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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： （1）通过毕业设计，培养学生具有运用已学理论专业知识去分析实际工程问题和解决实际工程问题的能力。（2）通过毕业设计，对学生进行基本技能训练，如设计计算、绘图及查阅技术文献资料等，以提高学生的技能水平。2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 1、设计内容注塑成型是塑料成型加工的主要方法，其制品具有高精度、高复杂程度和高一致性等优点，同时该成型方法效率高而且消耗低，对各种塑料的加工适用性强，因此有很大的市场需求和良好的发展前景。基于上述背景，本课题以工业生产中某修饰塑料件为对象，进行注塑模具设计。塑料件材料为聚乙烯塑料（PE），要求塑料件具有较好的化学稳定性、结实耐用、耐水性好、光滑无毛刺。2、设计的基本要求（1）设计图纸规范、清晰、准确，图面布局匀称，表达准确清楚，图面清洁。（2）结构设计中要求做到：方案合理，计算准确无误，计算书写工整。 （3）设计说明书叙述详尽、内容完整，表达准确，设计计算正确，图表、字体、文献资料引用符合相应规范。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 总装配图一份；零件图一份；开题报告一份；论文大纲一份；外文资料翻译一份；毕业设计说明书一份。4主要参考文献： 1 齐晓杰.塑料成型工艺与模具设计M.北京：机械工业出版社，20052 赵波.UG CAD实用教程M.北京:清华大学出版社,20023 屈华昌.塑料成型工艺与模具设计M.北京:机械工业出版社,19964 冯炳尧.模具设计与制造简明手册M.上海:上海科学技术出版社,19985 唐志玉.塑料模具设计师指南M.北京:国防工业出版社,19996 陆宁.实用注塑模具设计M.北京:中国轻工业出版社,19977 唐金松.简明机械设计手册M.上海科学技术出版社,19928 吴崇峰.实用注塑模CAD/CAE/CAM技术M.中国轻工业出版社,20009 蒋继宏.注塑模具典型结构100例M.中国轻工业出版社,200010 黄毅宏.模具制造工艺M.机械工业出版社,199911 唐应谦.数控加工工艺学M. 北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,200012 彭建声.模具技术问答M. 北京：机械工业出版社,200113 李澄.机械制图M.北京:高等教育出版社,199714 刘全坤.材料成形基本原理M.北京:机械工业出版社,200515 申开智.塑料成型模具M.中国轻工出版社.200216 贾润礼、程志远主编.实用注塑模设计手册M.北京：中国轻工业出版社，200017 王兴天.注射成型技术M.化学工业出版社,199918 詹友刚.PRO/ENGINEER野火版5.0机械设计教程M.北京：机械工业出版社，201119 陈锡栋，周小玉.实用模具技术手册M.机械工业出版社，200120 李奇.模具材料及热处理M.北京理工大学出版社. 2008毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2015.12.15 选题审题截止2015.12.16-2016.1.10 完成任务书、开题2016.2.25- 毕业实习调研，完成开题报告、英文翻译、论文大纲2016.3.19-2016.4.25 提交论文草稿，4月中旬中期检查2016.4.26-2016.5.6 提交论文定稿2016.5.6-2016.5.13 准备答辩2016.5.13-2016.5.26 答辩，成绩评定，修改完成最终稿所在专业审查意见：通过负责人： 2015 年 12 月23 日 设计（论文）题目：某修饰塑料件注塑模具设计 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 1. 选题背景毕业设计课题为塑料某装饰件的注塑模具设计。近几年，我国塑料模工业有了很大的发展，塑料制品在我们的日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色，其种类也越来越多，制造加工也越来越精致美观。在未来的模具市场中，塑料磨具发展的速度将高于其它模具，在模具行业中的比例将逐步提高。并且随着注塑模具技术的发展，在工程机械和工业机械、电子、汽车、家电、玩具等产品中，60%以上的零部件，可以依靠模具成型。水杯是我们在日常生活中一件必不可少的生活用品，而塑料水杯则以其精美的外观，低廉的价格，以及耐用的特点而受到我们的欢迎。塑料水杯外形虽然看似简单，但是其注塑模具的设计制作所设计的知识面与知识点较多，能比较全面的反应一些注塑模具设计的特点。本课题应用性强，知识面覆盖较广，并且来自生活，所以容易激发我学习研究的兴趣，所以选择了这个课题。国内外研究现状、水平和发展趋势：模具是汽车、电子、电器、航空仪表轻工塑料、日用品等工业部门极其重要的工艺装备。没有模具、就没有高质量的产品。模具不是一般的工艺装备，而是技术密集型的产品，工业发达国家把模具作为机械制造方面的高科技产品来对待。他们认为：“模具是发展工业的一把钥匙；模具是一个企业的心脏；模具是富裕社会的一种动力”。目前，美国、日本、德国等工业发达国家模具工业的产值均已超过机床工业总产值。美国模具年产值已超过1O0亿美元；日本从1957年到1984年二十七年间，模具工业增长100倍；1987年台湾地区模具出口达一亿二千万美元。香港的模具年产值为30亿港币，我国的模具年产值为人民币3O亿元。国内当今注塑迅速发展，但是与国际水平却相差很远。从整体来看，中国塑料模具无论是在数量上，还是在质量、技术和能力等方面都有了很多进步，但与国民经济发展的需求、世界先进水平相比，差距仍然很大。主要缺陷明显的表现在精度不高，技术含量低、复杂程度低等缺点。严重的阻碍着国内电子业的发展。一些大型、精密、复杂、长寿命的中高档塑料模具每年仍需大量进口。在总量供不应求的同时，一些低档塑料模具却供过于求，市场竞争激烈，还有一些技术含量不太高的中档塑料模具也有供过于求的趋势。因此中国塑料模具行业和国外先进水平相比，主要存在一下问题：发展不平衡，产品总体水平较低；工艺装备落后，组织协调能力差；大多数企业开发能力弱，创新能力明显不足；供需矛盾短期难以缓解；体制和人才问题的解决尚需时日。这些都严重的阻碍着国内电子业的发展。设计出好的产品却无法做出是我模具业的最大不足。因此，注重科技含量，借助了国外的先进理论技术则尤为重要。大型化、高精密度、多功能复合型将是未来模具的发展方向，热流道模具在塑料模具中的比重将逐渐提高，并且随着塑料成型工艺的不断改进与发展，气辅模具及适应高压注射成型等工艺的模具也将随之发展。其中精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具等高档塑料模具也会加大研制与开发。二、课题设计2.1课题的内容本设计是某装饰件注塑模的设计。该塑件外形尺寸精度要求一般，形状比较复杂。本文详细论述了某装饰件注塑模具设计的全过程。针对某装饰件零件的成型工艺，选择合适的塑料材料，根据塑料的收缩率以及流动性合理的设计和计算模具工作部分尺寸及公差，同时完成了模具总体设计、模具的主要零部件及其它零件的设计以及冲压设备的选用，模具的装配等。该模具生产成本低，使用寿命长，操作安全、方便，便于搬运、安装、紧固到注塑机上，并且方便、可靠，外形美观，各部分比例协调，能保证规定的生产率和塑件的质量，对设计同类产品具有参考价值。图：某装饰件实物模型图：某装饰件二维2.2课题的目的与意义本设计模拟在企业的一次实战，以某装饰件注塑模的设计为基础，进行一次模具的实际设计，以解决某装饰件零件批量生产为目的，设计模具的生产图纸。由于我在学校里面缺乏实践，为了完成本设计还需要练习绘图软件与查阅手册工具等方法，通过这个阶段的锻炼为我以后工作做好准备工作。三、课题研究现状3.1国外研究现状近二十多年间，国外注塑模技术发展相当迅速。70年代许多研究者对一维流动进行了大量研究，由最初的CAD技术和CAM技术以图纸为媒介传递信息向CAD/CAM一体化方向发展。80年代初开展三维流动与冷却分析并把研究扩展到保压分子取向以及翘曲预测等领域。80年代中期注塑模进入实用阶段，出现了许多商品化注塑模CAD/CAE软件，比较著名的有:1.澳大利亚MOLDFLOW公司的MOLDFLOW系统；2.美国PTC公司的Pro/Engineer 软件；3.美国UG公司的UGllUNIGRAPHICSl系统等等.这些先进软件的熟练掌握极大地促进了国外模具行业的发展。因此，未来的一段时间内，他们将朝着大型、精密、复杂与长寿命模具的方向发展。CAD/CAM/CAE技术是模具技术发展的一个重要里程碑,实践证明,CAD /CAM / CAE技术是模具设计制造的发展方向。现在,全面普及CAD/CAM/CAE技术的条件已基本成熟。随着微机软件的发展和进步,技术培训工作也日趋简化。在普及推广模具CAD/CAM技术的过程中,应抓住机遇,重点扶持国产模具软件的开发和应用;加大技术培训和技术服务的力度;进一步扩大CAE的技术应用范围。有条件的企业应积极做好模具CAD/CAM技术的深化应用工作,即开展企业信息化工程,可从计算机辅助工艺设计开始逐步向计算机集成制造系统乃至向虚拟制造发展,逐步深化和提高,用于模具设计制造的计算机软件将向智能化、集成化方向发展。3.2国内研究现状由于塑料工业的快速发展及上述各方面差距的存在,因此我国今后塑料模具的发展速度必将大于模具工业总体发展速度。“十五”期间,预计每年可望达到12%以上的市场增长率。塑料模具生产企业在向着规模化和现代化发展的同时“,小而专”“、小而精”仍旧是一个必然的发展趋势。从技术上来说,为了满足用户对模具制造的“交货期短”、“精度高”、“质量好”、“价格低”的要求,以下的发展趋势也较为明显。实施上中下游同步发展，促进产业链整体协调发展塑料制造企业要加强与上游树脂企业、下游用户企业沟通合作，才能相互协调同步发展，共同发展是行业合作的最佳途径。要加快发展上游石油化工，就是应加快合成树脂项目建设，提高国产合成树脂的自给率，改变进口塑料树脂过半的格局。要适度发展中游塑料制造企业，就是应控制某些行业发展量缓解其部分产品产能过剩，提高行业整体盈利水平。一是应推动增量和存量两方面结构调整，坚持发展先进产能和淘汰落后产能，实施行业总量与行业健康有序发展；二是应加速总推进行业内优胜劣汰的进程，促使企业间的横向兼并和纵向整合，提升规模化经营优势，不断提高行业集中度的水平；三是应坚持科技创新技术创新和管理创新，从粗放型发展向质量效益型发展转变，走扩大再生产的内涵发展之路。要大力拓展下游用户，就是应密切注视其用户需求的产品开发，适应用户产业发展，从而促进产业升级。一是通过产品延伸、战略协作等多种形式加强合作，开发新品推广应用；二是企业强强联合产品整合，组建企业集团，实行一体化的研发、生产体系，形成对终端市场的快速反应机制，一条龙的服务。努力加强技术创新，重视环境保护，节约能源和资源。坚持依靠科技进步，从根本上提高竞争力，尚需进一步加大推进产品的技术创新和开发应用的力度。不断提高产品的技术含量和附加值，为用户提供高档优质产品和绿色环保产品。要重视环境工作，大力节约能源和资源，创建清洁生产、节约高效企业，强化对废弃塑料产品的回收利用，应在回收技术的引进、开发和应用方面加大投入，努力提高再生利用产品的档次及拓宽应用，在保护环境的同时，节省更多的能源和资源，不断提升行业的整体综合素质。借鉴不同经济类型企业的经验，谋求不断提高适应市场的竞争力。塑料制品加工行业系竞争性行业，不同经济类型的企业都在市场竞争中角逐，客观上给企业家之间提供了彼此互相取长补短的机会，对于国有或国有控股企业要在保持发挥自身优势的同时，吸取民营企业之长，增强市场快速反应能力，建立精简效能高效的决策体系，学习三资企业先进的管理制度和科学的用人机制，向管理要效益。通过相互学习，扬长避短，自我优化，不断提升企业在全球化、市场化和本土化的激烈碰撞中的综合素质和适应能力。重视信息化技术建设，充分利用信息化提高企业综合竞争信息化是当今世界经济和社会发展的大趋势，信息化建设是建立现代化企业制度、有效降低成本、加快技术进步、促进技术创新、改善管理体制等方面起着重要作用和产生深远影响，企业需要打好信息化建设的基础，努力提高企业生产过程中与产品售前、售中和售后的信息化。实施行业管理，发挥行业协会的桥梁与纽带作用。在中国要实施行业管理，就要大力培育和发展行业协会，发挥市场中介组织在社会和经济活动中的重要作用。行业协会是机构改革与现代社会发展的产物，在国家有关政策的指引下，增逐渐成长，发挥作用。中国加入WTO后，国际间的各种贸易摩擦会增加，反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的案例会层出不市场经济竞争更加激烈，企业需要联合起来，整合力量，自我保护，就需要发挥行业协会的作用。实施“走出去”战略，面向经济全球化的国内外市场。各行业协会要与各有关部门密切配合，重点研究解决行业中的共性问题，抓住重点地区、重点产品和企业运行中的突出问题，并注重生产和市场中的热点、难点问题，做好综合协调和分类指导工作。塑料行业协会要把握行业正确的发展方向并为政府决策提供依据，要利用各种现代知识传播的媒介电视、报纸、新闻发布会等进行各种宣传工作，传播科学知识，捍卫行业的荣誉，要面向全社会，为行业和企业服务，为塑料行业发展争取更加适宜生存与发展的空间。1 赵华. 模具设计与制作M. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2009-042 黄平、朱文坚. 机械设计教程-理论、方法与标准M. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2010-123 郭铁良. 模具制造工艺学M. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2008-114 赵昌盛. 实用模具材料应用手册M. 北京：机械工业出版社, 2005-065 王焕庭、李茂华、徐善国. 机械工程材料M. 大连,大连理工大学出版社， 2000-056 屈华昌. 塑料成型工艺及模具设计M. 北京,高度教育出版社，2007-087 吴兆祥、高枫. 模具材料及表面处理M.北京,机械工业出版社， 2002-048 黄毅宏、李明辉. 模具制造工艺M. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2003-079 张克惠.塑料材料学M.西安:西北工业大学出版社,2000-0510 宋涛、顾军等.热处理技术M.北京:化学工业出版社,2003-0111刘靖岩.模具设计与制造.北京：中国轻工业12 王树勋.注塑模具设计与制造实用技术M.广州:华南理工大学出版社,1996-0613 高为国.模具材料M.机械工业出版社,2005-0114 蒋继宏、王效岳 注塑模具典型结构100例M.北京：中国轻工业出版社，2000-0615 王鹏驹、张杰 塑料模具设计师手册 北京：机械工业出版社，2008-10毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 1、课题设计方案1.1设计方案选型与分析分型面的方案: 分型面的方案如下，一共有2种可选A.分型面在底部B.分型面在中部分型在底部分型面在中部模具型腔结构方案：一共有3种A.1出1方案：B.1出2方案：C.1出4方案：1.2方案的确定根据前述所列方案，分型面选择方案A,分型面在底部，便于脱模，模具型腔结构方案选择方案B,1出2，兼顾效率与模具的设计制造成本1.3本设计的特点及亮点本课题的关键是用三维UG软件进行三维分模，如何利用CAD软件对模具零件进行零部件的设计，满足现代的模具设计高速高质的设计要求。二、预期结果1.图纸：模具总装图、模具主要零件零件图、三维零件图等。2.毕业设计图纸总计为3张0号图纸以上的工作量，正式提交的图纸必须用CAD绘制，制图符合国家标准。3.说明书字数不少于8000字，格式符合要求，按学校统一要求排版后打印。三、设计主要步骤1对产品成型工艺进行分析2注塑模具设计的方案论证3注塑模具的结构设计（包括零件结构设计，成型零件及主要零部件的设计计算等，绘制装配图和零件图）4模具零件加工工艺规程的编制5毕业设计说明书的编写毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：文献综述部分内容较完整，能够结合课题对该领域研究现状进行较好的了解，排版格式需进一步规范。2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：本课题工作量适中，涉及本专业主要课程内容，能较好锻炼学生的综合设计能力。学生能够较好的理解课题要研究或解决的问题，拟采用的研究方法和研究步骤较合理。3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2016 年 03 月 04 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 03 月 08 日译文题目： Three-Dimensional Kernel Development for Injection Mould Design 注射模设计的三维模型发展 Three-Dimensional Kernel Development for Injection Mould DesignT. L. Neo and K. S. LeeDepartment of Mechanical and Production Engineering, National University of Singapore, SingaporeToday, many software “plug-ins” have been developed on high-level 3D modelling platforms to facilitate processes such as FEM analysis, CAM, injection mould design, simulation and visualisation. Such an arrangement is advantageous in many ways. However, it is not without shortcomings. Ideally, these “plug-ins” could also be developed using low-level 3D kernels for higher flexibility and better portability. This paper examines the various issues and methodologies related to the development of such 3D-based applications. The emphasis is placed on the software aspect. First, a methodology for the development of 3D-based applications is proposed. The idea is then implemented by developing an injection mould design application using a low-level 3D kernel called Parasolid. Based on design concepts used in an established mould design application, IMOLD, the development of a mould base design module is illustrated. An object-oriented programming language has been chosen for the development of the software on a Windows NT platform.Keywords: 3D kernel; Computer-aided design (CAD); Injection mould design; Parasolid1. IntroductionThree-dimensional CAD systems have increasingly been used to speed up the product realisation process. One of the first steps involved in the automation of the product design process is the creation of the component parts in a 3D modelling application. The 3D model, upon creation, is called the digital master copy. This 3D digital model forms the key to a wide spectrum of process automation.Creating the 3D digital model of component parts is only the very first step. There are several other secondary tasks that must to be done before the part can be manufactured. Such tasks include finite-element analysis, jigs and fixtures design, injection mould design, computer-aided manufacturing, simulation, and visualisation. Today, many application Plug-ins have been developed on high-level 3D modelling platforms to facilitate these secondary tasks. The 3D-modelling platform provides the plug-in software with a library of functions as well as an established user interface and style of programming. As a result, the development times for these plug-ins are significantly reduced.Such an arrangement is advantageous in many ways. However, it has its shortcomings, especially in the long run. In order to develop a plug-in for established software, the developers must adhere to the many constraints imposed. There is a need to be consistent with the style of the parent software. The developers must be able to achieve any functionality they need with only the set of library functions provided. Most end-users need both the parent software and the plug-in. In many cases, however, they may be more interested in using only the plug-in software. An example of such a situation is in injection mould design. These users, however, must purchase the entire software package which includes many features and functions that they do not need. Such a large program is often very demanding on the hardware, which also means higher cost. The plug-in software is also very dependent on developments in the parent software. Whenever a new version is updated for the parent software, the plug-in developers have to follow-up on the changes. These shortcomings may not exist if these applications were developed on a low-level platform. Ideally, these plug-ins could be developed using low-level 3D kernels for higher flexibility and better portability. In many instances, such a move is both feasible and advantageous.Traditionally, injection mould design is carried out directly on a CAD system. The entire injection mould, consisting of perhaps hundreds of components, is modelled and assembled on CAD systems such as AutoCAD, Pro/Engineer, and Unigraphics. As the injection mould design process is recursive, it is very time-consuming to re-model and re-assemble the design. In this aspect, 3D CAD systems such as Pro/Engineer and Unigraphics, which are feature-based, have a significant advantage over 2D CAD systems such as AutoCAD. To further speed up the injection mould design process, plug-ins were developed on these 3D systems to automate certain stages of the design process. Examples of such add-on applications include IMOLD (Intelligent Mold Design and Assembly Systtem, developed at the National University of Singapore, based on Unigraphics), Expert Mold Designer (based on CADKEY) and Moldmaker (based on EUCLID). As each is based on a specific CAD system, there is no plug compatibility.In 1994, Mok and Cheung 1 presented work on the development of an injection mould design application based on Unigraphics. In 1997, Shah 2 proposed a 3-tier architecture for standardising communications between geometric modelling kernels and applications that require geometric modelling services. His objective is to achieve plug compatibility between 3D applications that are based on Parasolid 3 (a 3D kernel, developed at the University of Cambridge) and ACIS. This, however, involved an extensively developed 3-tier modelling husk. In this paper, the author attempts to develop a lightweight injection mould design application using a low-level 3D kernel directly. The focus is on the flexibility and speed of the software development. Design concepts and procedures were taken from IMOLD 4,5, a complete mould design and assembly 3D application. Although the discussion is limited to injection mould design only, the methodology applied can easily be applied in other 3D-based applications that are of a similar nature.A combination of developer tools was chosen for this purpose. Before the methodology is discussed, brief introductions to some of these tools are first presented. They are, IMOLD, Parasolid version 10.1, Visual Cversion 6.0, and the Microsoft Foundation Classes.2. IMOLD as a Mould Design ApplicationIMOLD (Intelligent Mold Design and Assembly) is an established 3D-based application that is dedicated to injection mould design. It is developed on top of an advanced CAD system called Unigraphics. The development is carried out using the applications programming interface (API) provided. The software enables mould designers to create a design rapidly by providing the tools that are commonly needed. Standard components parts, that are often required in the design, have been pre-created in the software and can be readily used by the designer. This reduces the design time significantly. The mould design process is divided into several stages, providing the designer with a consistent method of creating the mould design. They are, namely:1. Data preparation.2. Filling system design.3. Mould base design.4. Inserts and parting design.5. Cooling system design.6. Slider and lifter design.7. Ejection system design.8. Standard parts library.Each stage can be considered as an independent module of the program. The 3D-based requirements for each module vary only slightly. The success in developing the mould base module implies feasibility in developing all the other modules.3. Parasolid as a 3D KernelParasolid is designed to be the centre or “kernel” of any system that is based on 3D model data. It is essentially a solid modeller, which can be used to:1. Build and manipulate solid objects.2. Calculate mass and moments of inertia, and perform clash detection.3. Output the objects in various ways, including pictorially.4. Store the objects in some sort of database or archive, and retrieve them later.Parasolid is one of the most advanced 3D kernels among CAD applications. It is the 3D kernel of Unigraphics and Solid-Works. Its unique tolerant modelling functionality enables it to accept data stored in other modeller formats. Parasolid model files are thus very potable. It is, therefore, a superior platform for the development of stand-alone applications.The 3D-based application interacts with Parasolid through one of its three interfaces (see Fig. 1). These are called the Parasolid kernel (PK) interface, the kernel interface (KI) and the downward interface. The PK interface and the kernel interface sit “on top” of the modeller (side-by-side), and are the means by which the application models and manipulates the objects, as well as controls the functioning of the modeller. The downward interface lies “beneath” the modeller, and is called by the modeller when it needs to perform data-intensive or system type operations. It consists of three parts: frustrum; graphical output (GO); and foreign geometry. These are briefly explained below.3.1 The KI and PK InterfaceThe KI and the PK are interfaces for the programmer to access the modelling capabilities in the Parasolid kernel. They are standard libraries of modelling functions. The programmer calls these modelling functions in their programs. As the KI is to be phased out soon, we chose to use the PK interface.Fig. 1. Parasolid components.3.2 The FrustrumThe frustrum is a set of functions, which must be written by the applications programmer. The kernel calls them when data must be saved or retrieved. When using Parasolid, the applications programmer must first decide how to manage the storage of data, which Parasolid outputs through the frustrum. Transferring data through the frustrum usually involves writing to, or reading from, files. The format and location of the files is determined when writing the frustrum functions.3.3 The Graphical Output (GO)The graphical output is another set of functions, which is to be written by the applications programmer. When a call is made to the PK rendering functions, the graphical data generated are output through the GO interface. The graphical data are then passed to a 3D rendering package. OpenGL, a software interface to graphic cards, is a rendering package that is used for our purpose.3.4 The Foreign GeometryThe foreign geometry provides functionality for the development of customised geometrical types such as in-house curves and surfaces. These are used together with the standard geometrical types for modelling within Parasolid.4. Object-Oriented Programming Using Visual Cand the Microsoft Foundation ClassesObject-oriented programming (OOP) has been the undisputed option for software developers. It is among the most advanced developmental tools available. The Microsoft Visual Studio is such a software package. It features several developmental tools that are meant for Internet-based and Windows-based programming. Among these tools are the Visual C(VC) and the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC). The VCis a powerful development tool for object-oriented programming, whereas the MFC is a framework of Cclasses that are dedicated to Windows-based programming. Together, these provided the applications programmer with powerful development features and functionalities such as auto-code generation, and wizard-based operations. These greatly improved productivity. The entire user-interface for our program is developed using the VCand the MFC.5. System DesignThe direct development of a 3D-based add-on application using a 3D kernel requires several issues to be addressed. They consist of 3 main stages at the highest level. First, the identification of the crucial features and functions required for the plug-in application. Secondly, the development of the designfor the application framework. Lastly, the design and development of the individual modules in the framework with appropriate developmental tools.5.1 Identification of Essential ModulesParasolid, as a 3D kernel, provides only a number of libraries and a conceptual framework for 3D application development. It is thus necessary for the developers to identify and develop the other essential facilities that are provided in a 3D CAD system. In order to identify the required facilities, it is important to understand the discrepancies between the two. Table 1 summarises the main differences in the facilities provided by a 3D kernel and a 3D CAD system. Some of these facilities, such as features and parametric modelling, are both time-consuming and technically demanding to develop. As most plug-ins do not use all the facilities of the parent software, it is possible to develop only those required by the plug-ins using low-level 3D kernels, producing a standalone version.Items 7 to 9 in Table 1 are prerequisites for the development of 3D-based applications using Parasolid. By studying the requirements of the plug-in application, other essential facilities can be identified. A framework for the application is then proposed, based on the facilities provided by the Parasolid kernel.5.2 Framework for 3D-Based ApplicationsA framework is developed with reference to the facilities provided by the developmental tools and the requirements of the application. It is designed so that there are minimum dependencies between individual code modules. This may result in a small degree of code duplication. In exchange, there is better portability of the program codes, greater ease of maintenance and a better prospect for future expansion. The overview of this framework is illustrated in Fig. 2. The details of the various modules are discussed in the following sections.5.2.1 Windows-Based User-Interface (A)Parasolid does not provide the programmer with a userinterface. Thus, the development of the 3D-based application at every single stage will involve designing the user-interface from scratch. The necessary developments involve:1. Environmental setting and display of the 3D-based application.2. Interactive graphical interface and execution procedure for all application functionality.5.2.2 3D Developer Layer (B)Since different 3D-based applications require 3D-facilities to different extent, the framework must provide for these variations. A 3D developer layer (See Fig. 2, Item B) is conceptualised to handle such variations. It is a library of objects or classes that are developed, based on the Parasolid kernel. The extent of development depends on the requirements of the application identified in the previous section. Besides catering for variations in application requirements, the 3D developer layer also acts as a programming interface for non-Parasolid developers. Such an interface can also be re-used for subsequent development of other 3D-based applications. The 3D developer layer essentially consists of three main sections. They are used for 3D modelling and assembly, 3D visualisation and 3D data management, respectively.Table 1. Summary of facilities provided by a 3D kernel and a CAD system.Facilities3D kernel3D CAD system1.Basic 3D modellingLow-level and general functions providedHigh-level and specific functions provided2.AssembliesSeveral library functions providedComplete system provided3.Feature-based modellingNot providedEstablished feature set provided4.Parametric modellingNot providedOften provided5.Free-form modellingLow-level functions providedOften provided6.DraftingNot providedComplete system provided7.Interactive user-interfaceNot providedAlways provided8.Visualisation of 3D objectsConceptual framework and several libraryCompletely developedfunctions provided9.File management systemConceptual framework and several libraryCompletely developedfunctions providedFig. 2. Overview of 3D-based application.I. 3D Modeling and Assembly. The 3D modelling and assembly module is the most important and elaborate of all three sections. It is analogous to the application-programming interface (API) provided by most CAD systems. The module consists of a library of 3D-based objects or classes, which are used for the development of the core application modules. The basic 3D functionality that is required by most 3D applications must be developed first. Depending on the requirements of the individual 3D-based application, other more advance features are subsequently added.II. 3D Visualisation. The display of 3D objects in a Windows client area requires a software graphics interface. The graphical output together with a selected graphical interface, are used for the rendering of 3D objects in the 3D-based application, as well as the management of the viewing projections and transformations. Here, a library of classes is developed for such purposes.III. 3D Data Management. The 3D data management module is developed on top of the frustrum. The frustrum is the module in the Parasolid kernel that facilitates archiving and access of 3D part files. A library of classes are developed using the frustrum for handling:1. 3D object file format.2. File management operations such as opening and saving a 3D object file.5.2.3 Application Modules (C)These are the actual 3D-based application modules that sit between the 3D developer layer and theapplication userinterface. The design of these modules depends mainly on the nature of the applications and often differs greatly. The main bulk of the developmental work is carried out in this area. The ease of the development, however, depends on the capabilities of the 3D developer layer.5.2.4 Other Software Modules (D)Very often, the 3D-based application may require functionality from other existing software modules or application modules. Therefore, such a link may exist. An example of such a requirement is illustrated in the implementation section of this paper.5.3 Development of Individual ModulesEach module to be developed is studied and analysed before a suitable design is produced. The ease of development depends greatly on the design of the framework and the developer tools selected. The next section illustrates the implementation of the above methodology on a 3D-based injection mould base design and assembly application.Fig. 3. Overview of the injection mould base design application6. ImplementationsApplying the system design, a 3D-based injection mould design application is developed. This is achieved using the developmental tools mentioned in the earlier sections. The mould base module is chosen for illustration, as it requires the widest range of 3D functionality, including the generation of assemblies.6.1 Framework of Application and the Requirements of Each ModuleA framework for the application is designed with reference to the developmental work identified. Figure 3 illustrates the framework for the Mold Base design application. The details of the requirements in each module are discussed as follows:6.1.1 Windows NT User-Interface (A)Mould base design is an iterative process. The Mould designer first selects a standard mould base from the catalogue, and then repeatedly makes modifications to the dimensions of the mould base until all the design requirements are met. It is, therefore, necessary to consider an interactive user-interface for such purpose. Using the Visual Cand the MFC, a Windows-based interface is developed. These include:1. Creation, display and management of menu bar items, context menu items and toolbar buttons for easy access to functionality of the application.2. Creation, display and management of dialogue boxes to guide the user or to obtain user input.3. Creation, display, and management of various views in the display area, for illustration.4. Mouse driven interaction.5. The design of the sequence of operation (including user interaction) for each function.Fig. 6. Cavity plate B.Fig. 7. A“Hoppt” two-plate mould baseThe resulting application, as shown in Fig. 4, is a typical Windows-based application with a user-friendly interface.6.1.2 3D Developer Layer (B)The 3D-based requirements of mould base design is analysed and the modules to be developed are identified. The modelling requirements for 3D-based mould base design are:1. Creation of primitives such as blocks, cylinders, cones, prisms, and toruses.2. Creation of blends and chamfers.3. Boolean operations: unite and subtract.4. Transformation operations: translation and rotation.5. Management of object attributes such as name and colour.6. Creation of instances.7. Creation of assemblies and subassemblies.Fig. 8. Customisation of bottom screw dimensions.As these are not too extensive, it is possible to develop a basic modelling set. With the detailed development of the individual modules, more functions are then added to the 3D developer layer. The overall requirements in each module are illustrated in the following sections.I. 3D Modelling and Assembly. A mould base is essentially an assembly of many components such as plates, bushes, pins, and screws. To facilitate mould base design, the designer must be provided with a library of ready-made mould base components. By selecting a particular dimension, a standard mould base will be generated. To facilitate these, a library of 3D-based functions, corresponding to the requirements mentioned in Section 6.1.2, are identified and developed. As the codes are object-oriented, they can easily be expanded to accommodate other mould design modules when required.II. 3D Visualisation. Using the functions provided in the graphical output, together with OpenGL as the graphical interface, several functions are developed for 3D rendering, view projections and view transformations. These include:1. Rendering 3D parts with selected colours (Fig. 6).2. Rendering 3D assemblies with selected colours (Figs 7 and 8for rendering in shaded and wireframe modes, respectively).3. Rendering other 3D entities on screen with selected colours.4. Rendering individual components with a different colour ina mould base assembly.5. Interactive view transformation such as rotation,translation, and zoom.6. Assembly tree display and manipulation.III. 3D Data Management. Portability is one of the benefits of developing a stand-alone application. It is thus important to adopt an open format for maximum portability. The native Parasolid file format (.xmtFtxt) is thus used instead of a new file format. Data management requirements of a mould base module include the following:1. Open, Save, Save As and Close Parasolid part files.2. Open, Save, Save As and Close Parasolid assembly files.3. Import and Export part files.6.1.3 Mould Base Modules (C)In order to facilitate the automatic generation of standard mould base assemblies, the application must provide a library of mould base components, whose dimensions depend on standard values found in catalogues. To facilitate design, subsequent modifications to these dimensions have been enabled. The details of this module will be discussed in Section .4 Database Support (D)A standard mould base requires almost a hundred parameters to completely represent the dimensions and positions of the individual components. Many of these parameters are interrelated and can be derived from others. A database file is thus required to store the catalogue-based parameters of standard mould bases. Microsoft Access database format is used, as there are facilities in the MFC for direct access to Access Database files. Using the Data Access Objects (DAO) in the MFC, a set of functions is developed for the extraction and management of these relevant parameters from the database.6.2 Development of the Mould Base Design ModuleThe mould base module consists of three major sections, namely, the mould base component library generator, the mould base assembly generator, and the mould base selection and customisation module. A fourth section, called the mould base parameters manager, is also developed to provide database support for the application. These are illustrated in Fig. 5. The details of each section are discussed in the following.I. Component Library Generator. With support from the 3D developer layer, standard components for mould bases are created and stored in the component library. By specifying the appropriate dimensions, these components can be generated and used by the mould base assembly generator when required. Figure 6 illustrates a cavity plate created by the components library generator.II. Assembly Generator. Using the 3D developer layer and the component library generator, standard mould bases are assembled and stored in the assembly library. When supplied with a particular parameter set from the database support, specific standard mould base assembly can be automatically generated. Figure 7 shows a “HOPPT” two-plate mould base created by the assembly generator.III. Parameters Manager. The parameters manager acts as a link between the mould base application module and the database support. When a specific standard mould base is selected, the corresponding parameter set for the mould base assembly is extracted from the database file and sent to the component library generator and the assembly generator. Besides this, the parameters manager also allows the parameters to be modified by the users for design purposes. Figure 8 illustrates the modifications of bottom screw dimensions through the interactive user-interface.IV. Mould Base Designer. The mould base designer serves two main purposes. First, to allow the user to select standard mould bases from the assembly generator. Secondly, to facilitate mould base design, by allowing the mould designer to modify dimensions of the selected mould base. The sample code for the function call to generate the mould base in this module is illustrated in Fig. 9. It was noted that the function uses a large number of variables that represent the parameters of the mould base. These are fed into the component generator for the creation of the various mould base components. The assembly generator then uses the components and the parameter set, for the creation of the mould base assembly. As this is outside the 3D developer layer, no direct Parasolid function calls are seen in the sample program.The current mould base design application is capable of realising all the functionality of the injection mould base designrequirement in a mould design shop. As the mould base is the most 3D-intensive of the IMOLD modules, its successful development implies the feasibility of developing a complete 3D-based injection mould design and assembly application.7. ConclusionAdvancement in high-level programming languages has allowed programmers to re-use programming codes that are embodied in objects such as the Microsoft Foundation Classes. These powerful features have freed the programmer from the more mundane routines of programming standard functions and creating user-interfaces. They are now able to focus on the core components of the software, thus increasing productivity. This led to the increasing feasibility of developing stand-alone versions of add-in software such as those for CAE, CAD and CAM. Currently, however, such an approach is both timeconsuming and technically demanding. It is nevertheless, feasible and very promising. By integrating the capabilities of several advanced developer tools, we have managed to increase the power of these tools to develop successfully a stand-alone application for injection mould design. So far, only the first three stages of the mould design process have been coded. These form the foundation for the development of the subsequent mould design modules. The methodology applied can also be easily implemented on other software that involves designing with standard components. These include jigs and fix ures design, die casting, and manufacturing line-automatReferences1. C. K. Mok and Edmund H. M. Cheung, “Computer aided injection mold design using knowledge base approach”, Conference Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, 1994.2. Jami J. Shad, Hiren Dedhia, Viren Pherwani and Sachin Solkhan, “Dynamic interfacing of applications to geometric modeling services via modeler neutral protocol”, Computer-Aided Design, 29(12), pp. 811824, 1997.3. “The parasolid documentation set”, Version 10.1.123, Unigraphics Solutions Inc, 1999.4. “IMOLD training manual”, Version 2.0, Manusoft Plastic Pte. Ltd, 1998.5. K. S. Lee, J. Y. H. Fuh, A. B. T. Koo and Z. Wang, “A knowledge-based engineering system for the design and assembly of plastic injection mould”, Proceedings of 1st National CAD/CAM Conference, KL, Malaysia, 1995.注射模设计的三维模型发展 T. L. Neo and K. S. Lee 机械与生产工程学院，新加坡国立大学，新加坡高级制造技术的研究(2001) 17:4534612001施普林格出版社伦敦有限公司如今，为了使注塑工艺变得更简单，很多嵌入式软件都在高级3D 注塑平台的基础上开发出来的，诸如有限元分析，计算机辅助制造，注射模设计，模拟以及形象化设计。这些软件都是很有利的。然而，它关非没有缺点。事实上，这些嵌入式软件也可以通过低级的3D更灵活和更轻便性开发出来。这篇文章查阅了各种各样基于3D应用发展的期刊和方法，主要是关于软件方面。首先，提出了一种基于3D的应用发展的方法，这种观点通过使用Parasolid模型的注射模实现的。基于在已建立的模具设计中的模具设计概念，文中说明了一种被叫做IMOLD的模件。在一个Windows NT 平台上，面向对象的编程语言被用来开发这种软件。关键字： 3D 模型； 计算机辅助设计; 注射模设计； 1. 介绍三维计算机辅助设计系统已经越来越被用来加速产品的实现过程。涉及产品自动化设计过程的第一步是3D建模应用中的组件部件的建立，在建模过程中，这种3D 模型的建立称为数字化建模，这种数字化建模得到的3D的关键一步是生产过程自动化。组件部件的3D数字化建模仅仅是第一步。还有许多的其他辅助任务必须在零件被生产之前完成。这些任务包括有限元分析、夹具和固定装置的设计、注射模设计、计算机辅助制造、模拟和形象化设计。当今很多在高级3D建模平台上发展起来的嵌入式软件来促进这些辅助任务。这种3D建模站台提供了一个具有编程的用户界面和风格的嵌入式软件。结果，这种嵌入式软件的开发时间大幅度地减少。这种方法在很多方面都是有利的，但是，它也有它的缺点，特别是从长远的角度考虑。为了为现有的软件开发另外一种嵌入式软件，那些开发者必须兼顾很多现有的限制条件，必需与源软件的风格一致。那些开发者必须利用系统所提供的各种库函数来实现各种功能性操作， 大多数的终端用户需要源软件和嵌入式软件。不过，在很多情况，他们可能对使用只有嵌入式的软件更感兴趣。 在注射模设计过程中就有这种情况的例子，不过，这些用户必须购买包括很多他们不需要的特征和功能的整个软件包， 这么大的程序通常是硬件上所必需的，同时这也意味着会费用更高。这嵌入式软件也很大程度上依赖源软件的发展。一旦源软件版本被更新，那些嵌入式软件的开发者必须采取相应的行动， 如果这些应用在一个低级的平台上发展，这些缺点可能会不存在。事实上，这些嵌入式软件可以使用低级的3D 模型更灵活和更轻便性发展。在很多情况下，这样的操作既可行又有利。传统上，注射模设计可以直接在计算机辅助设计系统执行，整个注射模，可能由数百个组件部件组成，在计算机辅助设计系统(例如 AutoCAD，PRO/工程师和Unigraphics)上建模和装配，因为注射 模设计过程是反复的，所以重新建模和装配是相当费时，在这个方面，像这些基于特征的PRO/工程师以及Unigraphics那样的3D. 计算机辅助设计系统比像AutoCAD那样的2D 计算机辅助设计系统的更有优势， 为加速注射模设计工艺的发展，这种嵌入式软件在3D系统上自动发展一些注射工艺 ，这种附加应用的例子包括在国立新加坡大学发展，基于Unigraphics上发展的IMOLD(智能模型设计和装配系统)、专家模具设计者(基于CADKEY)及模型制作者(基于EUCLID) . 因为以上每一个都基于特定的计算机辅助设计系统，所以都没有嵌入兼容性。在1994年，Mok和张 1基于Unigraphics的注射模设计应用上做了研究。在1997年，Shah 2 在几何建模之间的联系标准化之间提出了互访结构模型，他的目标是在基于Parasolid的3D 应用以及ACIS之间获得嵌入兼容性，只不过它包括三维建模 。 在这篇文章里，作者试图直接发展一种质量轻的使用低级的3D模型注射模设计应用，并把重点放在软件开发的灵活性和速度上。设计概念和程序来自IMOLD 4,5 、模具设计和3D 装配中应用。尽管这些讨论仅仅局限于注射模设计，这种方法学能很容易地被应用在其他基于3D的应用中，并且有相似的作用，开发者工具的结合就是为了这个目的而选择的。在方法学被讨论之前，对于其中的一些先提出的工具作一个简短的介绍，他们分别是IMOLD、Parasolid 10.1 版本、VC6.0 版本和微软公司基础种类。2.IMOLD 用作模具设计应用IMOLD(智能模型设计和装配) 是在基于3D的应用致力发展的注射模设计。它在一个叫做Unigraphics的高级计算机辅助设计系统之上发展起来的。该发展正在通过使用系统所提供的编程接口(API)来实现。该软件通过提供常用的设计工具促使模具设计者能够迅速进行设计。在设计中所需的常用的标准组件部件，可以在软件里预先创建并且可能被容易被设计者调用。这很大程度上降低了设计时间。模具设计过程可分成几个阶段，以一种固定的方式给设计者们提供模具设计方法。它们便是：1. 数据准备。2. 填充系统设计。3. 模具基础设计。4. 插件与零件设计。5. 冷却系统设计。6. 滑板和提升设计。7. 注射系统设计。8. 标准零件库。每个阶段都可以被认为是一个独立的模件设计过程。基于3D的每个模件的要求变化甚微。成功地建立模型基础模件意味着在发展其它模件过程中也是可行的。3用作3D模型设计的ParasolidParasolid被用设计为基于3D 模型数据系统的核心。实体建模有必要被用作。1建造并且操作实体。2. 计算质量和惯性矩，并且进行干涉检测。3. 以多种方式输出实体。4. 在特定的数据库或者档案内储存实体并且可以稍后提取出来。在计算机辅助设计中，Parasolid是最先进的3D 模型设计软件。它是Unigraphics和Solid- Works的3D核心。它独特的公差模拟运作功能使得它能以其它格式接收和存储数据。因此Parasolid模型文件是十分方便的而且它也是独立应用发展的高级平台。基于3D的应用与Parasolid之间通过它的3个界面中的一个相连接。这些被称这之为Parasolid 核心界面、模型界面以及底端界面。PK界面和模型界面位于建模系统的顶部，通过这些方法来建模和对实体进行操作以及控制建模的功能。底端界面位于建模窗口的底部。当需要执行集中数据或系统类型操作时建模者便需要它。它由3个部分组成：函数、图形输出和外形几何 ，以下分别对其作出简短的介绍。3.1 KI 和PK界面KI 和PK是供程序员进入Parasolid模型里进行建模的接口他们是建模功能的标准库。程序员在他们的程序里称之为建模功能。因为KI不久将被淘汰，所以我们选择使用PK界面。图1 Parasolid组件。3.2 函数函数是一必须由应用程序员编写的功能，当数据必须被存储或者提取时需要使用该功能。当使用Parasolid时，应用程序员必须首先决定怎样管理数据的存储，通过该功能Parasolid输出该数据。通过该功能转存数据通常与写入文件或导出文件有关。文件的形式和及存储位置在写该功能时被确定。3.3图形的输出对图形输出功能是由应用程序员所编写的另一种功能。对需要PK给予功能的设计者来说，图形数据是由GO界面输出的，然后3D数据被传给3D图像包。OpenGL，是图形卡片的一个软件接口可以为我们提供我们所需的数据包。3.4 外形几何外形几何学可以为用户几何类型的发展(例如机构内部及表面的曲线)提供功能操作。它通常与在Parasolid内的建模标准几何类型一起使用。4. 使用VC以及微软公司基金类型的面向对象的程序设计面向对象的程序设计(OOP)已无可争议地成为软件开发者的选择。它是在目前所存在的软件中最高级的开发软件。微软公司Visual Studio就是这样的一个软件包。它刻划了许多基于因特网和基于Windows编程用的开发工具。在这些工具中包含有VC以及微软公司基金种类(MFC)。VC是面向对象的程序设计的强有力的开发工具，而MFC是一种基于Windows编程的框架。它以强大的开发特性和功能性，例如自动编码基于wizard操作，为应用程序员提供开发工具。这大大改进了生产效率。我们使用的程序的整个用户界面是使用VC以及MFC开发出来的。5. 系统设计基于3D的使用3D模型的附加应用的直接发展的问题正待解决。在最高的水平上它由3个主要阶段组成。首先，必要特征和嵌入式应用软件功能的识别：第二，应用框架的设计与开发；最后，具有合适的开发工具的框架中个别模件的设计与开发。5.1 必要软件的识别Parasolid作为一种3D建模方法，只提供许多库函数以及3D应用开发的基本框架。因此，那些开发者有必要识别和开发3D计算机辅助设计系统中其他的必要设施。为了识别所需的设施，理解两者之间的差异是很重要。表格1 总结了3D模型和3D计算机辅助设计系统所提供的主要设备的差别。其中的一些设备，例如特征和参数建模，在耗时与技术上都要求有发展。因为大多数的嵌入式软件不使用源程序中的所有设备，只通过开发这些使用低级3D模型所需要的嵌入式软件生产单独的版本是很有可能的。表格1从第7条到第9是使用基于3D的应用发展Parasolid的必要条件。通过研究嵌入式的应用的必要条件，其他必要的设备的要求也可以被鉴定。然后提出了该应用程序的一个框架，该框架是基于由Parasolid建模所提供的设备。5.2 基于3D应用的框架对于由开发的工具和.应用的要求所提供的设备，开发了一种框架。它专门被设计以使单个编程模件之间的差异最