初二英语上册(外研版)module 12 help 知识点总结

初二英语上册（外研版）Module 12 Help 知识点总结 一、重点词汇 broken 基本用法 broken adj. 弄坏的；破碎的（动词 break 的过去分词） Look at the broken window. Who broke it, do you know? 看这打碎的窗户，你知道谁打碎的吗？ glass 基本用法 1. glass n. 玻璃（为不可数名词） I cut my hand on some broken glass. 碎玻璃割伤了我的手。 2. glass n. 玻璃杯（为可数名词） I would like a glass of milk. 我想来杯牛奶 知识拓展-形近词 glasses n. 眼镜 He was an old man who wore thick glasses. 他是个戴着厚厚眼镜的老头。 stairs 基本用法 stairs n. 楼梯 Im out of breath after running up the stairs. 奔上楼梯我气喘吁吁。 知识拓展-相关单词 1. upstairs adv. 在楼上，上楼 I walked upstairs and unlocked my front door. 我走上楼去，打开前门的锁。 2. downstairs adv. 在楼下，下楼 Denise went downstairs and made some tea. 丹尼丝下楼泡了茶。 aid 原文再现 This mornings class is about first aid, or giving someone basic medical help. 今天上午的课是关于急救的，也就是如何给人基本的医疗帮助。 基本用法 1. aid n. 援助；帮助 first aid 急救 Could you give me some first aid? 你可以替我急救吗？ 2. aid v.帮助，援助 This new medicine may aid your recovery. 这种新药可以帮助你恢复健康。 medical 原文再现 This mornings class is about first aid, or giving someone basic medical help. 今天上午的课是关于急救的，也就是如何给人基本的医疗帮助。 基本用法 medical adj. 医疗的；医学的 This is the best medical team in the country. 这是该国最好的医疗队伍。 Great advances have been made in medical science. 医疗科学取得巨大的进展。 知识拓展-相关单词 medicine n. 药，药品 I have a stomachache. May I have some medicine? 我胃痛，能给我开点药吗? imagine - 中国首家承诺学习效果的在线教育公司 原文再现 Lets imagine an accident. 我们想象有场事故。 基本用法 imagine v. 想象 Imagine yourself to be on a desert island. 设想一下你身处荒岛的情形。 imagine doing sth 意为：想象做某事 Can you imagine living without electricity? 你能现象没有电的生活情形吗？ 知识拓展-相关单词 imagination n. 想象；想象力 You didnt really see a ghost, its only imagination. 你并没有真地看见鬼，这仅仅是幻象。 bottom 原文再现 A boy is lying at the bottom of the stairs. 一个男孩躺在楼梯下。 基本用法 bottom n. 底部；底端 There are tea leaves in the bottom of my cup. 我的杯底有茶叶。 at the bottom of 意为：在的底部 The police found a body at the bottom of the lake. 警方在湖底发现了一具尸体。 知识拓展-反义词 at the top of 在的顶端 There was a shortage of oxygen at the top of the mountain. 山顶上缺氧。 wrong 原文再现 First of all, find out whats wrong with him. 首先，看看他到底怎么了。 基本用法 wrong adj. 错误的；有毛病的 I am afraid youve made a wrong decision. 恐怕你做了一个错误的决定。 “Whats wrong with?”用来提问：某人怎么了。 Jill, you look pale. Whats wrong with you? 吉尔，你看起来脸色苍白，你怎么了？ trouble 原文再现 But he could have trouble hearing you or speaking to you. 但是他可能很难听到你说话或跟你说话。 基本用法 1. trouble adj. 困难；烦恼 Im sorry to have to put you to so much trouble. 很抱歉，给您添了这麽多麻烦。 “have trouble doing sth”指：做某事有困难 I have trouble waking up in the morning. 早上起来对我而言是件苦事。 2. trouble v. 惹麻烦 Im sorry to trouble you, but I wondered if we could have a word some time. 很遗憾要打扰你一下，我想问问我们什么时候能聊聊。 知识拓展-相关短语 in trouble 处于困难中 She stood by me when I was in trouble. 当我有困难的时候，她会站在我这边。 lift 原文再现 - 中国首家承诺学习效果的在线教育公司 Lift him up and sit him on a chair? 把他抬起来放到椅子上？ 基本用法 1. lift v. 举起，升高，抬起（过去式：lifted 过去分词：lifted 现在分词：lifting 三单：lifts） Can you just lift the table for a second? 你把桌子抬起来一下好吗？ lift up 升起； 举起 Lift up those books and bring me the paper thats under them. 拿开那些书并把它们下面的文件递给我。 2. lift n. 电梯，搭载 He pressed the button to call the lift. 他按键招呼电梯。 harmful 原文再现 No, that could be harmful. 不，那是有害的。 基本用法 harmful adj. 有害的 Its harmful to your eyes to read in the bus. 在公共汽车上看书对你的眼睛有害。 be harmful to 意为：对有害 It is harmful to your health to drink too much. 过量喝酒对你的身体有害。 知识拓展-相关单词 harm n. 害处，坏处 do harm to 意为：对有害 Reading in bed will do harm to your eyes. 躺在床上看书对你的眼睛是有害的。 drop 原文再现 You could drop him and hurt him even more. 你可能会让他掉下来，并且伤得更厉害。 基本用法 drop v. 落下；跌倒（过去式：dropped 过去分词：dropped 现在分词： dropping 三单：drops） He dropped off from his bike. 他从自行车上跌下来。 知识拓展-词义辨析：drop 词组 1. drop in on sb 拜访某人 Ill drop in on you when I have time. 有空我来看你。 2. drop in at sp 拜访某人 Please drop in at my office when you happen to be free. 如果你碰巧有空的话，请到我的办公室来。 training 原文再现 You did some basic medical training. 你受过一些基本的医疗训练。 基本用法 training n. 训练；培养 The champion is in training for his next fight. 这位冠军为了下一场比赛正在进行训练。 知识拓展-相关单词 train v. 训练，培养 The coach trained the players so hard to take part in the national competiotion. 为了参加全国竞赛，教练严格训练运动员。 make sure 原文再现 Make sure hes warm. 确保他是暖和的。 基本用法 - 中国首家承诺学习效果的在线教育公司 make sure 确保，保证，其用法如下： 1. make sure of sth 确保某事 He had stopped to catch his breath and make sure of his directions. 他曾停下来歇口气，同时确定一下方向。 2. make sure to do sth 确保做某事 Make sure to turn off the light before you leave. 临走前一定要熄灯。 3. make sure +that 从句 Make sure that you put down every word she says. 切实要记下她说的每一个字。 cover 原文再现 Cover him with a coat. 给他盖件外套。 基本用法 1. cover v. 盖，覆盖 cover sth with sth 意为：用来盖 Cover the boy with a blanket. Its a little bit cold here. 给小男孩盖张毯子，有点儿冷。 2. cover n. 盖子，封面 Lift the cover of the pot and add some salt to the soup. 把锅盖掀开，给汤加点儿盐。 知识拓展-相关短语 be covered with 覆盖着 The field is covered with snow. 田野一片积雪。 earthquake 原文再现 What to do in an earthquake 地震时做什么 基本用法 earthquake n. 地震 The town was destroyed by the earthquake. 这个小镇被地震毁了。 warn 原文再现 Earthquakes always happen suddenly, so it is difficult to warn people about them. 地震经常突然发生，很难给人们预警。 基本用法 warn v. 警告；告诫（过去式：warned 过去分词：warned 现在分词：warning 三单：warns） warn sb about sth 警告某人某事 Parents often warn children about the danger of crossing busy streets. 家长经常警告孩子过繁忙马路的危险。 warn sb not to do sth 警告某人不要做某事 Warn people not to swim in the river. 警告人们不要在河里游泳。 inside 基本用法 inside 的词性较多，有： 1. adj. 在里面的 Maybe it is in your inside pocket. 它可能在你衣服里面的口袋里。 2. adv. 在里面 We have to play inside because it is raining. 因为天下雨，我们不得不在屋里玩。 3. n. 内部 I painted the inside of the house. 我粉刷了一遍房子内部 4. prep. 在内部 He parked his car inside the gate. - 中国首家承诺学习效果的在线教育公司 他把车停在大门里面。 知识拓展-反义词 outside 1. adj. 在外面的 You must protect yourself from outside threats. 您必须保护自己免受外部的威胁。 2. adv. 在外面 I stepped outside and pulled up my collar against the cold mist. 我走出门，竖起衣领抵御冷雾。 3. n. 外部 One should not judge a thing by the outside. 不能从外表来判断事物。 4. prep. 在外部 I find this purse in the street outside my house. 我在我的房屋外边的街上发现了这个钱包。 under 原文再现 Hide under a table. 藏在桌子底下。 基本用法 under prep. 在 下面 She sat very still under the tree. 她在树底下静静地坐着。 知识拓展-词义辨析： under/below 两者都可表示“低于”，under 主要表示垂直在下的正下方，而 below 则不一定表示正下方（即可以是正 下方 或非正下方）。如： The shoes are under the bed. 鞋在床下。（在正下方） Look in the cupboard below/underthe sink. 到洗碗池下面的柜子里找一找。 （可以是正下方，也可以不是正下方） window 原文再现 Stay away from windows and heavy furniture. 远离窗户和重家具。 基本用法 window n. 窗户 He looked out of the window. 他向窗外看去。 The fresh air blew in from the open window. 新鲜空气从开着的窗户吹进来。 keep 原文再现 Keep clear of fires. 避开火。 基本用法 keep v. 保持，保留（过去式： kept 过去分词：kept 现在分词：keeping 三单：keeps） keep 既可以做连系动词又可以做实义动词，其用法如下： 1. 做系动词：其后常接形容词作表语。如： Please keep quiet / silent! 请保持安静！ After the accident, he still kept alive. 这次事故之后，他仍然活着。 2. 做实义动词，其含义主要有 (1) 保管；保存；保留。如： Keep the change. 零钱不用找了。 Please keep these things for me while I am away. 在我离开期间，请你替我保管这些东西。 (2) 赡养；饲养。如： - 中国首家承诺学习效果的在线教育公司 Does he earn enough to keep himself and his family? 他的收入够养活他自己和他的家人吗？ (3) 坚持；继续。后面如接动词，要用 V-ing 形式作宾语。如： If you keep (on) practising your spoken English, youll soon make great progress. 如果你坚持练习英语口语，你很快就会取得很大的进步。 clear 原文再现 Keep clear of fires. 避开火。 基本用法 1. clear adj. 不和接触的 keep clear of 避开 Please keep clear of the door of the lift. 请不要靠近电梯的门口。 2. clear adj. 清洁的 The water here is shallow and clear. 这里的水又浅又清。 3. clear v. 清洁，打扫 He cleared a space on his desk for a cup of coffee. 他在书桌上腾出了一点儿地方用来放一杯咖啡。 calm 原文再现 Keep calm, especially when you are with other people. 保持镇静，尤其是跟他人一起的时候。 基本用法 1. calm adj. 镇静的，冷静的 You should keep calm even in face of danger. 即使面临危险，你也应当保持镇静。 2. calm v. (使) 平静；(使)镇静 calm down 意为：平静下来 Moved by what she said, he could hardly calm down. 由于被她那些话所感动，他很难平静下来。 brave 原文再现 Be brave and helpful. 要勇敢，乐于助人。 基本用法 brave adj. 勇敢的，英勇的 Let us remember the brave people who died for the peace of the world. 让我们永远怀念为世界和平献身的勇士们。 helpful 原文再现 Be brave and helpful. 要勇敢，乐于助人。 基本用法 helpful adj. 有帮助的；有用的 The teacher gave us a lot of helpful books in maths. 老师给了我们许多数学上有帮助的书。 power 原文再现 Do not stand near street lights or under power lines. 不要站在路灯附近或电线下面。 基本用法 power n. 力量，电力 He was so drunk that he had lost the power of speech. 他醉得太厉害，连话都说不出来了。 High winds have knocked down trees and power lines. 大风刮倒了树木和电线。 知识拓展-相关单词 powerful adj. 强大的； 权力大的 The athlete should have a powerful body. - 中国首家承诺学习效果的在线教育公司 运动员应该具有强健的体魄。 二、重点句型 He is in pain. 他很疼。 基本用法 in pain 意为：在疼痛中，在苦恼中 The injured soldiers called out in pain. 受伤的士兵疼得大叫。 He cried out in pain and fell down. 他疼得大叫，应声跌倒了。 First of all, find out whats wrong with him. 首先，看看他到底怎么了。 基本用法 1. first of all=at first=firstly 首先，第一 First of all, let me tell you the news. 首先，让我告诉你这个消息。 2. 句中 whats wrong with him 做 find out 的宾语，是宾语从句，必须采用陈述句语序。 在这句话中“whats wrong with him”本身已经是陈述句语序，不用再做调整。 The teacher asked why we had a different opinion. 老师问为什么我们有不同意见。 Can you tell me what I should do to avoid the same mistake? 你能告诉我我做什么才能避免同样的错误吗？ But he could have trouble hearing you or speaking to you. 但是他可能很难听到你说话或跟你说话。 基本用法 本句中采用了 have trouble doing sth 的结构，意为：做某事有困难，其他类似的结构还有： have difficulty/problems doing sth 做某事有困难 I have a little difficulty pronouncing this word. 我读这个单词有点儿苦难。 Do you have any problems finding the right way to the hospital? 你找去医院的路有困难吗？ have fun doing sth 做某事很高兴 You will have fun reading about the world we live in. 你会通过阅读来了解我们所生活的世界的。 You could drop him and hurt him even more. 你可能会让他掉下来，并且伤得更厉害。 基本用法 本句中 more 为比较级，表示 “更严重”，even 修饰比较级。英语中可以修饰比较级的词有： 1. 肯定修饰词：修饰比较级的肯定词 much（得多）、even （甚至更.）、far(远比更.)、a little(更 一点)、a bit(更一点)、still（仍然更.）表示数量的 more 之前还可以加 some/one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot 等词。 Would you like some more coffee? 你想再来点咖啡吗？ The weather report says it will be much hotter tomorrow. 天气预报说明天会更热。 2. 否定修饰词：修饰比较级的否定词有 no、not、any、never 等。 Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter. 有些人想吃什么就吃什么，一点也不发胖。 Thats such good advice that you could be a doctor, Betty! 贝蒂，建议很好，你可以去当医生了。 基本用法 本句采用了“suchthat”结构，引导结果状语从句，表示“ 如此以至于” 。其结构为： 1. such+a/an+形容词+ 单数可数名词+that+ 从句，如： She is such a lovely girl that everyone loves her. 她是如此可爱的一个女孩，以至每个人都喜欢她。 It is such an interesting story that I want to read it again. 这是一个如此有趣的故事以至我想再读一次。 2. such+复数可数名词 /不可数名词 +that+从句，如： He showed such concern that people took him to be a relative. - 中国首家承诺学习效果的在线教育公司 他表现得如此关心以致于人们都把他当作亲戚了。 “sothat”也可以引导结果状语从句，其结构为： 1. so + 形容词/副词 + that + 从句，如： This story is so interesting that I want to read it again. 这个故事如此有趣以至我想再读一次。 He spoke so quickly that I couldnt follow him. 他说得如此快以至我不能跟上他。 2. so+形容词/副词+(a/an)+(单数)复数可数名词不可数名词+that+从句，如果句中的名词是单数 可数名词，其前就要用不定冠词 a 或 an，如果是复数可数名词或者不可数名词，前面就不用冠词，如： She is so lovely a girl that everyone loves him. 这个故事如此有趣以至我想再读一次。 Those are so beautiful flowers that the girl wants to pick them. 那些花是如此漂亮以至那个女孩想要摘下它们。 知识拓展-词义辨析：sothat/suchthat 二者都可以引导结果状语从句，但结构不同。 1. so. that.句型中的 so 是副词，常常用来修饰形容词或副词，常用句型为： so + adj. (adv.) +that so + adj. +a(an)+单数 n. +that so +many(few)+复数 n. +that so +much(little)+不可数 n. +that如: This book is so interesting that I have read it three times. 这本书如此有趣，我已经看了三遍。 It was so hot a day that nobody wanted to do anything. 天气很热，谁都不想干活。 There were so many people that we could hardly move on. 这么多人，我们简直无法继续往前走。 2. 在“such. that.”句型中，such 修饰名词，意思也是“ 如此 以致于”，常用句型为: such + a (an)+adj. +单数 n. +that such + adj. +复数 n. +that such +adj. +不可数 n. +that She is such a pretty girl that everyone likes her. 她是个很可爱的小姑娘，大家都喜欢她。 They are such delicious cakes that I want to eat another two. 这么可口的蛋糕，我还想再吃两块。 It is such sweet milk that we all want to drink it. 这么香的牛奶，我们都想喝。 3. 当名词前有 many、much、(a) few、(a) little 等词修饰时，句子中要用 “so.that.”而不能用“such. that.”。例如： He has so much money that he can buy what he wanted. 她有那么多钱，想要什么就能买什么。 There is little water in the glass that I cant drink any more. 杯子里水太少了，我喝不到了。 Earthquakes always happen suddenly, so it is difficult to warn people about them. 地震经常突然发生，很难给人们预警。 基本用法 本句是由 so 连接的并列句，表示因果关系。同时后一句采用了“it is +adj. +for sb+to do sth”句型，表示 “做 某事对某人是的”。 It is important for people to learn team spirit. 对人们来说，学习团队精神是很重要的。 It is impossible for him to finish it in ten hours. 对于他来说，10 个小时后完成是不可能的。 Usually people have little or no idea about what to do during an earthquake, so here is some advice. 通常人们很少或不知道地震时做什么，下面是一些建议。 基本用法 1. have idea about sth 意为：知道， have no idea about sth 意为：不知道 I have no idea about Chinese food. 我对中国菜一无所知。 - 中国首家承诺学习效果的在线教育公司 I have no idea about the man who wrote the article. 我不认识写这篇文章的那个人。 2.“ what to do during an earthquake”做宾语，由“ 特殊疑问词+to do”构成。疑问词部分包括疑问代词 who, whom, what, which 和 whose 以及疑问副词 when, where 和 how。此外，连接词“whether” 也适用。它 的功能 相当于名词，可以做宾语，如： We must know what to say at a meeting. 我们必须知道要在会上讲什么。 Will you show me how to use the machine? 你能给我演示如何操作这台机器吗？ Jim, have you decided yet which book to buy? 吉姆，你决定买哪本书了吗？ In the mountains, be careful of falling rocks. 在山里，小心落下来的石头。 基本用法 be careful of sth 以为：小心，注意 Be careful of the dog; it sometimes bites people. 留心那条狗，有时候咬人。 Children must be taught to be careful of traffic. 必须教育孩子要当心车辆。 In short, follow what you learnt in school. 总之，遵循你在学校学到的。 基本用法 1. in short 意为：总之，总而言之。 In short, I am interested in all of the sports. 简而言之，我对一切运动都感兴趣。 In short, he is one of the most promising students Ive ever known. 总之，他是我见过最有希望的学生之一。 2. 句中“what you learnt in school”做 follow 的宾语从句，从句中采用陈述句语序。 Tell me what you are going to do with the problem. 告诉我你打算怎样处理这个问题。 Miss Chen asked whose mobile phone it was. 陈小姐问是谁的手机。 三、重点语法 情态动词 can/must/could 表推测 情态动词表推测的三种句式 1.在肯定句中一般用 must (一定) ，may（可能），might （也许，或许）。 The photo must be Miss Lus, those must be their parents. 照片肯定是陆小姐的，那肯定是她的父母。 The policeman may know the way to that school. 警察可能知道去那所学校的路。 If you have any idea where it might be, please call me. 如果你知道它可能在哪儿，请给我打电话。 2.否定句中用 cant / couldnt（不可能）， may not/might not（可能不）。 It cant/couldnt be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 这不可能是校长，他去美国了。 The doctor may not/might not be in the hospital now, Its nearly six oclock. 医生可能现在不在医院了，快 6 点了。 注意：can/could 表推测时一般用于否定句和疑问句，但是 could 可以用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中， 表 示事情可能发生。 3. 疑问句中用 can/could (能.?)。 Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗？ Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗？ 情态动词表推测的三种时态 1.对现在正在进行的动作推测时，用“ 情态动词 + be +doing”。 He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机 - 中国首家承诺学习效果的在线教育公司 2.对一般情况的推测，“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 He cant ( couldnt ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。 Mr. Bush is on time for everything，he cant (couldnt) be late for the meeting. 布什先生一向准时，这次会议他不可能迟到。 3.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。 It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。 The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home. 门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。 祈使句 定义 用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称， 所以通常都省略，祈使句的动词都为一般现在时。 祈使句的肯定形式 1. 实意动词的祈使句要用动词原形开头。 Come to the party! 来晚会吧！ Do it now! 现在就做！ 2. be 动词的祈使句要用 be 开头。 Be careful next time! 下次注意！ Be quiet! 安静！ 3. let 祈使句采用“let sb do sth”的形式。 Let me help you. 让我帮你吧。 Lets dance. 我们跳舞吧。 祈使句的否定形式 1. 直接在句首加 dont 或 do not。 Do not come in unless asked. 非请莫入。 Dont make noise. 别出噪音。 2. Lets 开头的祈使句的否定：直接加 not do Lets not go home. 我们别回家。 但是 Let 开头的祈使句的否定：直接在前面加 Dont 或在 sb 后面加 not 例如：Let him come in.变为 Dont let him come in 或 Let him not come in. 3. no 开头的祈使句表示“禁止，不要”，语气较强硬。 No smoking! 禁止吸烟。 祈使句 定义 用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称， 所以通常都省略，祈使句的动词都为一般现在时。 祈使句的肯定形式 1. 实意动词的祈使句要用动词原形开头。 Come to the party! 来晚会吧！ Do it now! 现在就做！ 2. be 动词的祈使句要用 be 开头。 Be careful next time! 下次注意！ Be quiet! 安静！