吸尘器主容腔模具设计【机械类毕业-含CAD图纸】
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中文翻译浅析现代模具制造行业发展模具在机械、电子、轻工、汽车、纺织、航空、航天等工业领域里,日益成为使用最广泛的、工业化生产的主要工艺装备,它承担了这些工业领域中60%90%产品零件、组件和部件的加工生产。模具工业是国民经济的基础工业,是国际上公认的关键工业,也是投资大、回报慢的劳动密集型和技术密集型行业。高技术的模具工业在国际上被称之为“点铁成金”的行业。因此,先进工业国家无不把发展模具工业放在优先地位。作为一项基础工业,模具的质量、精度、寿命、成本、服务和制造交货周期,对于其他产业和基础科学的研究与发展不仅有促进作用,同时也受其他相关产业和科学技术的制约。当今,“模具就是产品质量”、“模具就是经济效益”的观念,已被越来越多的人所认识、所接受。模具技术的发展直接关系到产品的质量、生产效率、更新和发展。现代模具技术的发展,在很大程度上依赖于模具标准化程度、优质模具材料的研究、先进的设计与制造技术、专用的机床设备及生产技术管理等。其中CAD/CAM技术在模具生产中的应用,无疑占有很重要的地位。它被认为是现代模具技术的核心和重要的发展方向。1模具CAD/CAM行业发展趋势21世纪模具制造行业的基本特征是高度集成化、智能化、柔性化和网络化,追求的目标是提高产品质量及生产效率、缩短设计及制造周期,降低生产成本、最大限度地提高模具制造业的应变能力,满足用户需求。具体表现为以下7个特征。(1)集成化技术现代模具设计制造系统不仅应强调信息的集成,更应该强调技术、人和管理的集成。在开发模具制造系统时强调“多集成”的概念,即信息集成、智能集成、串并行工作机制集成及人员集成,这更适合未来制造系统的需求。(2)智能化技术应用人工智能技术实现产品生命周期各个环节的智能化,实现生产过程各个环节的智能化,以及模具设备的智能化,也要实现人与系统的融合及人在其中智能的充分发挥。(3)网络技术的应用网络技术包括硬件与软件的集成实现。各种通讯协议及制造自动化协议,信息通讯接口,系统操作控制策略等,是实现各种制造系统自动化的基础。目前早已出现了通过Internet实现跨国界模具设计的成功例子。网络技术的应用为我国模具企业实现敏捷制造和动态联盟奠定了技术基础。(4)多学科多功能综合产品设计技术未来产品的开发设计不仅用到机械科学的理论与知识,还用到电磁学、光学、控制理论等,甚至要考虑到经济、心理、环境、卫生及社会等各方面的因素。产品的开发要进行多目标全性能的优化设计,以追求模具产品动静态特性、效率、精度、使用寿命、可靠性、制造成本与制造周期的最佳组合。(5)虚拟现实与多媒体技术的应用虚拟现实VR(Virtual Reality)是人造的计算机环境,人处在这种环境中有身临其境的感觉,并强调人的介入与操作。VR技术在21世纪整个制造中都将有广泛的应用,可以用于培训、制造系统仿真、实现基于制造仿真的设计与制造、集成设计与制造、实现集成人的设计等。美国已于1999年借助于VR技术成功地修复了哈搏太空望远镜。多媒体技术采用多种介质来存储、表达处理多种信息,融文字、语音、图像于一体,给人一种真实感。(6)反求技术的应用常规的模具设计通常以产品的已有设计信息为依据。这些设计信息通过工程图或一些模型来表达,然后制定出加工工艺规划,最终通过工装/模具和设备制造出产品。但在许多情况下,一些产品并非来自设计概念,而是起源于另外一些产品或实物,要在只有产品原型或实物模型,而没有产品图样的条件下进行模具的设计和制造以便制造出产品。此时需要通过实物的测量,然后利用测量数据进行实物的CAD几何模型的重新构造。这种过程就是反求工程RE(Reverse Engineer-ing)。一旦建立了CAD几何模型后,就可以依据这种数字化的几何模型用于后续的许多操作,如实物CAD模型的修改、零件的重新设计、有限元分析、误差分析、数控(NC)加工指令生成以及模具的设计和制造等。(7)快速成形制造技术快速成形制造技术RPM(Rapid PrototypingManufacturing)基于层制造原理,迅速制造出产品原型,而与零件的几何复杂程度无关,尤其在具有复杂曲面形状的产品制造中更能显示其优越性。它不仅能够迅速制造出原型供设计评估、装配校检、功能实验。而且还可以通过形状复制,快速经济地制造出产品模具(如制造电极用于EDM加工、作为模芯消失铸造出模具等),从而避免了传统模具制造的费时和耗成本的NC加工,因而RPM技术在模具制造中发挥着重要的作用。2国内模具CAD/CAM应用现状目前国内模具行业的基本情况是,随着轻工业及汽车制造业的迅速发展,模具设计制造日渐受到人们广泛关注,已形成一个行业。但是我国模具行业缺少技术人员,存在品种少、精度低、制造周期长、寿命短、供不应求的状况。一些大型、精密、复杂的模具还不能自行制造,需要每年花几百万、上千万美元从国外进口,制约了工业的发展,所以在我国大力发展模具工业势在必行。为了提高模具企业的设计水平和加工能力。中国模具协会向全国模具行业推荐适合于模具企业使用的CAD/ CAM系统。模具设计和加工使用的CAD/ CAM系统,不要求系统十分庞大,但对某些方面要求较高,如曲面造型、三轴数控加工等。一些国外的CAD/CAM系统,虽然具有强大的三维曲面造型能力、强大的结构有限元分所能力、强大计算机辅助制造能力、产品数据管理能力等,但价格昂贵,一般企业难以支付。而国内优秀的CAD/CAM系统很少,只有少数适合模具行业应用,如“华正”CAD/ CAM系统,它具有自主版权且价格低廉。对于国内一些大型模具企业,它们的CAD/CAM应用状况多停留在从国外购买先进的CAD/CAM系统和设备,但在其上进行的二次开发较少,资源利用率低;对于国内一些中小型模具企业,它们的CAD/ CAM应用很少,有些仅停留在以计算机代替固板绘图。所以有必要改善国内模具企业的CAD/CAM应用状况,使它们真正做到快速、准确地对市场做出反应,并使制造的模具产品质量高、成本低,即达到敏捷制造的目的。3模具工业产业组织结构现状目前我国的模具生产企业可划分为四大类:专业模具厂,专业生产模具外供;产品厂的模具分厂或车间,以供给本产品厂所需的模具为主要任务;三资企业的模具分厂,其组织模式与专业模具厂相类似,以小而专为主;乡镇模具企业,与专业模具厂相类似。其中以第二类数量最多,模具产量约占总产量的70%以上。我国的模具行业管理体制分散,目前有19个大行业部门制造模具、使用模具,却没有统一管理的部门。靠中国模具工业协会来统筹规划、集中攻关,跨行业、跨部门管理困难很多。模具适宜于中小型企业组织生产,而我国技术改造投资向大中型企业倾斜时,中小型模具企业的投资得不到保证。包括产品厂的模具车间、分厂在内,技术改造后不能很快收回其投资,不少模具企业技术改造后负债累累,影响其发展。虽然大多数产品厂的模具车间、分厂技术力量强,设备条件较好,生产的模具水平也较高,但设备利用率低。我国模具价格长期以来同其价值不协调,造成模具行业“自身经济效益小、社会效益大”现象。“干模具的不如干模具标准件的,干标准件的不如干模具带件生产的,干带件生产的不如用模具加工产品的”不正常现象严重存在,极大地挫伤了模具企业(包括模具车间和分厂)职工的积极性。这也是模具行业人才留不住、青年技术人员、青年工人不愿学技术的原因之一。4模具行业动态联盟的建立从模具工业产业组织结构现状可以看出目前国内模具行业中企业大多各自为政,由于受各种资源的限制而使得新产品开发时间长,对用户的需求反应迟钝,不利于企业参与市场竞争。为了提高企业的市场竞争力,发挥整个行业优势,模具行业有必要建立动态联盟。动态联盟的思想是将具有开发某种新产品所需知识和技术的不同组织(企业)组成一个临时的企业联盟,共同应付市场的挑战,联合参与国际竞争。建立动态联盟可以补充资源的不足和提高成功串;相互弥补技术上的不足并提高开发能力;以战略手段确保所需的技术信息;回避研究开发的风险;追求技术开发的波及效应及培养和确保研究人员与技术人员;提高企业的信誉,开拓和扩大市场;利于经营的多元化和国际化;回避技术摩擦。动态联盟的各成员应在相互信任的基础上,基于需要进行合作和解决问题,并分享全部合作者的相互信息。动态联盟的各成员都拥有各自的技术优势。共享技术与收益,分组风险。信任是动态联盟的基石,竞争与合作并存,形成良性循环。利益驱动是各成员参加动态联盟的推动力,并且,动态联盟的运行需要有完善的法律、公平竞争的规则、规范的企业行为等良好的外部环境。模具行业动态联盟的建立需要一定的技术基础,这些技术基础和前面提到的未来模具发展方向是一致的,它主要包括五个方面。(1)基础技术先进制造技术先进制造技术是以提高综合效益为目的,以人为主体,以计算机为支柱,综合应用信息、材料、能源、环保等高新技术以及现代管理技术,研究并改造传统制造过程作用于产品整个生命周期的所有适用技术,为动态联盟的构筑与有效运行打下坚实的基础。(2)环境技术网络技术要实现虚拟公司,企业需要有通讯联通性,利用高速宽带网络,将各成员有效连接起来。共享资源,实现异地设计和制造。同时,还可以利用它建立可靠的供应链和进行高效率的市场营销活动。(3)支持技术数据库和知识库技术分布式数据库技术的发展给动态联盟的构筑和运行提供了重要的支持,数据库中不仅包括市场需求、设计、制造、营销过程中所需的数据,而且包括构筑动态联盟时对候选者的评估数据以及动态联盟运行过程中对各成员实际参与合作表现的评估数据。知识库可以实现领域知识复杂问题的求解评价和建议,可有效地进行智能推理来构筑动态联盟并协调动态联盟的实际运行。(4)统一技术标准化技术以集成和网络为基础的制造离不开信息的交流,交流的前提是有统一的交流规则,即标准化工作。(5)协同技术并行工程技术并行工程技术是对产品及相关过程(包括制造和支持过程)进行并行、一体化设计的一种系统化技术。此外,集成框架设计、集成平台技术、人机工程等也都是支持模具行业动态联盟的重要技术。模具行业的动态联盟作为一个新的制造企业战略模式,有着丰富的内涵,同时其巨大潜能必定会大大促进模具行业的发展。英文原文manuf The development of modern acturing industry Dies Die in machinery, electronics, light industry, automobile, textile, aviation, aerospace and other industrial areas, has increasingly become the most widely used, the major industrialized production technology and equipment, it incurred these industrial fields in 60% 90% product parts, the machining parts and components production. Die industry is the basis of the national economy industries, is a universally recognized key industries, is large investment and the slow return of labor-intensive and technology-intensive industries. The high-tech industry in the world die has been described as a point Tiecheng gold industry. Therefore, all of the advanced industrial countries Die industrial development a priority. As a basic industry, mold quality, accuracy and lifetime, cost, delivery services and manufacturing cycle for other industries as well as scientific research and development will not only promote the role, but also by other related industries, and science and technology constraints. Today, the die is the quality of products, Die is the economic benefit concept, has been more and more people will recognize, to accept. Die technology development directly related to product quality, production efficiency Rates, updating and development. Modern Die technological development, to depend on the mold level of standardization, quality mold materials research, design and manufacture of advanced technology, equipment and machine tools for the production technology management. One CAD / CAM technology in the production of mold, no doubt plays an important role. It was considered modern technology Die And the core of an important direction of development. 1 CAD / CAM industry development trends 21 die manufacturing industries is the basic characteristic of highly integrated, intelligent, flexible and networking. Pursue the goal is to improve the product quality and production efficiency, shortening design and manufacturing cycles, reduce production costs, maximize the mold manufacturing contingency capacity to meet user needs. Specific performance for the following seven characteristics. (1) Integration Technology Modern mold design and manufacturing system will not only should be emphasized that the integration of information should also be stressed that technology, and management integration. Die manufacturing system in the development, stressed the multi-integration concept, that is, information integration, intelligent integration, integrated string parallel mechanisms and personnel integration, manufacturing system more suitable for future needs. (2) intelligent technology Application of artificial intelligence technology to achieve all aspects of the product life-cycle of intelligent, and all aspects of the production process to achieve the intelligent, intelligent and die equipment, but also bringing people and systems integration and in which intelligent people into full play. (3) the application of network technology Network technology including hardware and software to achieve integration. Various communication protocol agreement and manufacturing automation, information communication interface, system operation control strategy, and so is the realization of various manufacturing systems automation foundation. At present there has been cross-border via the Internet to achieve successful examples of mold design. The application of network technology for the realization of Chinas Die agile manufacturing enterprises and dynamic alliance laid a technological basis. (4) Multi-function integrated multidisciplinary product design technology Future product development design not only uses mechanical scientific theories and knowledge, but also use electromagnetism, optics, control theory, and so on, even taking into account the economic, psychological, environmental, health and social, and other relevant factors. Product development to conduct multi-objective optimization of the performance of the entire design, mold products in pursuit of dynamic and static characteristics, efficiency, accuracy, service life, reliability, manufacturing cost and the best combination of the manufacturing cycle. (5) virtual reality and multimedia technology applications Virtual reality VR (Virtual Reality) is a man-made computer environment, in this kind of an environment people are realistic feel, and stressed that the involvement of people with the operation. VR technology in the 21st century the entire manufacturing will have a wide range of applications, can be used for training, manufacturing system simulation, simulation-based design and manufacturing production, integrated design and manufacturing to achieve the integrated design. The United States was in 1999 through the use VR technology successfully rehabilitated Kazakhstan stroke Space Telescope. Multimedia technology uses a variety of media to store, handle a variety of information into text, voice, images into one, giving the impression that the truth Real flu. (6) Application of Reverse Technology Conventional die design usually have to design products based on the information. These design information through engineering drawings or models to express, and then develop processing technology planning, the eventual adoption of Tooling / mold and equipment manufactured products. But in many cases, some products does not come from the design concept, but originated in some other products or in kind, only to physical model or prototype products, but not under the conditions of product design for the mold design and manufacturing to produce products . Through this kind of measurement, and then use physical measurements of CAD geometry model of re-structure. This process is the reverse engineering RE (Reverse Engineer-ing). Once established CAD geometry of the model, this can be based on the geometric digital model for many of the follow-up operation, such as physical changes to the CAD model, the redesigned parts, finite element analysis, error analysis, numerical control (NC) machining instructions Generation and die design and manufacturing. (7) Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing Technology Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing Technology RPM (Rapid PrototypingManufacturing) based on the principle of manufacturing, create rapid prototype, but with the geometric complexity of the parts has nothing to do, particularly in the complex surfaces of products manufactured in the shape better demonstrate its superiority. It not only can quickly create prototypes for design evaluation, the assembly of the school seizure, functional experiments. They can also shape through reproduction, rapid economic create products to Die (such as the manufacture of electrodes for EDM processing, as a die-casting mold disappear, etc.), thereby avoiding the time-consuming traditional mold manufacturing costs and consumption of NC machining, thus RPM Die Manufacturing Technology in playing an important role. 2 domestic CAD / CAM application status The current domestic industry mold the basic situation is that, with a light industry and the rapid development of automobile manufacturing, mold design and manufacturing increasingly wide attention by the people, has become an industry. However, our lack of technical personnel die industry, the existence of small, low accuracy, the manufacturing cycle length, short life, in short supply situation. Some large, sophisticated, complex mold also was not able to produce, need to spend millions each year, tens of millions of dollars from foreign imports, which restricts the development of the industry, in our country it is imperative to vigorously develop the tooling industry. In order to improve the design of die enterprise level and processing capacity. China to the National Association of Die Die Die industry enterprises recommended for use in the CAD / CAM system. Mold design and the use of the processing of CAD / CAM systems, does not require system is enormous, but certain aspects of higher demand, such as surface modeling, 3-axis NC machining, etc. Some foreign CAD / CAM system, despite a strong three-dimensional surface modeling capabilities, a powerful structural finite element branch capabilities, powerful computer-aided manufacturing capabilities, product data management capabilities, but is expensive, generally it is difficult for enterprises to pay. While domestic excellent CAD / CAM system rarely, only a handful of applications for mold industry, such as China is the CAD / CAM system, it has an autonomous copyright and low prices. Some large mold for domestic enterprises, their CAD / CAM application of stays from abroad in the purchase of advanced CAD / CAM systems and equipment, but in its second development was carried out on fewer, low utilization of resources; some of the domestic Die small enterprises, their CAD / CAM applications rarely, some only remain in the computer graphics instead of solid plate. It is necessary to improve the domestic enterprises die of CAD / CAM application status, so that they truly rapid and accurate response of the market, and manufacture of high quality products Die low cost, that is, to achieve the purpose of agile manufacturing. 3 Die industrial organizational structure of the status quo industry Now, Chinas mold production enterprises can be divided into four categories: professional mold plant, specializing in the production of mold, for the product works or Die Plant Workshop to supply the necessary products plants die as the main tasks of the mold-funded enterprises branch, its organizational model and professional mold plant similar to the small and the main township enterprises die, and is similar to professional mold factory. A second category of which the largest number, about mold production output of 70 percent or more. Chinas mold industry decentralized management structure, there are currently 19 major industry sectors manufacturing mold, the use of mold, but no unified management of the sector. On China Die Industry Association to co-ordinate the planning, concentrated on attacking the problem, cross-sectoral and inter-departmental management difficulties many. Die suitable for the production of small and medium enterprises, and technological transformation of Chinas large and medium-sized enterprises to tilt investment, small and medium enterprises Die investment can not be guaranteed. Plant products including die shop and the factory, and after technical transformation can not recover their investment quickly, and many die after the heavily indebted technological upgrading of enterprises, affecting its development. Although most products plants die shop and the plant strong technical force, equipment conditions are better, the die level of production higher, but low capacity utilization. My mold with its value price for a long time uncoordinated, resulting in mold industry own small economic benefits, social benefits, the phenomenon. Die Stem Die Stem is better than the standard parts, stem dry is better than standard parts with pieces of mold production, the production of dry zone Mold processed products as serious anomalies exist, have greatly dampened Die enterprises (including Die workshop and Plant) to their initiative. This is also mold industry talent留不住, youth and technical personnel, youth workers to the cause of science and technology. 4 Die dynamic coalition-building industry Mold Industrial Organization from the industrial structure of the status quo can be seen in the current domestic enterprises Die most fragmented industry, due to the various resource constraints make the development of new products and long hours, the user needs unresponsive, to the detriment of enterprises to participate in market competition. To enhance their market competitiveness, played the entire industry advantages, die industry it is necessary to establish dynamic alliance. The idea is dynamic alliance will develop a new product with the necessary knowledge and technology of different organizations (companies) to form a temporary alliances to jointly cope with the challenges of the market, joint participation in international competition. The establishment of dynamic alliance can complement insufficient resources and increase the success of the series; mutual compensate for the deficiencies and improve technical development capabilities for strategic and technical means to ensure that all the necessary information; evade research and development risks; pursuit of the spread of technology development and training and to ensure that researchers and technical personnel; enhance the credibility of enterprises, develop and expand the market will be conducive to the diversification and internationalization; evading technology friction. The dynamic alliance members should be on the basis of mutual trust, based on the need for cooperation and problem-solving, and the mutual sharing of information all the partners. Dynamic Alliance members possess their own technological superiority. Technology and revenue sharing, group risk. Trust is the cornerstone of dynamic alliance, both competition and cooperation, forming a virtuous circle. Driving the interest is the participation of members of the League of dynamic driving force, and, the dynamic alliance needed for the operation of a sound legal system, the rules of fair competition, standardize enterprise behavior, and so a good external environment. Die industry dynamic alliance will need the establishment of the technical foundation for these technologies and the previously mentioned foundation for the future development direction of the same mold, which mainly includes five aspects. (1) based technology - advanced manufacturing technology Advanced manufacturing technology is for the purpose of improving overall efficiency, the main man-made, computer-pillar, comprehensive application of information, materials, energy, environmental protection and other high technology and modern management techniques, research and the transformation of traditional role in the manufacturing process throughout the entire life cycle of products all applicable tech
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