 1. Its a collaboration of Wordsworth and Coleridge. (who are the major representatives of the Romantic Movement.) 2. In the book, they explored new theories and innovated new technologies in poetry writing. (New: break away with traditional writing style) 3. They saw poetry as a healing energy. They regard poetry could purify the souls of individuals and society. 4. Lyrical Ballads uses simple language to show strong sympathy with the poor, and its the fusion of natural ascription with expression of inward state of mind. The Artistic features Language: He stuck to emphasizing the purest by simplest words. Simplicity :He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made . The importance of William Wordsworth. -Contribution William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature. Works: The solitary Reaper Content: The poet sees a highland girl singing and reaping alone in the field. Structure&Language Four eight-line stanzas, each closing with two couplets and basically written in iambic tetrameter lines, have a musical lilt. Wordsworth writes plain verse. For example, he repeats the simplest idea in varying words. The girl is “single,“ “solitary,“ and “by herself“ (1-3). Theme Love for nature, long for nature Simplicity Rhetorics Contrast: Birds and song images Spenserian stanzas In The Faire Queene, Spenser, he originated A nine-line verse stanza, the rhyme scheme is abab bcbc c The first eight lines are iambic pentameter Last line is iambic hexameter Eg. George ByronChilde Harolds Pilgrimage P. B. ShelleyThe Revolt of Islam Comments on Shelley Revolutionary, radical, passionate, visionary, optimistic Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny. His work reflected the radical ideas and revolutionary optimism of the era. 1819 Ode to the West Wind Themes: 1. Its a symbolic poem. West wind refers to a powerful phenomenon of nature. West Wind is either a destroyer (of the old world) or a preserver (of the new things) 2. In the poem, Shelley eulogizes west wind enjoy the boundless freedom. 3. West wind is a messenger, to spread revolutionary message far and wide. 4. The dominant mood of this poem is hope - Shelleys hope for freedom. Structure The poem was written in terza rima . Terza refers to 3 line groups, each terza has 3 lines. Rima: regular rhyme scheme, e.g. aba bcb cdc ded ee. Each stanza has 14 lines: a variant of the original Italian pattern: five 14-lined stanzas of iambic pentame