chapter 9 intelligence 普通心理学ppt课件

Chapter 9 Intelligence Introduction to Psychology Peking University 2018/9/61 什么是聪明？ 2018/9/62 Intelligence FThe application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983) 2018/9/63 Outlines FThe nature of intelligence FIntelligence testing FApproaches to intelligence FHeredity and intelligence FThe extremes of intelligence FSome concluding thoughts 2018/9/64 1 The Nature of Intelligence FThe multifaceted nature of intelligence FThe functional nature of intelligence FCulturally defined FDefinition of intelligence 2018/9/65 1.1 The multifaceted nature of intelligence 2018/9/66 1.2 Functional Nature of Intelligence The capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior. (Sternberg Lack of Process FProliferation in factors Uncertainty in determining factors and their pattern 2018/9/626 3.2 The Information-Processing Approach FSpeed of Processing Posner et al(1969) FKnowledge Base FAbility to Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies 2018/9/627 Speed of Processing Judge Identity: A A Perceive form of letter Analyze perceived forms Compare forms R: identical Judge Identity: A a Perceive form of letter Analyze perceived forms Look up names of letter Compare letter names R: identical Knowledge Base FInformation in LTM FQuantity, Method of organization, Availability-Intelligence Performance FExperience & Schema 2018/9/629 Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies FDaily Task FDifference between adults and children FRetard children are more difficult in acquiring and applying cognitive strategies 2018/9/630 Limitation of I-P Approach FTheory to Theory Limited in academic situation Being difficult to describing the process of real problem-solving. 2018/9/631 3.3 A Theory of Multiple Intelligences FHoward Gardner(1983) FSelecting Intelligences FLimitations of the Theory of M-I. 2018/9/632 Selecting Intelligences FGardner(1983) One can never develop a single irrefutable and universally acceptable list of human intelligence FCriterion Multiple neural modules Savant and prodigy studies Distinctive developmental course 2018/9/633 Gardner Seven Intelligences FLogical/Mathematical FLinguistic or Verbal FMusical FBodily/Kinesthetic FSpatial FIntrapersonal FInterpersonal 2018/9/634 Limitations of Gardner Theory FUnderestimate the possibility of some kinds of general intelligence FLack empirical measures of such intelligences as intrapersonal and musical FThe potential proliferation of intelligences 2018/9/635 R. Sternberg (1985): Triarchic Theory FComponential intelligence knowledge acquisition component performance component metacognitive component FExperiential intelligence 处理新奇或者很常规的问题的能力 FContextual intelligence 日常事务、适应新的不同情境的现实管理能力 Date36 Scrambled Words FH-U-L-A-G FP-T-T-M-E FT-R-H-O-S FC-I-B-A-S FT-N-K-H-G-I FR-I-D-E-V FT-E-N-R-E Date37 Emotional Intelligence FP. Salovery & JD Mayer(1990, 1993) IQ less important than parent SES( SES, income) Social ability is important in life. Apply emotional experience to motivation FD. Goleman(1995) FP. Salovery & JD Mayer(1997) 准确、适当地认知、评价和表达情绪 调整自己的情绪 利用情绪促进思维 FMayer(1998) Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale 2018/9/638 4 Heredity and Intelligence F个体差异研究 F种族/家族群体研究 F纵向研究 2018/9/639 4.1 Individual Differences in IQ FGenetic and environmental variables FLongtitudinal study FTwin, family, and adoption studies: Distinguish the impact of nature and nurture Siblings, dizygotic twins, and parent-offspring pairs=.50 Monozygotic twins=1.00 (genetically identical) 2018/9/640 Some Results F领养儿的智商与生身父母的关系更大 F领养一段时间之后，被领养儿的智力能 显著提高（20） F越早领养，环境的影响就越大。 F环境因素：父母社会经济地位、学校等 2018/9/641 4.2 Group Differences: race FArthur Jensen Hypothesis(1973) Between one-half and three-fourths of the average IQ difference between American Negroes and whites is attributable to genetic factors. Minnesota Adoption Study Scarr & Weinberg(1976), Weinberg et al(1992) FRacial Ancestry Study Scarr et al(1977): No relation 2018/9/642 4.3 Commentary: the science & politics of Intelligence FEmotional Issue FMilwaukee Project FHerrnstein & Murray(1994): The Bell Curve Meritocracy能人统治 Waste of resources F50 leading professors drafted a document on intelligence 客观测量、预测性最好、种族内得分分布广、环境 2018/9/643 遗传力 FHVg/Vt =(Vt-Ve)/Vt Vt: DZ difference in IQ Ve: MZ difference in IQ 0.4-0.8 2018/9/644 5 The Extremes of Intelligence FMental retardation Causes of mental retardation Treating mental retardation FGiftedness Are gifted people maladjusted? uPersonality, marriage, professional success FCreativity and Intelligence No relationship Creativity & Bipolar disorder(manic- depression) 2018/9/645 6 Some Co