2015年职称理工B 必考文章 考前王霞划重点押题 牛津同义词词典版.doc

microscopicmess13microchip research center createda research center has been set up in this far eastern country to develop advanced micro-chip production technology. the center, which will start out with about us $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology. the center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. the advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the countrys flagship chipmaker.1 currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments dont allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance2. as mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years3,plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while4 plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker. more than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of us dollars.5 the majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners mainly from japan and singapore. should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry,6 the country admits the us $14 million investment is still rather small. this country is developing comprehensive technologies. most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property7 owners.1the country says that the investment of us $14 million is big enough for developing that countrys chip industry.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2that country gives top priorities to developing chips for military purposes.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3although the licensing fees are not very high, that far eastern country cannot afford to pay.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4many western countries ban the exporting of the most advanced chip-making technologies to that country to prevent them from being used for military purposes.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5currently, almost all the flagship chipmakers in that country are owned by american investors.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6mainstream chip production technology develop rapidly.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7more than 10 chip plants being built in that country are an example of self-reliance.aright bwrong cnot mentioned 微芯片研究中心成立 为了开发先进的微芯片生产技术，这个远东国家建立了一个研究中心，该中心启动资金为1 400万美元，可以帮助该国开发自己的芯片工业，不必总是依赖于进口技术。 该中心将会应用自己的研究技术和设施，为本国芯片厂家开发新技术。这个国家名列首位的芯片制造公司说，芯片中心的成立可能使这个国家摆脱从他国购买即将淘汰的技术的困境。由于许多外国政府担心先进技术会被用于军事目的，不允许这个国家的芯片生产厂家进口前沿技术，所以这些生产厂家处于一种被动局面。另外，由于这些芯片生产厂家必须向技术提者支付髙额的许可费，这也构成了他们决定要自力更生的一个重要原因。 由于主流芯片生产技术每隔35年就要进行更新换代，所以掌握了新技术的厂家就可以以较低的成本制造出较好的芯片，而那些耗费数十亿美元建立起的厂家，如果设备落后，也将会被生产商所淘汰。 十几个芯片厂正在建立之中，每个厂的造价都在几百万美元，其中大部分资金都流向了海外设备商和技术所有者主要是日本和新加坡。如果新建的芯片中心能在改变该国芯片行业的被动形势中起到重要作用，该国承认，1 400万美元的投资仍是微不足道的。该国正在开发综合技术，大部分投资将用于与技术和知识产权所有者建立联盟。whatis a dream?for centuries, people have wondered about thestrange things that they dream about. some psychologists say that thisnighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. others，however， think that dreams are an importantpart of our lives. in fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us abouta persons mind and emotions.before modern times, many people thought thatdreams contained messages from god. it was only in the twentieth century thatpeople started to study dreams in a scientific way.the austrian psychologist, sigmund freud1，was probably the first person tostudy dreams scientifically. in his famous book,the interpretation of dreams (1900), freud wrote that dreams are anexpression of a persons wishes. he believed that dreams allow people toexpress the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express inreal life.the swiss psychiatrist carl jung2 wasonce a student of freuds. jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. jung believed that the purpose ofa dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. he thought people couldlearn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. for example, peoplewho dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion ofthemselves. on the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learnthat they think too little of themselves.modern-day psychologists continue to developtheories about dreams. for example, psychologist william domhoff from theuniversity of california, santa cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life,thoughts, and behavior. a criminal, for example, might dream about crime.domhoff believes that there is a connectionbetween dreams and age. his research shows that children do not dream as muchas adults. according to domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time todevelop.he has also found a link between dreams andgender. his studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. forexample, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams ofteninvolve fighting. this is not true of womens dreams.3 domhoff found thisgender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world,including both modern and traditional ones.can dreams help us understand ourselves?psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.however, one thing they agree on this: if you dream that something terrible isgoing to occur, you shouldnt panic. the dream may have meaning, but it doesnot mean that some terrible event will actually take place. its important toremember that the world of dreams is not the real world.1not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.a right bwrong cnot mentioned2according to freud, people dream about things that they cannot talkabout.a right bwrong cnot mentioned3jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.a right bwrong cnot mentioned4in the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.a right bwrong cnot mentioned5according to domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dreamas adults do.a right bwrong cnot mentioned6men and women dream about different things.a right bwrong cnot mentioned7 scientists agree that dreams predict the future.a right bwrong cnot mentioned梦是什么？几百年来，人们对他们梦到的奇异的事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义，另一些则认为，梦是生命重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。奥地利心理学家希格蒙德*弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作梦的解析（1900）中，弗洛伊德写到，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。 瑞士精神病学家卡尔*荣格曾是佛洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与佛洛伊德不同，他认为，梦的作用是给做梦的人传递一种信息，而人们通过自己的梦，可以对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果一个人梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是自视过高。反过来，如果梦到自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。 现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自与圣克鲁兹的加利福利亚大学的威廉*多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活，思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。 多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人那么多梦。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也随着年龄的增长而发展。 多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别的之间的关系。通过研究，他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫研究了全世界来自11种不同文化的古今案例，得出了上述结论。 梦能帮助我们更好的了解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事情发生，不要慌张。梦确实有含义，但也不意味着你梦到的事情真会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。the biology of musichumans use music as a powerful way to communicate.it may also play an important role in love. but what is music, and how does itwork its magic? science does not yet have all the answers.what are two things that make humans differentfrom animals? one is language, and the other is music. it is true that someanimals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people). however,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. it is alsotrue that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments. 1music is strange stuff. it is clearly differentfrom language. however, people can use music to communicate things especiallytheir emotions. when music is combined with speech in a song, it is a verypowerful form of communication. but, biologically speaking, what is music?if music is truly different from speech, then weshould process music and language in different parts of the brain. thescientific evidence suggests that this is true.sometimes people who suffer brain damage losetheir ability to process language. however, they dont automatically lose theirmusical abilities. for example, vissarion shebalin, a russian composer，had a stroke in 1953. it injuredthe left side of his brain. he could no longer speak or understand speech. hecould, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. on theother hand，sometimesstrokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speakand understand speech. this shows that the brain processes music and languageseparately.by studying the physical effects of music on thebody，scientistshave also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. but why doesmusic have such a strong effect on us? that is a harder question to answer.geoffrey miller, a researcher at university college, london, thinks that musicand love have a strong connection. music requires special talent, practice, andphysical ability. thats why it may be a way of showing your fitness to besomeones mate. for example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requiresfine muscular control. you also need a good memory to remember the notes. andplaying or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is inexcellent condition. finally, when a man sings to the woman he loves (or viceversa)， it may be away of showing off.however, millers theory still doesnt explain whycertain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. for scientists，this is clearly an area that needsfurther research.1humans, but not animals, can sing.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2people can use music to communicate their emotions.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3we use the same part of the brain for music and language.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4geoffery miler has done research on music and emotions.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5its hard for humans to compose music.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6memory is not an important part in singing in tune.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7scientistsdoes not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.aright bwrong cnot mentioned人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科学界还没有给出答案。哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物？一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌(并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听)，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么？如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响？这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然)音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。六、how we form first impression1we all have first impression of someone we just met. but why? why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.2the answer is related to how your brain, allows you to be aware of the world. your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a persons eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different1. in fact, your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information the sights and sounds of your world. these incoming “signals” are compared against2 a host of “memories” stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals “mean.”3if you see someone you know and like at school3, your brain says “familiar and safe. if you see someone new, it says, “new potentially threatening.” then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other “known” memories;the height, weight, dress, ethnicity, gestures, and tone of voice are all matched up. the more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, “this is new. i dont like this person.” or else, “im intrigued. “or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures like your other friends;so your brain says: “i like this person.” but these preliminary “impressions” can be dead wrong4.4when we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. rather than leam about the depth and breadth of people their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks.5however, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. if we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the persons character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.练习：1.paragraph 2 _d_2.paragraph 3 _c_3.paragraph 4 _b_4.paragraph 5 _a_aways of departure from immature and simplistic impressionsbcomment on first impressioncillustration of first impressiondcomparing incoming sensory information against memoriesethreatening aspect of first impressionsfdifferences among jocks, greeks and freaks5.sensory information is one that is perceived through _e_.6.you interpret by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain _b_.7.the way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking, which is similar to _c_.8.we can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to _b_.aa strangers less mature type of thinkingbthe most complex areas of our cortexcthe immature form of thinking of a very young childdthe meaning of incoming sensory informationethe sights and sounds of the worldfan opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking译文：对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的对刚刚遇到的人我们都会留下第一印象，为什么?为什么我们会对一无所知的人形成自己的印象除去一些描述或显而易见的特征?这与你的大脑如何感知世界是息息相关的。大脑对面部特征十分敏感，即使是每个人在眼睛、耳朵或嘴部的细小差异也会使大脑察觉到其不同之处。实际上，大脑一直在不断地对接收到的感官信息进行处理包括影像和声音。大脑将这些“信号”与储存在脑皮层系统的大量“记忆”相比较以便确定这些新收到的信号的“意思”。如果你在学校看到某个你认识而且喜欢的人，你的大脑会做出“熟悉安全”的判断;如果你看见了一个陌生的人，你的大脑会告诉你“陌生，有潜在的威胁”，紧接着你的大脑会开始将这个陌生人的特征与“已知”的记忆进行比较，包指身高、体重、穿着、种族、手势以及音调等等。特征越不相符，大脑越会告诫你，“这是陌生人，我不喜欢这个人”，或“我很好奇”。大脑也可能观察到一张新面孔，但却有着熟悉的穿着、种族特征和手势像你的朋友，这时大脑会告诉你“我喜欢这个人”。但这些第一印象却可能是完全错误的。当区分人时，我们使用一种欠成熟的思维方式(与小孩子不成熟的想法一样)去对别人做出简单并且范畴化的判断。(这佯的后果是)我们将人区分为骗子、反常的人或怪人，而不是对人的深度和广度，即历史、兴趣、价值、力量或真正的性格有所了解。但是，如果对模式化的第一印象加以抑制，我们就会有机会对一个人有真正的了解。如果我们花一些时间与一个人在一起，倾听他或她的生活、希望和梦想，了解了这个人的性格，我们才会用一种不同的、更成熟的方式去思考即用脑皮层中最复杂的区域进行思考，而这会使我们更富有人情味。七、screen test1. every year millions of women are screened with x-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. if this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. according to a, survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. nine of them, including australia, canada, the us and spain, screen women under 50.2. but the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. also, younger women must be given higher doses of x-rays because their breast tissue is denser.3. researchers at the polytechnic university1 of valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160, 000 women at 11 local clinics. after estimating the womens cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.4. the mathematical model recommended by britains national radiological protection board (nrpb)predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. the model preferred by the un scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.5. the researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. the valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.6. but they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. the results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.7. “there is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits michael clark of the nrpb. but he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “on the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. thats why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”练习：1.paragraph 2 _a_2.paragraph 3 _b_3.paragraph 4 _c_4.paragraph 5 _d_a harm screening may do to a younger womanb investigating the effect of screeningc effects predicted by two different modelsd small risk of inducing cancers from radi