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汽车手动变速器操纵机构设计【含7张CAD图纸、毕业论文】

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毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书 设计(论文)题目:汽车手动变速器操纵机构设计 学生姓名: 发任务书日期: 年12月30日 任务书填写要求 1毕业设计(论文)任务书由指导教师根据各课题的具体情况填写,经学生所在专业的负责人审查、系(院)领导签字后生效。此任务书应在毕业设计(论文)开始前一周内填好并发给学生。 2任务书内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写,不得涂改或潦草书写;或者按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式(可从教务处网页上下载)打印,要求正文小4号宋体,1.5倍行距,禁止打印在其它纸上剪贴。 3任务书内填写的内容,必须和学生毕业设计(论文)完成的情况相一致,若有变更,应当经过所在专业及系(院)主管领导审批后方可重新填写。 4任务书内有关“学院”、“专业”等名称的填写,应写中文全称,不能写数字代码。学生的“学号”要写全号,不能只写最后2位或1位数字。 5任务书内“主要参考文献”的填写,应按照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计(论文)撰写规范的要求书写。 6有关年月日等日期的填写,应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求,一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2002年4月2日”或“2002-04-02”。 毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书 1本毕业设计(论文)课题应达到的目的: 1. 调查研究、中外文献检索与阅读的能力。 2. 综合运用专业理论、知识分析解决实际问题的能力。 3. 设计或验证方案的制定能力。 4. 设计、计算与绘图的能力,包括使用计算机的能力。 2本毕业设计(论文)课题任务的内容和要求(包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等): 1. 对某车型的手动变速器的操纵机构进行结构设计,包括详细的结构设计过程,和参数选择过程等步骤。 2. 机构或者结构设计要有图纸展示,分析结果要有说明; 3. 完成一篇符合金陵科技学院毕业论文规范的系统技术文档,包括各类技术资料,图纸等; 4. 能够完成各项任务,参加最后的毕业设计答辩。 毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书 3对本毕业设计(论文)课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求: 1.按期完成一篇符合金陵科技学院论文规范的毕业设计说明书(毕业论文),能详细说明设计步骤和思路; 2.能有结构完整,合理可靠的技术方案; 3.能有相应的零件图纸和仿真结果说明; 4.有相应的图纸和技术参数说明。 4主要参考文献: 1 朱新涛,陈乐德. 汽车变速器设计M. 北京:机械工业出版社,2008. 2 刘汉涛. 图解自动变速器构造与原理M. 北京:机械工业出版社,2013. 3 陈习江.变速器静态换挡力的分析和计算J.安徽科技.2011(11). 4 孙桓,陈作模,葛文杰. 机械原理M. 北京:高等教育出版社,2006. 5 濮良贵,纪名刚. 机械设计M. 北京:高等教育出版社,2006. 6 王珺.汽车构造M.北京: 电子工业出版社,2011. 7 王三民.机械设计M.北京:化学工业出版社,2009. 8 陈家瑞.汽车构造M.北京:机械工业出版社,2009. 9 赵玉斌.手动变速器与自动变速器J.黑龙江交通科技.2011(05). 10 徐海山.汽车手动变速器发展趋势J.MC现代零部件,2014(04). 11 胡朝峰,过学迅,汪斌.汽车变速器技术的发展与展望J.汽车研究与研发,2005(09). 12 吕兵,龙运越. 从2013年汽车变速器市场变化看行业发展趋势J.现代零部件.2014(05). 13 张栋杰,毛世伟,朱波. 手动挡汽车换挡困难原因及改进方法J.汽车工程师.2011(02). 14 薛庆文. 汽车变速器技术及未来发展趋势J.汽车维修与保养.2008(12). 15 李爱琴. 浅谈汽车变速器技术的发展J.科技咨询指导.2007(15). 毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书 5本毕业设计(论文)课题工作进度计划: 2015.12.05-2015.12.22确定选题,填写审题表;指导教师下发任务书,学生查阅课题相关参考文献、资料,撰写开题报告。 2015.12.23-2016.01.22提交开题报告、外文参考资料及译文、毕业设计(论文)大纲;开始毕业设计(论文)。 2016.01.23-2016.04.15具体设计或研究方案实施,提交毕业设计(论文)草稿,填写中期检查表。 2016.04.16-2016.05.04完成论文或设计说明书、图纸等材料,提交毕业设计(论文)定稿,指导老师审核。 2016.05.05-2016.05.09提交毕业设计纸质文档,学生准备答辩;评阅教师评阅学生毕业设计(论文)。 2015.05.10-2015.05.16根据学院统一安排,进行毕业设计(论文)答辩。 所在专业审查意见: 通过 负责人: 年 1 月 11 日毕 业 设 计(论 文)开 题 报 告 设计(论文)题目:汽车手动变速器操纵机构设计 学生姓名: 年 1 月 8 日 开题报告填写要求 1开题报告(含“文献综述”)作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,经指导教师签署意见及所在专业审查后生效; 2开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式打印,禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴,完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见; 3“文献综述”应按论文的框架成文,并直接书写(或打印)在本开题报告第一栏目内,学生写文献综述的参考文献应不少于15篇(不包括辞典、手册); 4有关年月日等日期的填写,应当按照国标GB/T 740894数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法规定的要求,一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2004年4月26日”或“2004-04-26”。 5、开题报告(文献综述)字体请按宋体、小四号书写,行间距1.5倍。 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计(论文)课题情况,根据所查阅的文献资料,每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述: 一、前言 随着我国汽车行业的迅猛发展,人们对汽车的需求也越来越高。人们在购车时大多只注重的是发动机的性能,而且这似乎已成为了衡量汽车品质优劣的一个标准,因为它是动力的缔造者。但是,却不能忽略掌控速度快慢的变速器。变速器作为汽车传动系统的重要组成部分,其技术的发展,是衡量汽车技术水平的一项重要依据。由于变速器在汽车结构中具有着重要的作用,因此变速器结构的改进对汽车行业的发展与进步具有着深远的意义。 二、本课题的历史背景和研究意义 汽车变速器具有这样几个功用: (1)改变传动比,扩大驱动轮转矩和转速的变化范围,以适应经常变化的行驶条件,同时使发动机在有利(功率较高而油耗较低)的工况下工作; (2)在发动机旋转方向不变情况下,使汽车能倒退行驶; (3)利用空挡,中断动力传递,以发动机能够起动、怠速,并便于变速器换档或进行动力输出。 按传动比变化的方式:有级式、无级式和综合式 有级式:有级式变速器应用最广泛,它采用齿轮传动,具有若干个定值传动比。按所用的齿轮轮系不同:有轴线固定式(普通齿轮变速器)和轴线旋转式变速器(行星齿轮变速器)两种。目前,轿车和轻、中型货车的变速器的传动比通常有35个前进档和一个倒档。在重型汽车用的是组合式变速器,采用更多档位,一般是由两个变速器组合而成的。 无级式:无级式变速器的传动比在一定的范围内可以按无限多级变化。常见的有电力式和液力式(动液式)两种。电力式的在传动系中也用广泛采用的趋势,其变速传动部件为直流串激电动机。液力式的传动部件是液力式变矩器。 综合式:综合式变速器是指由液力变矩器和齿轮式有级变速器组成的液力机械式变速器。其传动比可以在最大值和最小值之间的几个间断范围内作无级变化,目前的应用较为广泛。 按操纵方式分:强制操纵式、自动操纵式和半自动操纵式 自动操纵式变速器的传动比选择(换档)是自动进行的。驾驶员只需操纵加速踏板,即可控制车速。 半自动操纵式变速器有两种形式。一种是常见的几个档位自动操纵,其余的档位则由驾驶员操纵;另一种是预选式,即驾驶员预先用按钮选定档位,在踩下离合器踏板或松开加速踏板时,接通一个电磁装置或液压装置来换档。 因手动变速器目前所占的市场份额,对手动变速器进行优化和研究,无论对于消费者还是变速器生产商都有重大意义,具体如下: (1)手动变速器参数优化有利于改善汽车的动力性和经济性,传动平稳性进一步提高了手动变速器的竞争优势。 (2)手动变速器操纵机构优化有利于降低驾驶疲劳,改善驾驶员的操纵性能,增强驾驶乐趣,同时,轻松灵活的操纵机构有助于降低换挡冲击,增加齿轮寿命。 (3)随着人们对车辆舒适性、行车安全性、驾驶操纵性等各方面的要求越来越高,换挡质量的好坏成为汽车厂商必须考虑的问题,建立一套手动变速器性能试验台,来分析影响换挡质量的各个指标,并对换挡质量评价打下基础。 三、总结 以手动变速器为研究对象,利用虚拟现实技术和计算机仿真技术,将变速器的内部构造可视化,实现手动变速器的模拟装配和运动仿真。首先系统分析了手动变速器的 型式,结构及工作原理,通过PRO/ENGINEER 软件对某型手动变速器零部件进行参数化建模,运用簇表技术建立变速器零部件的“虚拟零件库”并对其管理。然后采用“自底向上”的装配方法,按一定的装配关系和装配工艺组装成手动变速器总成,再按既定的连接关系将手动变速器设置运动参数按一定的运动规律进行运动模拟仿真。 四、参考文献 1 朱新涛,陈乐德. 汽车变速器设计M. 北京:机械工业出版社,2008. 2 陈培哲,孙宝忠.基于人机工程学的客车变速操纵系统设计J.客车技术与研 究,2010(5). 3 陈习江.变速器静态换挡力的分析和计算J.安徽科技,2011(11). 4 宋广辉,阮米庆.基于改进遗传算法的两轴式机械变速器的优化设计J.轻型汽车技术,2007(0). 5 马云超,阮米庆.变速器参数多目标可靠性优化设计J.机械工程师,2009(2). 6 王珺.汽车构造M.北京: 电子工业出版社,2011. 7 王三民.机械设计M.北京:化学工业出版社,2009. 8 徐枭,周荣.轻型汽车变速器市场分析与预测J.汽车工程师,2009(6). 9 赵玉斌.手动变速器与自动变速器J.黑龙江交通科技,2011(05). 10 徐海山.汽车手动变速器发展趋势J.MC现代零部件,2014(04). 11 胡朝峰,过学迅,汪斌.汽车变速器技术的发展与展望J.汽车研究与研发,2005(09). 12 吕兵,龙运越. 从2013年汽车变速器市场变化看行业发展趋势J.现代零部件.2014(05). 13 张栋杰,毛世伟,朱波. 手动挡汽车换挡困难原因及改进方法J.汽车工程师.2011(02). 14 薛庆文. 汽车变速器技术及未来发展趋势J.汽车维修与保养.2008(12). 15 李爱琴. 浅谈汽车变速器技术的发展J.科技咨询指导.2007(15). 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段(途径): 一、本课题有待解决的主要关键问题 1如何设计出更加节能环保、经济型的变速器,将是变速器乃至汽车发展所要面临的一个巨大问题。 2如何设计出结构更简单、传动效率更高、使汽车车速变化更加平稳以及驾车舒适性更高的变速器,则一直都是变速器设计所要攻克的技术难关。 3. 以某车辆基本参数为依据对其手动变速器进行结构设计,并进行在力的作用下弯曲刚度分析,并分析其数据结果,为传动装置的优化设计提供参考。 二、本课题采用的研究手段(途径) (1)查阅手动变速器结构设计资料,深入了解变速器装置。 (2)熟悉CATIA,Pro/E,ANSYS等软件。 (3)查阅相关期刊、论文了解新的设计、分析方法。 (4)在掌握充分资料的基础上制定毕业设计实施计划。 (5)遇到问题及时与指导老师交流、请教。 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见: 1对“文献综述”的评语: 该同学对汽车变速器的发展历史进行了简单综述,并对手动变速器进行了总结和归纳,对将要完成的毕业设计内容进行了简单阐述。文献综述写作符合要求。 2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计(论文)结果的预测: 毕业设计选题符合所学专业方向和专业要求,设计内容切实可行,深度和广度适中,工作量饱满,预计能够完成设计要求,同意开题。 3.是否同意开题: 同意 不同意 指导教师: 年 03 月 06 日 所在专业审查意见: 同意 负责人: 年 04 月 07 日毕 业 设 计(论 文)外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文 译文题目: Automobile brake system 汽车制动系统 学生姓名:专业:所在学院:指导教师:职称: 年 12 月 26 日说明:要求学生结合毕业设计(论文)课题参阅一篇以上的外文资料,并翻译至少一万印刷符(或译出3千汉字)以上的译文。译文原则上要求打印(如手写,一律用400字方格稿纸书写),连同学校提供的统一封面及英文原文装订,于毕业设计(论文)工作开始后2周内完成,作为成绩考核的一部分。Automobile Brake SystemAbstract:the braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Key words: automobile the brake systemTwo complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foots mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.In most modern brake systems , there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the drivers compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels.At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over ashort period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotatin g disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluid pressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initialposition, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.Anti-lock Brake SystemAnti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock brakin g systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car.Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the brakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system.The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABS system consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly.A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around the winding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup.The control units function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly.Modulator assemblyThe hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly.Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder.汽车制动系统摘要:制动系统是汽车最重要的系统。如果刹车失灵,结果可能是灾难性的。制动器实际上是能量转换装置,它将动能转换为热能,当司机踩在刹车上时,相当于施加了对汽车施加了十倍的作用阻力。制动系统可以对四个车轮的每个车轮施加数千磅的力。关键词:汽车 制动系统在汽车上使用了两个完全独立的制动系统。他们是脚刹制动和停车制动。在行驶过程中,脚刹制动器可以降低车速或使车停下来以控制汽车。他们是由司机的脚踏下和释放制动踏板。制动的主要目的是要用在无人看管的情况下,使车辆被控制。停车制动器是机械式的,是一个单独的停车制动踏板或手杠杆设置。制动系统由以下基本组成部分组成:“主缸”位于发动机罩下,并直接连接到制动踏板上,将驾驶员脚的机械压力转换为液压压力。钢制的“制动管路”和灵活的“制动软管”将主缸连接到每一轮的“从缸”位置。制动液,特别是在极端条件下工作,填补了系统。“制动盘”和“衬块”是由从缸接触的“圆盘”和“回转体”引起缓慢拖拉运动,以减缓汽车速度。典型的制动系统包括在前面的盘式制动器,各个车轮上的制动器通过一套管路系统连接到制动主缸上。基本上,所有的汽车制动器都是摩擦制动器。当司机踩刹车时,控制装置会迫使制动蹄或制动蹄片,在车轮的旋转制动鼓或盘接触,两者之间的摩擦使车轮转动减缓,使汽车制动。在大多数现代制动系统中,有一个内部充满制动液的缸,称为主缸,它包含两个独立的部分,每个部分都有一个活塞,两个活塞都连接在驾驶室的制动踏板上。当制动时,制动液从主缸流入主缸。在轮缸上,制动液推动制动蹄和制动片和旋转的鼓或盘之间的摩擦使车辆速度减缓,而反过来,减慢或停止汽车。制动液储液罐在主缸顶部。今天的大多数汽车都有一个容易看到的制动液装置,这样你就可以看到液面位置而不用打开盖。制动液水平位置会随着刹车片磨损轻微下降,这是一个正常的情况,并没有引起关注。如果水平位置下降明显,在很短的时间内下降到约三分之二,那你应尽快检查刹车。保持制动液充满除非你要维修它,不能留下一个凸轮的制动液发现。制动液必须保持很高的沸点。暴露于空气会使水分进入液体,从而降低沸点。制动液通过一系列的钢管和增强的橡胶软管从主缸到车轮。在需要弹力的地方可以使用橡胶软管,比如在前轮上,它在上下来回移动。该系统的其余部分需要使用非腐蚀性的无缝钢管与专用配件在所有的连接点。如果钢线需要修补一下的话,最好的方法是更换完好的线。如果这不可行,可以使用专用的接头配件进行维修,以进行制动系统维修。你千万别用铜管修理制动系统,这是危险和不合法的。鼓式制动器,它由
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本文标题:汽车手动变速器操纵机构设计【含7张CAD图纸、毕业论文】
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