农用车转向桥总成的设计【机械类毕业-含CAD图纸】
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译文题目： Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysis 汽车安全系统技术研究与分析 外文原文Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysisOneAutomobile active security technology 1. ABS braking system Ant-lock Braking System (Braking System, lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below. ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents. No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger slip, appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena: (1) Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon; (2) Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements; (3) Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance. So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important. 2the ASR drive torque control system ABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel sliding rate control in ideal range, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steering control ability and acceleration performance, so are improved by the car drive torque steering system ASR (Accelerations Regulation) Slip. ASR is the perfect complement and ABS ASR, but most alone is set with ABS combined together, commonly used ABS/ASR says, called antiskid control system. ASR is mainly used to prevent car in the beginning, accelerate the wheels, guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and muddy road started and to improve its capacity, also can prevent high in speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon. Anyhow, prevent the wheel because ASR slip, can maximize the engine driving moment of cars had enough, ensure the longitudinal force, lateral force and manipulation of power, make cars in starting, steering and accelerate the process, in gliding and muddy road, in a mountain area downhill process can steadily driving, guarantees the safety, reducing tire wear and fuel consumption, and improves the car driving capability. 3VDC system ABS/ASR system successfully solves the brake and the car when driven direction stability problem, but cannot solve the vehicle steering stability problem driving direction. For example when steering road, inevitably by lateral and longitudinal force, only local surface can provide full lateral and longitudinal force, the pilot can control vehicles. If the ground adhesion ability lower lateral, will damage cars driving ability predetermined direction. Rainy days cars driving, often high-speed steering lateral sliding out, it is the ground because of insufficient lateral adhesion ability. To resolve the issue, and developed countries automobile industry recently in ABS/ASR system on the basis of the development of dynamic Control system (into car Dynamics Control, the abbreviation VDC Vehicle). The system of the car brake, driving, suspension, steering, engine and so on various main assembly control system in function, structure organic ground comprehensive together, can make cars in all kinds of bad working conditions, such as ice road pavement, commuting, river bend pavement and took evasive action moving line, braking and acceleration and the downhill for different conditions, such as bearing, different type pressure and different levels of type wear all have good direction stability, to show the best driving performance. VDC applications, in braking, acceleration and steering aspects of drivers fully released request, is the car of active safety driving a new milestone. VDC of steering control system is mainly by driving for each wheel brake control and engine power output control to realize. For example, if the car turn left front wheel for steering the inadequate capacity tend to slip out of the corner, VDC system can measure imminent, just know lateral spreads left rear brake adopt appropriate measures. If at the same corner, because rear wheel tend to slip out of favor of lateral overmuch, VDC system is proper braking to front-right wheel failure, maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. In extreme cases, VDC system can also take reduce engine to reduce the power output, and to reduce the speed of the demand side adhesion ability to maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. Adopt VDC system, automobile in folio pavement or corner of pavement braking distance still can further reduce. 4 CCS cars cruise control system Auto cruise Control System (Cruiser Control System, abbreviation for CCS) is can make automobile work in engine favorable speed range, reduce drivers driving manipulate labor intensity, improve the driving comfort the automatic driving device. Car cruising system (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch, no speed on the accelerator pedal can automatically keep the speed, make the vehicle with the fixed speed. Using this device, when on the highway after a long time, the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal, reduce fatigue, while reducing unnecessary speed change, can reduce save fuel. Auto cruise control system is the earliest development of the automotive electronic control system. This system USES another speed sensor, will speed signal input engine control microcomputer, by microcomputer control vacuum system work. This system can make use of the server, speed control switch lever and brake pedal on vacuum lift switches etc, its function and basic system the same. In this system, electronic control device can accord change of driving resistance, automatic regulation engine throttle Angle, make the speed constant. Such not only reduce unnecessary speed change, which saves fuel, also reduced the drivers burden. The electronic cruise control system which is shown in figure 2. Two. Automobile passive safety technology 1. Seat belt Car seat belt is a safety device, it can in car collision or sharp turn, make crew to keep its original position as possible without mobile and rotation, avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat belts and airbags, as modern cars are safety devices, but the long history of the former, popularize the scope. The seemingly simple seat belt actually not simple. Attention has been at the forefront of traffic safety, through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives, can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminate drivers, motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia, will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen, steering wheel, seat, collision happened objects such as secondary to drive is caused extremely easily crew serious damage, even drive occupant seats or threw the apex, seat belts can will ride in the seat. Bondage personnel When has the accident, which can effectively prevent the collision, and its buffer role can absorbs a great deal of kinetic energy, reduce rides personnel extent of the injuries. Fasten your seat belt airbags play our role is also an important condition. Because the airbag to maximize role for the ride in the impact of the physical location, sitting instant action have extremely strict and the requirements. Otherwise, the airbag started strong instantaneous wallops to head are fragile site, may cause serious damage, especially for children, this damage can be fatal. Even the most ordinary three belts, try a can timely in crash that lived rides the bundle, ensure the upper part of a ride in the airbag fully extended range, make the airbag most effectively play efficacy. Accordingly, must not because the car is equipped with airbags and feel carefree seat belt fastened, only to reduce or eliminate the traffic accident happen. 2. The airbag When the front collision happened strong, because inertia, who rides the body forward fast moving, then seat belts and will try to pull rides on person the body, absorb some of the impact energy, while the airbag with the eyepiece trend inflatable and completely open; Then the rides the upper body will sink to airbags, gas also began from the vent air uniform escaping, and absorbed most of the impact energy; Subsequently, the ride back seat and return to the body. Above the whole process is almost always happens in a flash, who rides the completely in passive situation, in this case, the passive rely on auxiliary occupant protection system is the only option. Airbags development design is based on the protection on seat belt Co., LTD; they cooperate with each other to ride the play the auxiliary protective effect. Seat belt usage in under the condition of the crew, balloon help reduce chest, head and facial injuries in the seriousness of the collision. When car collision happened before, the first is the car to stop motion, car under the action of inertial force crews to go forward with the original speed still sport. Not wearing a seatbelt crews will and steering dish, front windscreen together, so it can be severely hurt; Wearing a seatbelt as car stop the crew can stop moving forward movement and gradually. If collision violent, crew forward movement of the seat belts, even faster in the complete stop before motion, still and in-car things together. If this fashion in steering the disk or within the popup balloon inflated dash, it can protect the occupant reduce the possibility of car together with things, more uniform dispersion head, chest, absorb the impact energy of movement, thus crew has added effect of seat belts. In addition to seat belts and airbags outside car passive safety technology includes car bumper, automobile safety glass, security body, occupant head and neck protection system (WHIPS), etc. These vehicles to improve the safety performance has very important contribution.中文译文汽车安全系统技术研究分析一、汽车主动安全技术1ABS防抱死制动系统防抱死制动系统(Anti-lock Braking System,简称ABS)由ABS电脑、液压装置、车轮转速传感器、制动液压管路及电器配线等组成。ABS系统对于汽车在各种行驶条件下的制动性能及制动安全尤为重要，特是紧急制动，能够充分利用轮胎和路面之间的峰值附着性能，提高汽车抗侧滑性能并缩短制动距离，充分发挥制动效能，同时增加了汽车制动过程中的可控性。从而减少了汽车事故发生的可能性。 没有安装ABS的汽车，如果在行驶中用力踩踏制动踏板，车轮会急速降低转速，最后车轮停止转动，但车身由于惯性依然保持向前滑动。这种现象在车轮与路面之间发生较大的“滑移”，出现这种状况时，汽车轮胎对路面的侧滑摩差力几乎消失，于是会出现下述现象：（1）转向稳定性下降：方向盘操纵不灵，车辆尾部上翘，严重时车辆打转或出现折叠现象；（2）操纵性下降：操纵方向盘而达不到转向要求；（3）制动距离延长：超过一般的制动距离。所以，可想而知有无装设ABS系统对汽车行驶的安全性是非常重要的。2ASR驱动防滑控制系统ABS用于防止汽车制动过程中车轮抱死，将车轮的滑移率控制在理想的范围内，以缩短制动距离，提高汽车制动时方向稳定性和转向操纵性，从而提高汽车行驶的安全性。随着对汽车性能要求的提高，不仅要求在制动过程中防止车轮抱死，而且要求在驱动过程中防止驱动轮滑转，使汽车在驱动过程中的方向稳定性、转向控制能力和加速性能都得到提高，因此采用了汽车驱动防滑转向系统ASR（Accelerations Slip Regulation）。ASR是ABS的完善和补充，ASR可单独设置，但大多数是与ABS组合一起，常用ABS/ASR表示，称为防滑控制系统。ASR主要用来防止汽车在起步、加速时车轮的滑转，保证汽车在加速过程中的稳定性并改善在不良路面上的驱动附着条件。它可以使无差速锁的汽车在冰雪路面和泥泞道路上起步并改善其通行能力，还可以防止在车速较高并通过滑溜路面又转弯时汽车后部的侧滑现象。总之，ASR由于防止了车轮的滑转，便可最大限度地利用发动机的驱动力矩，保证汽车有足够的纵向力、侧向力和操纵力，使汽车在起动、转向和加速过程中，在滑溜和泥泞路面上、在山区上下坡过程中都能稳定地行驶，既保证了行车安全，减少轮胎磨损和燃油消耗，又改善了汽车的驱动性能。3VDC系统 ABS/ASR系统成功地解决了汽车在制动和驱动时的方向稳定性问题，但不能解决汽车转向行驶的方向稳定性问题。例如当汽车转向行驶时，不可避免地受到侧向和纵向力的作用，只有当地面能够提供充分的侧向和纵向力时，驾驶员才能控制住车辆。如果地面侧向附着能力比较低，就会损害汽车按预定方向行驶的能力。雨天汽车高速转向行驶时，常常侧向滑出,就是地面侧向附着能力不足的缘故。为解决此问题，最近汽车工业发达国家又在 ABS/ASR系统的基础上发展成汽车动态控制系统（Vehicle Dynamics Control，简称VDC）。这个系统把汽车的制动、驱动、悬架、转向、发动机等各主要总成的控制系统在功能上、结构上有机地综合在一起，可使汽车在各种恶劣工况下，如冰雪路面上、对开路面上、弯道路面上以及采取规避动作移线、制动、加速和下坡等工况时，对不同承载、不同轮胎气压和不同程度的轮胎磨损都有良好的方向稳定性，表现出最佳的行驶性能。VDC的应用，在制动、加速和转向方面完全解脱对驾驶员的要求，是汽车的主动安全行驶方面的一个新的里程碑。VDC系统对转向行驶的控制主要是借助于对各个车轮的制动控制和发动机功率输出控制来实现的。例如汽车左转弯时，若前轮因转向能力不足而趋于滑出弯道，VDC系统即可测知侧滑即将发生，就采取适当制动左后轮的办法。若在同一弯道上，因后轮趋于侧向滑出而转向过多，VDC系统即采取适当制动右前轮的办法，维持车辆的稳定行驶。在极端情况下，VDC系统还可采取降低发动机功率输出的办法降低行驶车速，减少对地面侧向附着能力的需求来维持车辆的稳定行驶。采用VDC系统后，汽车在对开路面上或弯道路面上的制动距离还可进一步缩短。4. CCS汽车巡航控制系统汽车巡航控制系统（Cruised Control System,缩写为CCS）就是可使汽车工作在发动机有利的转速范围内，减轻驾驶员的驾驶操纵劳动强度，提高行驶舒适性的汽车自动行驶装置。汽车巡航系统（CCS）的作用是：按司机所要求的速度闭合开关后，不用踩油门踏板就可以自动地保持车速，使车辆以固定的速度行驶。采用了这种装置，当在高速公路上长时间行车后，司机就不用再去控制油门踏板，减轻了疲劳，同
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