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毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 现状：近年来，我国汽车行业每年推出的新车型上百种，这些新车型相当大的一部分是在保持发动机及汽车底盘基本不变的情况下，汽车外观的变化，即车身覆盖件的不断更新，而汽车覆盖件的更新均需要汽车模具作为基础装备，由此对汽车模具产生了巨大的需求。一般情况下，制造一辆普通轿车本身便需要约1500个模具，当中有接近1000个的冲压模具和超过200个 的内饰件模具。近年来中国汽车工业的快速发展带来了对汽车模具的巨大需求，按汽车模具占模具行业约1/3的市场份额测算，2015年中国汽车模具市场规模达到824.73亿元。发展趋势：中国是发展中国家，具有生产发展水平较低，劳动力资源丰富，生产成本低廉及市场前景广阔等一般发展中国家同样的一些特点，但中国人均GDP己超过2000美元，同时还具有相当雄厚的技术和工业基础，人们聪慧、勤劳、灵巧和改革开放良好环境等一些特殊的特点，这些特点很适合发展模具工业，可以预设，不远的将来，我国将成为世界最大的制造中心，这给我国的模具行业提供了前所未有的发展机遇。汽车仪表盘模具设计中主要有注射机、动模、定模、拉料杆、浇注系统、排气系统、型腔和型芯。动模和定模是注塑模具的重要部分，定模部分安装在注塑机的固定座板上，动模部分安装在注塑机的移动座板上。注塑时，动、定模两大部分闭合，塑料经喷嘴进入模具型腔。开模时，动、定模两大部分分离，然后顶出机构动作，从而推出塑料件及塑料制品。拉料杆主要是在开模时把主浇道凝料从主浇道村套中拉出来和吧冷料从冷料穴中顶出去。常用的拉料杆结构形式主要有以下几种结构：1.钩形拉料杆 2.球头拉料杆球头拉料杆的结构形式 3.锥形拉料杆锥形拉料杆结构。注塑模具的浇注系统主要是将熔体平稳的引入注塑模具型腔，并在填充过程中将压力传递到型腔的各个部分，以获得组织致密，外形清晰、表面光洁和尺寸稳定的塑件。对于浇注系统的设计有以下几个原则：1.保证制品的外观质量2.保证制品的内部质量3.阻力小4.不影响自动化生产。注塑模的排气是模具设计中的一个重要问题，特别是在快速注塑成型中对注塑模的排气要求就更加严格。注塑模的型腔和型芯是其模具的成型零部件，对塑件的形状起着关键作用。为了生成型腔和型芯形状，除了需要定义塑件的形状，建立形状模型外，还需要输入分型面的消息，利用分型面的数据，可将塑件的形状模型进行分解, 便得到型腔和型芯的形状。 一些复杂的模具，其型腔或型芯常采用镶块结构，即从型腔或型芯中取出其中一部分，形成镶块结构，这种处理和型腔、型芯的分解处理是类似的。它首先需要定义镶块形状和断面，然后取出镶块，并修改型腔和型芯的形状。本课题就是针对当下近几年来销售量最高的汽车上海大众的仪表盘进行模具设计，在保证其原有功能外，对结构进行创新设计，满足客户需求。在材料方面的选取考虑其环保性、经济性、可回收性。毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 本课题所要研究及解决的问题：充分利用所学知识，完成要求设计产品的结构与工艺分析，认识、了解所设计产品，并进行相应塑料注射模具的设计（包括零件材料分析、注射成型机的选择与成型腔数的确定、塑料模结构的设计），形成比较完善的技术资料。1、对零件图的分析2、确定模具类型及结构形式3、浇注系统的设计4、分型面的设计5、凸凹模的结构设计6、注塑成型机设备的选择7、其他零部件的设计8、图纸绘制9、编写设计计算说明书拟采用的研究手段（途径）：1、分析产品的结构：通过查阅相应资料，主要从形状、尺寸、材料等方面，分析设计的可行性。2、成形工艺的分析：根据产品结构的初步认识，做出合理的工艺分析，考虑影响产品工艺性的因素，如公差等级、粗糙度、尺寸等。3、模具结构分析：根据对产品结构和工艺的分析，确定产品加工所需要的工序。4、模具的设计与计算：由所制定工序和所需加工产品，选择模具的加工方式和结构类型、特征，并做出相应计算内容的说明（包括锁模力，注射机的主要参数及注射机的校核，凸凹模的尺寸计算，强度校核等）。5、图纸绘制和说明书：绘制设计模具的装配图和主要的零件图。将设计中的相应信息、数据整理，完成说明书预期达到的目标：在老师的指导下，独立完成模具设计工作，并形成完整图纸。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：通过文献综述，该生对仪表盘模具设计国内外研究现状有了较清晰的认识，相信该生综合考虑材料的环保性、经济性、可回收性，保证其原有功能外，能完成对结构进的创新设计，满足客户需求。 2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：本课题以仪表盘模具为对象进行创新设计，工作量、难度适中。课题具有一定的实际意义，相信通过本课题的研究，能设计出在性能及外观等方面都更加具有竞争力的产品。 3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2016 年 03 月 09 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 03 月 09 日译文题目：CATIA逆向工程技术在注塑模具设计中的应用This paper introduces the concept of reverse engineering in the modern manufacturing industry and the general method of reverse engineering and reverse function module of CATIA software, by car dashboard injection mould as an example, shows that using CATIA specific process of reverse engineering technology design of injection mould, including the point cloud filter, paving grid and grid surface repair, to create boundary characteristic curve, curved surface reconstruction and curved surface quality analysis and CAD model is set up.In the process of injection mold development and manufacturing, the general process is to design personnel according to product drawing 3 d model, and according to the requirements of the properties of component materials, equipment, process modification, after computer software treatment to generate NC machining equipment NC file, this design pattern known as scheduled. In practical production, the only real samples, without a reference drawings, due to the injection mold is often used between the surface smooth transition, the appearance of some products is composed of multiple complex can be connected with the different spatial curvature of surface, with the traditional method is difficult to measure, cannot be ordered mode is adopted to improve the design. If there is no CAD digital model, cant use CAD/CAM, multi-axis machining center and other advanced processing means. Therefore, designers need to through certain ways of measuring physical information and translated into CAD digital model, it is applied to the reverse engineering technology. For car dashboard injection mould as an example, the author introduces the CATIA reverse engineering technology in the application of the injection mould design.Reverse engineering is to point to in certain measurements to measure physical or model, according to the measured data reconstruction by using the method of 3 d geometric modeling physical process of CAD model.Reverse engineering requirements shall be established in accordance with the product measurement data with the existing CAD/CAM system is fully compatible with the digital model, which is the ultimate goal of reverse engineering. Measurement data is the first step in reverse engineering, is the foundation of data processing, model reconstruction. By far the most commonly used point data acquisition device has three coordinate measuring machine, three-dimensional laser scanner, such as joint type robot arm.Point cloud, after get the quality of the reconstructed surface objectively depends on the use of reverse engineering software functions. Reverse engineering software is mainly to complete the point cloud processing, curve processing and surface processing three functions, the commonly used professional point cloud processing software Imageware with EDS, RaindropGeomagic Studio, DelCAM company Copy - CAD, PTC company ICEMSurf, Pro/Designer (CDRS), Pro/Scantools, etc.Imageware and other professional software work speed, when dealing with point cloud data fitting method for line/face can be more easily, but curve and curved surface creation tools provided by the software itself is less, so the fitting line and also need to get in general such as UG further changes in the 3 d CAD/CAM software. And the use of Pro/E, UG software to read alone, dealing with point cloud data, fast read hundreds of thousands or even millions of point data is difficult. Therefore, in the concrete engineering design, often using professional software to point cloud data processing, get basic control curve, and then import the UG and Pro/E 3 d software to construct the surface, creating entity.Using CATIA software is the French dassault company with the United States developed by IBM has the industry leading level of CAD/CAE/CAM software packages. It has unique advantages in the aspect of curve and surface modeling, such as its unique high times (15) can achieve the Bezier curve surface function, can satisfy the special industry to the strict requirement of the surface smoothness. Point cloud with CATIA software, entity modeling, surface modeling and nc machining module, can completely in a software to delete point cloud, filtering, create characteristic line, paving, repair, surface quality analysis, such as operation, with high quality surface, and converts surface entity, and then generate a knife road path for nc machining.Reverse engineering using CATIA digital surface editor (DigitizedShapeEditor DSE arithmetic), chuang cheng type design (GeneraiveShapeDesign, GSD), rapid surface reconstruction (QuickSurfaceReconstruction, QSR), free surface modeling (FreestyleShaper, FSS) module for reverse operation.DSE arithmetic module can be used to process the point cloud file, the module can be an analysis of the import and export, point cloud filtering, grid, paving, drawing intersecting lines and so on. For large parts of partitioned scanning of the division of DSE arithmetic splicing function can be a basis of the point cloud files on the ball (dots, measurement point cloud data be set to two parts as the following point cloud aligned benchmark) for joining together, each piece of point cloud data into parts of a whole point cloud. USES DSE arithmetic module is the most main purpose is through to the parts of point cloud data analysis and processing, so as to get the point cloud surface grid feature line, this is the basis of the fitting surface.QSR module DSE arithmetic can be processed to get the point cloud surface grid characteristic curve, and further into space using curved surface fitting commands, point cloud as reference, on the basis of the space curve fitting with high quality surface. Its with curve analysis tools can analyze the characteristics of grid space curve and the point cloud surface intersecting line between error.GSD and CATIA FSS module is used for three dimensional surface design of the main working platform, the platform can be used in wire frame and surface features quickly built from simple to complex of the arbitrary shape curved surface, the two modules have a large number of design tools to create and edit surfaces. In reverse design, mainly application of the two modules fitting and joining together the function of the surface, the structure of form a complete shape; To hole, at the same time, positive reconstruction arc such as the details. FSS module of the surface analysis function can be used for all types of curve and surface analysis, to restore the fitting surface with point cloud or mesh surface to surface analysis, can get error analysis diagram, easy to verify the correctness of the reconstruction of curved surface.A simple shape of parts do you usually use DSE arithmetic and QSR two modules can complete construction of curved surface; With complex appearance and are porous, more muscle complex parts, after DSE arithmetic and QSR processing whole surface structure, also need the GSD and FSS module in detail the structure of the reconstruction and modified, finally an entity in the FSS module generated surface quality analysis.The instrument panel mold production provided by the demand side, there is no drawings or digital model. Due to the corrosion of injection molding materials, the use of a certain period of time after the mold cavity part size changes, causing out-of-tolerance products installation size. But the mold first acceptance test of the sample is still there, so the parts can use reverse engineering to reconstruct digital models.The Taiwan company production of 3 d laser scanner point cloud data of samples are collected. In product appearance limit, the sample section scan, the point cloud file is divided into five parts. Based on the left side of the point cloud processing as an example for reverse operation instructions below.In the reverse engineering, the user the number of point cloud data obtained from measuring instrument is very large, usually no explicit geometrical topology relation between data, including a large number of useless data, reducing the processing speed of the computer, need to process to reduce the number of point cloud data. Point cloud processing principle is the part of the changes in surface flat sparse density can be obtained, the larger curvature change parts and detail parts dense take, so need to deal with the number of points will be less. In CATIA, can use the delete and filtering approach to remove the excess noise.On the surface of the grid size can be adjusted through the Neighborhood parameter, the value for the radius of a sphere, in a point cloud as long as three points within the scope of the radius of sphere, CATIA will be in 3 points as the vertices to create a triangular mesh surface. So the pavement is also called triangular mesh. Grid size should be based on principles of grid surface with holes but less, if the parameter selection is too big, can cause the loss of the grid on the surface detail structure, cant complete reconstruction surface. Hole can be used grid surface repair (FillHoles) command to repair. Point cloud becomes a grid, but the rest Polygon another (Polygon) is made up of thousands of sizes triangle face, is not usually curved surface, cannot edit for other modules.After the completion of the paving, into the workbench, QSR module delivered boundary line into characteristic curve. Characteristic curve should satisfy continuous and second-order geometric curvature change uniform requirements, and on the premise of guarantee the surface fitting curve and the grid, minimize the number of control points, to reduce the curve of the order, to ensure a uniform surface curve control points, consistent, and tidy, otherwise will appear the phenomenon of surface distortion.According to the above operating characteristic curve can be used for curved surface fitting in QSR module (Powerfit) command reconstruction surface, also can use GSD and for building a curved FSS in the module commands, such as Loft (Loft), scanning (Sweep), bridge surface (such as FreestyleBlendSurface) to realize the reconstruction of the surface.Free surface modeling using CATIA (FreeStyle) module provides a variety of analysis tools of various qualities of the reconstructed surface can be analyzed, such as point cloud data and surface error analysis, such as illumination analysis, etc. The analysis result shows that surface with point cloud data error within + / - 0.2 mm, the error is distributed in the edge of the late after decorate beautification reduces; Uniform surface curvature, curvature change, conform to the requirements of the product.Each point cloud processing respectively integral split after modification to get the final CAD model. Model the process modification, using CATIA own programming module to generate feed processing and NC code file, processed into the mold after a test is successful, the dashboard parts made by completely accord with the requirement of the upstream manufacturers.At present, mould industry is more and more business needs according to customers samples produced mold, based on the prototype or physical way of reverse engineering because of its fast development, especially for parts not original geometry information, reverse engineering is an important means of finished parts precise geometric modelling, application of CATIA reverse engineering the advanced design method, can greatly improve the efficiency of injection mold design, production, reduce the manufacturing cost.介绍了现代制造业中逆向工程的概念及逆向工程的一般方法和 CATIA软件的逆向功能模块, 以汽车仪表盘注塑模具为例, 说明利用 CATIA逆向工程技术设计注塑模具的具体过程, 包括点云滤除、网格铺面及网格面修补、创建边界特征曲线、重建曲面、曲面品质分析和建立 CAD模型。在注塑模具开发制造过程中, 通常的流程是设计人员依据产品图纸绘制三维模型, 并根据零件材料的性质、设备的要求进行工艺修改 ,经计算机软件处理后生成数控加工设备的 NC文件 , 这种设计模式称为预定模式 。实际生产中 ,在只有实物样件、没有可参考图纸的情况下 , 由于注塑模具各面之间常采用圆滑过渡 ,部分制品的外形是由多个复杂的不同空间曲率的曲面连接而成, 用传统的方法很难测量, 无法采用预定模式进行设计。如果没有 CAD数字模型,就无法使用 CAD/CAM、多轴加工中心等先进的加工手段 。所以 , 设计人员需要通过一定的途径测量实物信息并转化为 CAD数字模型, 这就应用到了逆向工程技术 。笔者以汽车仪表盘注塑模具为例, 介绍 CATIA逆向工程技术在注塑模具设计中的应用 。逆向工程是指用一定的测量手段对实物或模型进行测量, 根据测量数据通过三维几何建模的方法重构实物 CAD模型的过程.逆向工程要求按照产品的测量数据建立与现有CAD/CAM系统完全兼容的数字模型 , 这是逆向工程的最终目标。测量数据是逆向工程的第一个步骤 ,是数据处理、模型重建的基础。目前最常用的点数据的采集设备有三坐标测量机、三维激光扫描机 、多轴关节式机械臂等。点云获取后,重构曲面的品质客观上取决于所选用的逆向工程软件的功能。逆向工程软件主要完成点云处理、曲线处理和曲面处理 3项功能, 常用的专业点云处理软件有 EDS公司的 Imageware, RaindropGeomagic公司的 Studio, DelCAM公司的 Copy-CAD, PTC公司的 ICEMSurf、Pro/Designer(CDRS)、Pro/Scantools等。Imageware等专业软件在处理点云数据时工作速度快,可以较容易地进行线 /面的拟合, 然而软件本身所提供的曲线 、曲面创建工具较少 ,因此拟合得到的线和面还需要在 UG等通用三维 CAD/CAM软件中进一步修改。而单独使用 Pro/E、UG等软件读取、处理点云数据时 ,快速读取几十万甚至上百万个点的数据量是比较困难的 。因此 ,在具体工程设计中,往往采用专业软件进行点云数据处理,得到基本控制曲线 ,然后导入 UG或 Pro/E等三维软件来构造曲面、创建实体。CATIA软件是法国达索公司与美国 IBM公司共同开发的具有工业领先水平的 CAD/CAE/CAM软件包。它在曲线 、曲面造型方面具有独特的优势,比如其特有的高次 (能达到 15)Bezier曲线曲面功能,能满足特殊行业对曲面光滑性的苛刻要求 。CATIA软件包含点云处理、实体造型、曲面造型 、数控加工等模块 ,完全可以在一个软件里对点云进行删除 、过滤 、创建特征线、铺面 、修补 、曲面品质分析等操作,得到高质量曲面 , 并将曲面转换成实体 , 而后生成刀路轨迹用于数控加工 。CATIA逆向工程使用数字曲面编辑器 (DigitizedShapeEditor, DSE)、创成式外形 设计(GeneraiveShapeDesign, GSD)、快速曲面重建 (QuickSurfaceReconstruction, QSR)、自由曲面造型 (FreestyleShaper, FSS)等模块来进行逆向操作。DSE模块可用来处理点云文件 ,该模块可以对点云进行导入导出、分析过滤、网格铺面 、绘制交线等操作 。对于分块扫描的大型零件, DSE的分割拼接功能可以对点云文件依据对准球 (测量点云数据时人为设置的小圆点, 作为后续工作两部分点云对齐的基准)进行拼接 , 将各块点云数据合并为一个整体的零件点云 。使用 DSE模块的最主要目的是通过对零件点云数据的分析、处理,从而获得点云网格面特征交线,这是正确拟合曲面的基础 。QSR模块可以将 DSE处理后得到的点云网格面特征交线进一步转变为空间曲线, 使用曲面拟合命令, 以点云为参考、以空间曲线为基础拟合得到高质量曲面。其带有的曲线