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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 通过毕业设计初步掌握机械设计的一般方法和步骤。同时提高分析解决问题的能力；提高综合运用所学知识的能力。2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 设计要求：该机构能将一平台平稳的升降。 平台长3000mm宽2000mm；行程2000mm 承载3000kg 使用安全、可靠、灵活。能在任意位置停止。 毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 一、 设计总装配图及主要零件图二、 设计说明书一份三、 英文资料翻译（3000字以上）4主要参考文献： 1 机械工程概论张青 张瑞军 化学工业出版社， 2008 2 建筑起重机械安全监督管理规定 （中华人民共和国建设部令第 166 号） 3 机械工程 杨红旗 4 新型建筑机械及其应用 王锡龄 中国环境科学出版社， 1997 5 机械原理 孙恒 高等教育出版社 1995 6 材料力学教程马崇山 山西教育出版社 1999 7 结构力学王伟 张金生 武汉大学出版社 2002 8 机械零件的可靠性设计卢玉明等 高等教育出版社 1993 9 机构设计学符炜 湖南大学出版社 2001 10机构设计学梁崇高 湖南大学出版社 1986 11剪叉式液压升降平台的设计唐朝明 1995 12理论力学哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室 高等教育出版社 2002 13机械原理王知行 刘廷荣 高等教育出版社 2000 14机械原理与机械设计张策 机械工业出版社 2006 15连杆机构的分析与结合曹惟庆 科技出版社 2002毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2015.12.16-2016.1.10 完成开题2016.2.25-2.16.3.9 毕业实习调研，完成开题报告、中英文翻译、论文大纲2016.3.19-2016.4.25 提交论文草稿，4月中旬中期检查2016.4.26-2016.5.6 提交论文定稿2016.5.6-2016.5.13 准备答辩2016.5.13-2016.5.26 答辩，成绩评定，修改完成最终稿所在专业审查意见：通过负责人： 2015 年 12 月23 日 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 升降机发展情况升降机最早的出现应追溯到古代的中国及欧洲各国，当时都有以辘轳等工具垂直运送人和货物。现代的升降机是十九世纪蒸汽机发明之後的产物。1845年，第一台 升降机诞生，当时使用的液体为水。1853年，美国人艾利莎奥的斯发明自动安全装置，大为提高钢缆曳引升降机的安全。在近代我们用来升降货物的是一种木质梯子，用起来很不方便，攀登时比较危险。中国首个安装升降机的城市是上海。1907年，六层高的汇中饭店安装了两台奥的斯升降机。台湾第一部商用升降机则在日治时期1932年安装，位于台北市，当时称为流笼。国内生产的升降机，产品型号各异，提升高度有4米、6米、18米甚至达百米不等。选用国内外先进液压、马达、泵站系统、液压系统防爆装置和液压自锁装置。具有设计新颖、结构合理、升降平衡、操作简单、维修方便等其他产品不可替代的优点。广泛用于厂房维护、工业安装、设备检修物业管理、仓库、航空、机场、港口、4S店、车站、机械、化工、医药、电子、电力等高空设备安装和检修。使用相当的广泛，而且不用机房，有无井道均可安装使用。升降机的发展正在处于一个高峰状态，由于大多数厂家或者个人为了提高场地的利用率，更多的选择了多层建筑，由此也需要一种装置来方便上下提升下降货物。由于普通电梯造价高，承载力较低，不适合装载几十吨或者几百吨的货物，所以开发出了高承载力的液压升降机来辅助生产和货物运输。 升降机即安全又具有超大的负载能力，而且维修方便，使得这一特殊产业有的更快的发展。升降机分类 随着高层建筑的不断涌现，适合高空作业的升降机的需求也在不断增加，它为一些设备的维护和保养提供了极大的便利。升降机根据其结构的不同可以划分为五大类：铝合金式升降机、套缸式升降机、剪叉式升降机、曲臂式升降机以及导轨链条式升降机等3-4。 铝合金式升降机的起升部分采用的是铝型材料，它操作方便，体积较小，重量也比较轻，而且还有造型美观，移动方便等优点，在高空作业领域也是常用设备之一。主要产品有单立柱式、双立柱式和多立柱式等5。套缸式升降机采用多级液压缸直立升降的形式，具有稳定、美观的特点，主要用于照明电器维修和电路检测等方面。曲臂式升降机能伸缩作业并可以跨越一定的障碍物进行多点作业，消防队多使用这种升降机6。 剪叉式升降机是用途广泛的高空作业专用设备。它的剪叉式机械结构，使升降台起升后有较高的稳定性，宽大的作业平台和较高的承载能力，使高空作业范围更大，并适合多人同时作业。它使高空作业效率更高，更安全。是用途广泛的高空作业升降设备7-9。曲臂式升降机是折臂式升降机的更新换代产品。能悬伸作业、跨越一定的障碍或在一处升降可进行多点作业；360度旋转，平台载重量大，可供两人或多人同时作业并可搭载一定的设备；升降平台移动性好，转移场地方便；外型美观，适用于车站、码头、商场、体育场馆、小区物业、厂矿车间等大范围作业。导轨链条式升降机是一种非剪叉式液压升降台，用于二层以上工业厂房、餐厅、酒楼货物运输，由于最低高度仅150-300mm，最实用于不能开挖地坑的工作场所，同时无须上部调点，具有多种形式（单柱、双柱、四柱），动作平稳、操作简单可靠，液压、电器多种货物传输经济、轻松。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 一、选题的意义与目的 改革开放以来，随着我国经济的快速发展，高层建筑、大型设备不断增多，使得高空作业设备需求量的增加，升降机作为一种常用的高空作业设备得到了广泛的应用。升降机虽然近几年发展迅猛，但也有很多不足之处。我国现阶段的升降机主要是以仿制为主，即以别人生产的样本进行简单的模仿，它没有形成企业自身的创新设计理念，所以如何对升降平台进行优化和改进至今没有一个统一的标准。同时，在设计液压升降台时，作图法或类比法是最传统的方法，计算机只作为辅助工具用来绘制二维图，在设计中未被得到充分的应用，这样既耗费了设计工时，加长了设计周期，并且由此设计的产品机械性能低，产品笨重、成本高。再者，升降机在结构上形式也很单一，随着建筑物的高度不断增加，升降机的高度也在不断增加，由于缺乏理论的指导，其结构也没有创新，导致升降机本身粗大笨重，造价较高，使用不便。因此，如何改进和优化升降机的结构成为了未来升降机发展的主要研究方向。三、创新思路根据升降机的设计要求，参考现有升降机结构，设计一种更安全、平稳、快速的升降机。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：文献综述写的尚可，希望把精力放在设计上。 2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：本设计可以正常完成，也可以有所创新。 3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2016 年 03 月 07 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 03 月 09 日译文题目： Mechanical Design 外文原文Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term mechanical design is used in a broader sense than machine design to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) dont understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding. Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly. Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading. 3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis. 4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery. 5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue. 6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques. 7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application 8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing. 9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs. 10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners. 11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to todays designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.机械设计摘要： 机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计” 的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。关键词： 设计流程 设计规则 机械设计设计流程设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要求的，则再将对初步设计进行某些修改，使它能够在制造成本上有所降低。产品的设计需要不断探索和发展。许多方案必须被研究、试验、完善，然后决定使用还是放弃。虽然每个工程学问题的内容是独特的，但是设计师可以按照类似的步骤来解决问题。产品的责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。在材料过程中，五个最常见的问题为：（a）不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用方面的最新最好的信息资料；(b)未能预见和考虑材料的合理用途（如有可能，设计人员还应进一步预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。在近年来的许多产品责任诉讼案件中，由于错误地使用产品而受到伤害的原告控告生产厂家，并且赢得判决）；(c)所使用的材料的数据不全或是有些数据不确定，尤其是当其性能数据长期不更新；(d)质量控制方法不适当和未经验证；(e)由一些完全不称职的人员选择材料。通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由而存在的结论。对这些问题的研究分析可以为避免这些问题的出现而指明方向。尽管采用最好的材料选择方法也不能避免发生产品责任诉讼，设计人员和工业界按照适当的程序进行材料选择，可以大大减少诉讼的数量。从以上的讨论可以看出，选择材料的人们应该对材料的性质，特点和加工方法有一个全面而基本的了解。在随后生产和售后服务的几年中，要接受新观念的变化，或者由试验和经验为基础，进一步分析并改进。一些设计规则在本节中，建议要运用创造性的态度来替代和改进。也许会创造出更实用、更经济、更耐用