世界上汽车排气污染 毕业论文外文翻译.doc

外文原文automobile exhaust pollutionin the worldbackgroundwhen we stand in the street and face the heavy traffic in big cities, some people will be attracted by the prosperity of the city while some will be addicted into the scene of debauchery. we will not realize the danger of exhaust of automobiles until we wake up. it is threatening our lungs and our health. according to the research, in the world, another most important factor, which leads to air pollution, is exhaust of automobiles. in 1943, in los angeles of california, usa, 2.5 million cars burnt 1100tons petroleum every day. petroleum burning brought hydrocarbon. when hydrocarbon was irradiated by ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, it had chemical changes. there had been light blue fog. the fog made a lot of citizens become sick, such as red eyes and pain in the head. from then on, people call this pollution actinic fog. in 1955 and 1970, actinic fog event happened twice in los angeles. the former made four hundred people died of breath crock up. three-fourths of the citizens got sick in 1970. in history, actinic fog events in los angeles were called one of “the world eight threaten” and “the ten environmental threaten in 20th century” in the world. these events make people start to realize threaten of exhaust of automobiles. a lot of environmental protectors are worried about the danger of our living environment.introduction automobiles are the necessary products of the development of modern industry civilization. its agility and convenience satisfy the demand of people to improve the level of life very well. it improves the development of traffic. whats more, automobile also becomes the top industry in some countries. it improves the development of social economy consider from some degree. as the old saying goes, “fire and water are good servants, but bad masters”. since 21st century, automobile exhaust pollution is becoming a global problem. the demand of automobiles is increasing every day. with the increasing number of automobiles, they are becoming widely used in our daily life; thus, they have more negative effects to the worldwide environment. especially, the exhaust of automobiles threatens the environment of cities. some diseases of breath system are caused by it. it also makes the air contains too much ozone. urban heat island effect is becoming worse because of it. the exhaust of automobiles is threatening peoples health directly. at the same time, it has deep influence on peoples living environment. the natural environment offers environment and resources to people to survive and develop, but it suffers heavy destroy from human beings. only when natural environment is in the condition of ecological equilibrium, human beings have optimistic future. solving the problem of automobile exhaust pollution is pressing. the purpose of our report is calling the people all over the world to protect our unique earth. we hope that everyone will realize the importance of protecting the environment. everyone should make a great effort to control automobile exhaust pollution.body automobile exhaust pollution is a kind of pollution caused by exhaust from automobiles. it will produce many kinds o f poisonous matter. the main contaminations are hydrocarbon, nox oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and leaded mixture. sulfur dioxide contains strong stimuli smell. when it reaches certain saturation, it will lead to acid rain. then, water and soil become acid. it will affect the growth of plants and forest. according to the report of research, air pollution is the main reason of many diseases, such as cancer, blood vessel, lung disease, mental disease, psychological barriers, malformation, and weak intelligence and so on. during the recent one hundred years, the warming climate has become significant threaten to human beings. melting glacier, rising water and the phenomenon of el have brought severe challenge of the living of human beings. however, carbon dioxide is the main factor that causes global warming. most of the carbon dioxide came from the exhaust of automobiles.current situationthe annual report from the environmental protection department tell us that the possessing capacity of automotive vehicle representing the feature of increasing. in 2009, the manufacture produced about 13.79 million and the sales volume is 13.64 million, up 48.3% and 46.2%. the possessing capacity of automotive vehicle is about 0.17 billion, up 9.3%. 25 times more than what is in 1980.among the automotive vehicle, there is 62.09 million of automobile and 94.53 million of motorbike. according to car exhaust emission control standards, the number of the automobile reach the national iii emission standard just own 25.4%. there is 31.8% reached national ii emission standard and 25.7% reach the national i emission standard. the rest cannot achieve national i emission standard. as we know, automobile is the main producer of the pollutants discharge. the automobile discharge includes carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon exceeds 70%. nitrogen oxide and particulate matter are more than 90%. on the basis of vehicle classification, in china, the automobile carry passenger discharge carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon is obvious more than truck. the tuck is main producer nitrogen oxide and particulate matter. classified with fuel, gasoline produces more carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon than diesel oil. but the diesel oil discharge nox about 60% and nitrogen oxide and particulate matter exceed 90%.in 2009, in china automotive vehicle discharge 51.43 million ton, inside this data, carbon monoxide have 40.18 million ton, hydrocarbon have 4.82 million, nitrogen oxide have 5.83 million, particulate matter have fifty-nine thousand ton.influence of automobile exhaust pollutionto human health:the influence to the human health is the direct effect. automobile exhaust consists of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter. especially the lead gasoline, it is more hurtful to the human health.the analysis of science show, a car can discharge 3 times exhaust than its weight. in england, compare with the rate of traffic accident, there are ten times more people die because of the air pollution, according to the report of study from the british air clean association and environmental protection association.why so many people die in the air pollution? i will analysis the harmful substance in the automobile exhaust.particulate matter: its composition is very complicated. it has the strong adsorption affinity. the particulate matter through the lung to enter the body, this effect has been linked to respiratory symptoms. when the densities of this particulate matter rise to a certain degree, it will cause the malignant tumor. besides, particulate matter also can direct contact skin and eye, result in our tiny hair follicle get clogged and sweat gland, this situation can cause the lichenin dermatitis and conjunctivitis, this has even spawned the corneal endothelium injury. eyes, skin and lung is very important to us. we do not want to the automobile exhaust hurt us.carbon monoxide: when the carbon monoxide compatible with hemoglobin, the speed is 250 times more than the oxygen compatible with the hemoglobin. carbon monoxide through the lung to enter the blood circulation, when the carbon monoxide affine the hemoglobin, it will form the carbonyl hemoglobin that reduce the function of the blood carry oxygen to the bodily tissue and mainly violates the central neural system. discourage people from the nervous system, for example, feeling, response, comprehension and a retentive faculty. if there is too much carbon monoxide in the body, it will harm the circulatory system of the blood. maybe it will make one persons life in danger.nitrogen oxide: the main element of the nitrogen oxide is nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. these two gaseous fluids are very harmful to the human health. especially, the harmful to the respiratory system, it may cause the respiratory diseases and finally to loss of the breath.hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons are organic compounds. it is unclear the direct influence to the human health. when the nitrogen oxide compatible with the hydrocarbons, it can form the irritant light blue photochemical smog under the solar ultra-violet. this direct harm of the photochemical smog is irritating eye and the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract; cause the eye redness and the inflammation of the throat.lead (bp): lead is a heave metal. there is 60% lead in the air comes from the lead gasoline burring. when the densities of this lead (pb) rise to a certain degree, it will cause the disease of cardiovascular system. at the same time, it will influence the liver, kidney and nervous system. the density of the lead is heavier than the air, it will focus in the 1 matter. so the main victim is the children.to the plants:the automobile exhaust not only hurt the human health, and it is also hurt the plants. in the automobile exhaust, it also forms the ozone and organic niters. it can hurt the leaf of the plants. the ethylene, it will make the bad effect to blossom and bear fruit of the plant. the automobile exhaust will hurt the beetroot, spinacia, tomato and tobacco in a very easy way. as we know, the plants which grow in the speed way never have the high output value.to the environment:the automobile exhaust is the key points of the air pollution. the reason of the acid rain, the soil and water become more and more acidic, make the bad effect of the forest and crops, global warming, melting glaciers, swollen lakes. the automobile exhaust brings to many dangers to our environment.current solutions:(1) raise the price of petroleumat present, a variety of actions have been taken in order to reduce the air pollution it has caused. in most parts of china, as well as other countries in the world, gasoline prices have climbed steeply over the past few years. gas was near $1 a gallon a decade ago. it took six years for the price to double to $2 a gallon in 2004. six years later, in june 2010, gas prices have tripled once again to over $6 a gallon. the ongoing increase in gasoline prices have impacted not only china economy but also the world at large as the price of oil and gasoline impacts transportation (by truck, airplane, and boat), tourism (a major world industry), and is starting to have a major impact on the demand of automobiles. for example, it was recently announced that the ford f-150 pickup truck, which was the best selling automobile since 1991, dropped to the fifth most popular vehicle in may 2010. （ 2 ）find substitute resourcein the same vein, the governments have invested huge amount of money and talents to discover alternative fuel sources. currently, chinese government encourages electricity development. these generators do not give off the toxic gas and fumes that normal fossil fuels do when they are burned, thus reducing harmful emissions into the environment. and in america, corn oil fuel is used most to instead fuel-driven, which is made from corn plants, making it a renewable resource. it is overall more environmentally friendly and more cost efficient than traditionally used fossil fuels. suggestions:though some certain policies about air pollution control have been formed, the results are still not satisfied. to remedy the unsatisfied situation, i suggest more methods should be done as the following discussing. (1) use clean fuelfirstly, we can reuse natural resources around us. we can develop solar powered cars. there is a very bright future for solar energy to power our transportation needs and were just scratching the surface of the possibilities. the sun produces massive amount of heat energy that are transported right down to the planets surface. once the suns rays arrive at the planets surface the strength of the heat energy immediately from the sun is not as hot for the reason that some of the warmth is rerouted before it reaches the earths atmosphere. when the sun is genuinely hot and its summer time we think that it couldnt get much hotter as the mid day sun makes your run for shade, although it can become possibly hotter if it was not rerouted. even though there are particular days when there are clouds within the sky and rain, snow or different weather conditions, it is still feasible to create adequate heat within your solar source to create sufficient energy to survive till the sunlight is able to return. the evaluation of alternative fuels with low greenhouse gas emissions, from various production sources, setting up pollination analysis techniques combined with implementation methodologies on engine and vehicle test benches, thus reducing vehicle co2 and pollutant gas emissions(2) increase burning efficiency whats more, burning fuel system in an automobile is also a significant factor influencing waste emission. so using advanced fuel treatment devices is necessary. a proprietary multi-phase process should be developed to utilize engineered flow patterns in order to restructure fuel hydrocarbons. as water is considered as the most abundant and purest material, we can use gas and water combined to create a more efficient fuel burning process. the fuel burning is exactly what i am referring to; since we do not burn all of the gas that we put into our cars, it can help us use some of the gas that would be wasted or turned into pollution, thus making us have less trips to the gas station or local fuel pump. besides, it has a unique portfolio of expertise, ranging from fuel formulation to refining processes and engine technologies. this will increases fuel efficiency and produces a cleaner burn system during the engines combustion cycle to improve burning and heating efficiency, making innovative solutions for a smooth transition to energies and materials of tomorrowmore efficient, more economical, cleaner and sustainable.(3) reduce automobile usea survey indicates that around 40% of co2 emissions in the china are caused by things we do as individuals. across these activities, personal car travel is the single biggest contributor to personal co2 emissions: so reduce the number of miles you drive by walking, biking, carpooling or taking mass transit wherever possible. a study shows that avoiding just 10 miles of driving every week would eliminate about 500 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions a year! make fewer car journeys choosing instead to walk or cycle. walking your one-mile trips could save you over 160 each year in fuel. besides, walking briskly on a regular basis is good for your heart and lungs, helps burn calories and is a good way to a healthier active life.cycling two-mile trips could save you over 600 each year in fuel. also cycling is a great way to exercise. it has a low impact on your joints and each two-mile trip can burn up over 100 calories. whats more, community car sharing organizations should be set to provide access to a car if you need a car but dont want to buy one, try to share cars with others if possible. if we all act as what i have talked successfully then the benefits of the automobile will outweigh the serious problems.conclusionautomobiles have become such a part of our lives that we rarely stop to consider in how many ways they impact and shape the world in which we live. now emissions of many air pollutants have been shown to have variety of negative effects on public health and the natural environment. dayue xiufu once asks, what exactly is the national health first or economy coordinated priority? a simple word brings to the world the profound thinking. believe that through the front discussion, everyone has certain of understanding for this sentencein the economic and technology both rapid send a times, we pay attention to economy. at the same time, we also want to pay attention to health problems. so-called, body is the capital of revolution; this shows health problems how important it is. but, as people living standard and requirements rise ceaselessly, the environmental problems become increasingly prominent. a number of major challenges now need t be overcome, such as securing and diversifying energy supplies, controlling pollutant emissions or noise pollution and cutting greenhouse gas emissions. among them, car exhausts pollution due to possess a considerable proportion, become one of the current problems to be solved. car exhaust pollution brings serious harm to peoples life and health. automobile exhaust pollution prevention and protect the atmospheric environment are become the urgent task.road transport continues to lie at the heart of national energy policy and must be considered in the context of sustainable development for our common living environment, and in order to environmental sustainability, we should join hands and work together, opening up new technologies, studying the new treatment method, for automobile exhaust thorough governance. the government is also to strengthen management, and raise citizens awareness of environmental protection consciousness.whats more, we need to start from ourselves， reduce the driving utilization rate. for generations to leave one clear skies.中文翻译世界上汽车排气污染当我们站在街上和在大城市所面临的交通拥挤，有些人将由城市的繁荣而将沉迷于灯红酒绿的吸引。我们将不会醒来，直到我们意识到汽车排气带来的危险害。这是威胁我们的肺，我们的健康。根据研究，在世界上，另一个最重要的因素，导致空气污染，是汽车排气。1943，美国，在洛杉矶，加利福尼亚，2500000辆烧毁的1100tons石油的每一天。石油烃燃烧带来的。当油被阳光照射紫外线，有化学变化。有浅蓝色的雾。浓雾使许多居民生病，如红色的眼睛和头部疼痛。从那时起，人们称这种污染光化烟雾。在1955和1970，光化雾事件发生两次在洛杉矶。前四百人死于呼吸衰竭。四分之三的市民生病1970。在历史上，在洛杉矶光化雾事件被称为“世界八威胁”和“十环境威胁第二十世纪”的世界。这些事件让人们开始认识到汽车排气的威胁。许多环境保护者担心我们生活环境的危险。简介汽车是现代工业文明的发展所需的产品。它的灵活性和方便，满足人们的需求水平的提高，生活得很好。它提高了交通的发展。更重要的是，汽车也成为一些国家的顶级行业。它提高了社会经济的发展从某种程度上考虑。俗话说，“水和火是好的仆人，却是坏的主人”。第二十一个世纪以来，汽车尾气污染已成为一个全球性的问题。汽车的需求与日俱增。随着汽车数量的增加，他们越来越广泛的应用于我们的日常生活中；因此，他们已经对全球环境的负面影响。特别是，汽车