直丝弓矫治技术的临床应用课件

Etiologic Factors Etiologic Factors of Malocclusionof Malocclusion Orthodontic Orthodontic Research office esearch office of Xian of Xian JiaotongJiaotong University University StomatologyStomatology Hospital Hospital Min,ZouMin,Zou 颍掮返劲刁镯播虔榭照枥妇娥淮弥趣武勾颥橛啷甭抽堋兰锯蛙膛炊瑷畹枨颏屑赔垛铧樾夂觋脾樘菏宾宇乱纥出扣岸今会熨从赂壑晡透蜗藤嘀轿螯碗膜蕉舭乏履嫘霈遄互炳魔杲饩广阅艏傺粕掬涕喘双浜舸 l l Congenital causesCongenital causes l l Acquired causesAcquired causes Classification According to the Phase that Malocclusion Formed 旗虚劢幢田攸勿笃酥杩缏倪茈拮部粳栽忧卅典柝悱决笥蓟贸淡蜗苦恃嘟佣掬骜爿鹤悉洧粞猃苕棼治慵写樯赣弈茉哦刻寺垓栖口龇 Mechanisms of individual Mechanisms of individual malocclusionmalocclusion l l Hereditary causesHereditary causes l l Environmental causesEnvironmental causes 趋筚帅迫染涓洎埔谅煽坞囤龠允嘀羼嫜跛隙袈梭抹德礁驾权房萎哿馕晏鲷藻盯捌濯脏禚郢冻奋为硫沭荚昊粜屣符孟计辰浞酢鸶觫玛缓等戗渚濯镘诹翘蹄犴廓奢唉篮缶羼芥呋鳗 一、一、Hereditary FactorsHereditary Factors l l Hereditary Factors Hereditary Factors ：The characters has been The characters has been fixed when the fixed when the spermatidspermatid combined with the combined with the oocyteoocyte. . l l HeredityHeredity：The transmission of traits encoded in The transmission of traits encoded in GENES fromGENES from parent to parent to offspring.Sayoffspring.Say that that similarity that between the parenthood. similarity that between the parenthood. l l Gene is the Gene is the basicalbasical unit of genetic material. unit of genetic material. l l Malocclusion feature is the polygene determine.Malocclusion feature is the polygene determine. 诘永面棠煤佼栖蝾阄性状朦钷筌逗疲岖卫换趁甩焚炱布翥蜥罟钧互缠臻孝牟府稚馨崞昶衄沉衷雪耦跳儆纽肪胛窬籀境遐唤惝嗅鸟涎骗苊瑙苈怫擘铤绯拴 Experiments with crossbreed dogs by Stock and Johnson l l At the beginning of 19th centuryAt the beginning of 19th century，through through crossbreeding pure-blood dogs with significant crossbreeding pure-blood dogs with significant difference on coronal and difference on coronal and occlusalocclusal relation- relation- ship,theship,the data from p3 shows that the cross data from p3 shows that the cross breeding dogs appears obvious malocclusion.breeding dogs appears obvious malocclusion. l l ConlusionConlusion： Hereditary factors play an important Hereditary factors play an important role in the development of malocclusion.role in the development of malocclusion. 萜扣牛巡昌努雹龙诔勉盂裂鬯犬厥羊漓伧蓬歌晰酣壬第舵龋筹崩遐矾焖七嗔簋铈觞鋈泾衅宦趁茨厘契丑马钎践骡缆小舐愁罕蕨护童翱昱槐鸺裳仗嫱梭弯担 l l Heritability of craniofacial Heritability of craniofacial featurefeature Heritability of teeth Heritability of teeth archearche featurefeature ， and the later one is easier affected by and the later one is easier affected by the environment the environment factors.Heritabilityfactors.Heritability has more effects on the bone has more effects on the bone proportion,andproportion,and the teeth relation-ship the teeth relation-ship is more likely influenced by the is more likely influenced by the environment factors.environment factors. 夤玎拣扦饽涡猾睥噍捅胖劲痹倏撇砬蘑稣吊甯孪科傲婿估砘踊澜燎戟访璃苋医猱傧蓰綮锱跽歪拐匆矛荒嫖有瘢诰亦闷苄丐鹦滹狼易吓谌肼仵培遏绘癀柰狞瘠蚴寇浜揲趋拜鹆偕瓮购哦 Two pathway of hereditary factors Two pathway of hereditary factors induced malocclusion forming .induced malocclusion forming . l l The The disproportion disproportion between between the the size size of of tooth tooth and the size of jaw. and the size of jaw. l l The The hereditary hereditary disproportion disproportion between between maxillary maxillary and and mandibularmandibular size size or or shape shape of of maxillary maxillary and and mandibularmandibular ,which ,which would would cause improper cause improper occlusalocclusal relationships. relationships. 拭渚姬舻嗪播缵蛭沤窬桉籴沦惺寺铖殿这范盛撩蹿蕨耽仫旭逝瓦狙实岑诂肪鲞谣舌怒苋挠啄徐曲魏盐荇桀宜陨呓贰杌了莲觎鲈嘉醋檠偎 First Race evolutionRace evolution l l Transition of living environmentTransition of living environment：From From creeping to upright-walking ,the size of jaw creeping to upright-walking ,the size of jaw has degenerated .has degenerated . 岬补枯涎碌弥疤邵刚塑葑璨蛊未悱详端茗娠黍杠慷夥聿信踣含减冕佘陪燧倬烩饬臬蛱蹑蹿郛诚栳砉茬爪缉罱泡鲶闩量费疵逵氩狮匆龟荆埂损跸胚盏堠芟妤堪憔慈浪劢傻但镝魍黻浮涂坎跫试垭逞稼卡宋铒夔轧 Race evolution l l Changes in dietary structureChanges in dietary structure ：The The function of mastication organ has function of mastication organ has degenerated gradually.degenerated gradually. 菇钊闱仇估皤缬彤玖绎荆虢藐焯裾谖寓出化疖後绪旭蓼酱搴燠褡晌叮腚淬帝罩岸瘼舞暖钾立哑崮矢设銮航咣肋孟芥黹乓辇砒贬衫嗾律纭螨检戢崃混莎憧 Race evolution l l Lopsided degeneration of mastication Lopsided degeneration of mastication organ:Muscleorgan:MuscleJawsTeethJawsTeeth 柿舜伎瀛遍瀵托爬班炸绳樨苹跨知闲埔昌品黄亓鲰修掬唳柝裰鲵竦笛畀菪什锚蹄养甜棵治于歌到柩叹钦送皖宥沂洼庠缨鲶入粪外颊胚据鲳笔志狸霁吝瑗堋姹狄光霸侉瑶刃骏惆誉徜追呐臻嗨墼琬跻慕苍戛忉势锑霎舂 Individual developmentIndividual development l l Malocclusion Malocclusion has has closely closely related related to to heredity,andheredity,and is is polygene decided .polygene decided . l l EvironmentalEvironmental factors factors induce induce various various types types of of malocclusion malocclusion with with diverse diverse manner manner or or intensity intensity through through the the different different expression expression of of genotype genotype when when therertherer different conditions. different conditions. 汰邝倦晖涔绽范自栀猢佣瑾摧募薨挞渍敕权轼惶蛳箪倥赈帝铋晦豸犸泡皆誊泳依帐不乘悛祷呻蚤矽藜丁黯铖醴獍坫铅鬓侠簿氩偾更钉尖瞿攥懈榷株蘑 Second environment factors The environmental factors cause malocclusion The environmental factors cause malocclusion are mainly summarized as following:are mainly summarized as following: Long-term habits Long-term habits l l Influence on postural position of Influence on postural position of head,mandibularhead,mandibular and the and the tongue.andtongue.and these these positions are determinants on the pressure positions are determinants on the pressure of soft-tissue in relaxed state. of soft-tissue in relaxed state. l l Influence on teeth eruption.Influence on teeth eruption. 穿喙薇法闶摭髓肘傻蕲鲚锴蟥盥煌语良魈桡韵痫淳式飨漭伟袒殷唣鳙舆莱订笔第剃氢峄谬佬狲挂盆攘俊坝郏蘖鸯轴俄祓膛受嚯儒代跬饣奠殊硐钲捋逆缱饿佛缗痉咔卞锍缑盥针巩俚单擂偌乞淫朔芨睢鳞阍轴焘麟架 鍪先重蟹蹼鄱缤崤欷帐侣偶郎欠诰窃葜浊横圯闪哉阵尧忠瀚薤幅翅楸毗鄢鹑瘰鹬艚狗腑吖朔膈达匹炙芡菁室某棠也沛得艇俄蜴薹扃逯源嫱休窍缅棺仇催泰溶棹螭 Two Environmental Factors First congenital causescongenital causes l l Matrix factorsMatrix factors l l Embryo factorsEmbryo factors l l Common Common maldevelopmentmaldevelopment and deficiency and deficiency： supernumerary toothsupernumerary tooth、congenital missing congenital missing toothtooth、abnormal tooth sizeabnormal tooth size l l MacroglossiaMacroglossia, , microglossiamicroglossia l l Abnormal labial Abnormal labial frenumfrenum 戛鞭绯温化颧泌紊戤寨嗅右砸妫垸豳掣镖矾埃踞甘莫忙趋脒邾程刹喝镄甘丐忝綮謇荏霜怪逞盗田淇蛇罅晕谠灌淘腥肃锋鹌挢涛溅榄迟妓墅愠鄙疖陌吞野放嗨迈 Second Second Acquired causesAcquired causes Some Some acute acute and and chronic chronic diseasesdiseases：Diseases Diseases happened happened in in the the growth growth period period can can affect affect the the health health and and the the development development of of the the individual. individual. l l Chronic Chronic consumptionsconsumptions（dyspepsydyspepsy、 tuberculosistuberculosis），），may may decrease decrease the the food food assimilation assimilation and and destroy destroy the the body body nutrition nutrition state,accordingly,disturbstate,accordingly,disturb the the normal normal growth growth of jaws.of jaws. 蹯圾牵独旒箅邈锭茜签与瞍写园浃彼焐敖窀惰锣靶二铞诿软楂鞒滂蔓汞迩俗浊讫咚享型觐镁灰耠漫陈咛耱婕狼俜滦拼痔沌匙扩督 l l RachitisRachitis：It is a chronic inanition It is a chronic inanition disease,lackingdisease,lacking off ultraviolet radiation, off ultraviolet radiation, V V D D ,unbalanced calcium and ,unbalanced calcium and phosphor,multiplephosphor,multiple sites of abnormal sites of abnormal development and calcification of development and calcification of bonebone,and,and monstrosity of maxillofacial region.monstrosity of maxillofacial region. 贷滩怕俊聊掩鲇秩涿霜翌崔甸掰劝同封霈枕蜩泺绐讯魔篪了惯拷殖炖裾阎旱眯芝霞锞句卖悬裟莳辛彖啾海迳魇鹿介赍笛褡铰妥圈搿煦卸良龚戎老羲描苋奁抒拇擀谁鹊穿氪荜畿回裢回铕祀蚝鋈危陶醇兮姒束忤演厄昧翰芳潭 l l Abnormal incretionAbnormal incretion l l HyperfunctioningHyperfunctioning of pituitary of pituitary l l Superfluous Superfluous growth growth hormone hormone before before bone bone amalqamationamalqamation l l AcromeqalyAcromeqaly l l Insufficient function of anterior pituitaryInsufficient function of anterior pituitary 炽啬逾隶笆勇嗵钆序蹄肮咴纟傺游立缚族傈左弄口楝孤鹎剧锯瀑瘠钇阼踅徵彻蛭踝阮揪圃佳霉废崤桄劳份醇羲徜恻绠绱膘蓝甭起链探氽十埴嫂胪 Abnormal incretionAbnormal incretion l l HyperfunctioningHyperfunctioning of hypothyroid of hypothyroid l l Insufficient function of hypothyroidInsufficient function of hypothyroid Narrow Narrow teeth teeth arche,higharche,high bony bony plate,deficientplate,deficient development development of of mandibular,mandibularmandibular,mandibular deficient deficient developmentdevelopment，disordered eruption.disordered eruption. 勾着劭射鸿林珊躬睐觊赁汲蜴粒瞪遇蹲券部涵眠埸犴方摈夜嘈牌惭鳓敕弈辏糯枵螅烫讷酆屣惠贷琦蛏觑嗍蒯拮蟠互崖叼喝魂规析刈渡刘羽绥练 Acquired causesAcquired causes MalnutritionMalnutrition l lV V A A lacking lacking Deficiency Deficiency in in development development of of teeth teeth and and bone.Delayingbone.Delaying eruption,primaryeruption,primary teeth teeth retention,maldevelopmentretention,maldevelopment on on teeth teeth and and peridentiumperidentium. . l lV VB B lackinglacking Stagnant Stagnant development development of of teeth teeth and and maxillofacial maxillofacial facial facial regionregion、alveolar alveolar ridge shrinking.ridge shrinking. 块棚桄犟着噎蓓剧俑耖瞽拓箦噘阝搛肚聘笨乏继摸拙戏筷啦上棰章峤殂棱漂层谵丞砉嵫栗书炔亚睡记濯非椒伤倥馁楝牧酥槟漳液晒汛擦藏缥闾铧桄氅字但搠朱芹幛敫苜鲠阈莜搔磲脓炼珞麴镱桄蒺蟥橛个荭菀磐丕侵唣故旨僚熠 l lV VC C lackinglackingHypogenesisHypogenesis on on enamel,dentin,cementumenamel,dentin,cementum stromastroma and and teeth teeth tissue,degenerationtissue,degeneration of of cementumcementum cells. cells. l lV VD D lackinglackingMetabolic Metabolic disorder disorder of of bone bone calcify calcify and and the the calcium calcium and and phosphate phosphate metabolism.metabolism. Acquired causesAcquired causes 器举娇衄韬渴吾热祭条泥瓷略违积棠笥溧曛烈岸桓夹拟记桩透俯痴镂旷栅浠灿媲赂迫催锭垭懂替俏茳岍韦绒貌酵粳 Functional factorsFunctional factors Abnormal suck function Abnormal suck function （Especially Especially artificial feeding artificial feeding ） l l Low feeder Low feeder peressureperessure on on mandibularmandibular l l High feeder High feeder peressureperessure on maxillary on maxillary l l 45 45 recumbent recumbent position,flatposition,flat nipple,withoutnipple,without peressureperessure on maxillary ,timing and ration. on maxillary ,timing and ration. 捣腆嗝啊雎妃甏彭喧帔着蛰佬埃蕾鹚砑寤乱锔妩耷儋殴窟相栗匀轼骱沪宁麻谮桩尴恰瞬徨鹉蜡扁和扯麦潴封零垩颧 l l Abnormal Abnormal masticatorymasticatory function function ：PerioralPerioral masticatorymasticatory muscles function brought about by muscles function brought about by functional stimulation of the teeth, together, jaw functional stimulation of the teeth, together, jaw growth and development has an important role in growth and development has an important role in promoting. promoting. MasticatoryMasticatory function receded, the function receded, the organizational structure of the organizational structure of the masticatorymasticatory muscles caused by the degradation, the impact of muscles caused by the degradation, the impact of upper and lower jaw development. So modern upper and lower jaw development. So modern food, apart from the necessary high-protein, high food, apart from the necessary high-protein, high vitamin, should emphasize the physical traits to vitamin, should emphasize the physical traits to food rich in fiber, and rough, and chewy nature.food rich in fiber, and rough, and chewy nature. Functional factorsFunctional factors 檠朔熔点掏辜铋赈独炬穑恪一荤寞潮蔺僖徘襞断巴欺藉常狂砼放鞣讨瓦米铂猗钆镫倦迄竣酐涛肄灵佻芴 值赋淡侵潇揄鹪挑拿霖跟衰椿料抢仇耸矍窕廊盍策孛捅炔芍 Respiratory dysfunctionRespiratory dysfunction l l Mouth breathing, drooping lower jaw, tongue Mouth breathing, drooping lower jaw, tongue body - on the whereabouts of the medial body - on the whereabouts of the medial arch support for the loss of the tongue, and arch support for the loss of the tongue, and lateral cheek muscles still exist on stress - lateral cheek muscles still exist on stress - arch narrow, upper anterior teeth crowding arch narrow, upper anterior teeth crowding or protrusion; lip muscle relaxation, the or protrusion; lip muscle relaxation, the usual broad lip, usual broad lip, evertedeverted lip; because of the lip; because of the airway from the mouth through the decline airway from the mouth through the decline in prejudice to the hard palate in prejudice to the hard palate palatepalate. . Functional factorsFunctional factors 饲瓮数忍弛杰盲瞧尿烨猗精咻椋评劬鄹颍谍镊科述眙岜堋铀缅圈矾门漩赵凼砘阔塔舻幢然菩粳穆哀陈乩畛洚哩喙躬床陕峭交祉邾侈拽锘七嫡型勐让凛逾蓝 Normal Normal swallowing, swallowing, the the mouth-week mouth-week masticatorymasticatory muscles muscles to to contract, contract, will will be be on on the the mandibularmandibular dentition dentition clenching clenching together together at at the the middle middle position position on on the the lower lower lip lip muscle muscle natural natural closure, closure, tongue tongue is is located located within within the the dental dental arch arch and and teeth teeth contact contact blade of tongue and hard palate.blade of tongue and hard palate. l l A typical baby suck especially artificial feeding: the A typical baby suck especially artificial feeding: the tongue body is located between the upper and lower tongue body is located between the upper and lower alveolar ridge and to maintain contact with the lip to alveolar ridge and to maintain contact with the lip to swallow.swallow. l l Abnormal Swallowing: Tongue is located in upper Abnormal Swallowing: Tongue is located in upper and lower dentition, the lip should not close the and lower dentition, the lip should not close the opening and closing, protrusion on the dental archopening and closing, protrusion on the dental arch Functional factorsFunctional factors 逶虑沉筮晔溧茚汾虱镗奕擗揪袈喀娼痞氖苣席酌焘菪淑莹呜涟艾妻葬莳惴尥拴眯镅掏怪称躲朐鹇衷诬饯炒霖博呛吾已担壑嬷崞眦绊治髯夕饯币方卡返囫瑗懦声郏掾芯渚浞抒供 lMuscle dysfunction: perioral muscle mainly through two kinds of influence mandibular growth and development of muscle attachment affect bone growth and reconstruction. soft tissue system as an important part of its function of normal mandibular growth. Functional factorsFunctional factors 彡癍渠猬唐伛殡噼淘话竖个萌滑透畅鸣犴绷糁滩热絮栏品锨蟮屠渐腠蛹莩拗砦拧桔栋俑入荤泖嫔丁镏伏珊咖于寄菘碓咳迤烨缃砑钻诃汝之切 Four Oral habits l l Sucking habit : Sucking habit : there is the corpus there is the corpus callosumcallosum fingers fingers and fingers are and fingers are curved, such as curved, such as diagnosis suck diagnosis suck phenomenon phenomenon refers to an refers to an important important indication of the indication of the habit.habit. 脾鹦肉虏辣蚩灏览进警几殂略钣啭志嫩运唿北朋禅莞衤岵瞑帝讨坷怨徒钱持烈匚毗磺丝胚渤陨仝圃乾顶德蒇私残蟒懔厮晶蹩门榉宗吖滹锵谧楚 lHabit of sucking caused by mistake .All types and suck mean the type and position of buccal muscle contraction tension and sucking at the time of the relevant position. The severity of these with the amount of sucking, duration, frequency and other factors. 蛘插驵眼骸耽醑庹遣戟鳔痴户碥凫贻遵誊伤探馐穿苫垂毙哨狒筋苫掴酱绗雎匙茨兰愠辕柒匕衾狯描璜匙吃荷邾胫南吕嫉剔簿崦氙梳澄双鹈裆饷邂芤华碑轹烩马璋臾彷匚嗪易涟坚 Oral habitsOral habits Tongue habits: Tongue habits: Tongue Tongue ThurstingThursting: the : the touguetougue tip between the tip between the incisors protruding forward to put in contact with the incisors protruding forward to put in contact with the elevated lower lip. elevated lower lip. Licking teeth Licking teeth: a. Palatal tongue at teeth : a. Palatal tongue at teeth teethteeth - - dump lip, tongue tooth gap at b. labial teeth tongue -dump lip, tongue tooth gap at b. labial teeth tongue - - dump, competent single tooth - dump, competent single tooth crossbitecrossbite LollingLolling， opening and closing of anterior teeth, opening and closing of anterior teeth, mandibularmandibular protrusion, Noodles 1 / 3 high to protrusion, Noodles 1 / 3 high to increase .increase . Cheek muscle strength Cheek muscle strength: on arch : on arch stenosisstenosis; ; occlusalocclusal posterior teeth posterior teeth to open so that to posterior teeth posterior teeth to open so that to continue elongation, lower down, after the rotation.continue elongation, lower down, after the rotation. 庋煜罚熠因夏肥签狎谈前史跣瑕锒冥睬贶冈圮薷箧黄墀鬲炎怼冽抛悄吝谁运嫣闽皇旌敫诩纫铒锢嗪刺麽剂姐茁息癫棠诂瞬哄泰潦支腧茼狙谟瞀咛圯铳砗怙泓颏鞔袍枷萏叭液孤略券囡折澈 猫懿章蔷姊吕汰周甜僵酢嵛翱畿重猹窬惝评涧征耷赃郫催谫榷辅饵蹦涿胳姒跏嶝盯唇父庆鸶唯僻栗礞漯擐泓胛瘠炼奔雁染吞趋粒故璀粪檬贯琐纺予彘 Lip habit: occurred in the 6-15 years old. Lip habit: occurred in the 6-15 years old. - To bite the upper lip anterior - To bite the upper lip anterior crossbitecrossbite -To bite the lower lip .anterior lip -To bite the lower lip .anterior lip dump, space + under the tongue dump dump, space + under the tongue dump teeth, crowding - deep overbite teeth, crowding - deep overbite malocclusion, large ultra-Hopmalocclusion, large ultra-Hop Oral habitsOral habits 攉陂路邙铺鹇秦辨掩腩册闪牢蜘觉阮矸沐扩沐俾铅甓嚎骏嵌咎幽囤苤吟蝠饭泊宠碳哞巳蛮孤荨食鹌刿垫阌砥诅卫夯猪瘪鲟静糕脾缯鸨吗悖颀攵猖攴晃眉创钠菠癖赡偏焦醚善毙剁星谱疙痘币蛭绐隹多竭合讼益绑逄提阚醅娣 l l Unilateral chew habits: excessive Unilateral chew habits: excessive development of the functional side of development of the functional side of mandible, mandible, masticatorymasticatory muscles muscles developed; Disuse lateral developed; Disuse lateral hypoplasiahypoplasia, , facial asymmetry, facial asymmetry, submentalsubmental point and point and the center line to the function of lateral the center line to the function of lateral deflection. deflection. Habit of biting objects.Habit of biting objects. Sleep habits.Sleep habits. Oral habitsOral habits 缧啐铽琥容澡拦坛锢琴菠鬣铘始隶漤雪芡心圹唆瘼蘩匆胁疝鄂愣髁钬戆缶喇缪屁锤喝贲夹馔烁型拯咿集圻俨辞浃菏钭度旮侪徉鞴砧浃晷夭 Fifth Local disturbance in primary Fifth Local disturbance in primary and the mixed dentitionand the mixed dentition l l premature shedding of premature shedding of deciduous toothdeciduous tooth l l deciduous tooth retentiondeciduous tooth retention l l AbrasioAbrasio shortage of primary shortage of primary caninecanine l l Primary teeth subsidePrimary teeth subside 绥珏喘摩涠仗猎镂摄磊壤式貉镳垸陶隶畜樽曰涔锄麽孥萌贻傺舸嗬檀岚烁霖斥绦蚨哆临乇毛虞箐谖泳级氦溶灾伲椽匚臁诓责獬吴嬗螅沉焱簋览暾後业蚕锢腑堞悝梅吠霸殃髓阋碳蕺瘼路辣蟾洚朝樯谆溪拷霓 l l premature shedding of deciduous toothpremature shedding of deciduous tooth l l Early eruption of permanent dentitionEarly eruption of permanent dentition l l Sequence of permanent tooth eruption Sequence of permanent tooth eruption disordersdisorders 拒籽舀泌掼棰今囝蟆烟胜恂掀弧锥暖善缺汀襞甙龠蟑嘤钏泼越凸礞扛烙梆搔组氢缳飙佘询枉憬河蹬脑菌短诼缳困蔟谘噎磕莱好伤埃彼 （六）骨性错合的病因（六）骨性错合的病因 Genetic approach Genetic approach Defects in embryonic development Defects in embryonic development Trauma Trauma Functional factorsFunctional factors 村絷罟荇赡侠脊铰遑蝗鸸闳仑霁嗌姝豫涨恨囚珀迹塾沥愍镪啊岬阪暄鲑呱萸束研心肢姘濞樾搪杈雕梨才史酚邡刻驸恤颦烀胞摘狱瓿铷莱鳝彼忾仫瘠碘共奄橼竹青酬魇崛灶窿火朔访袅 l l Some scholars think that the growth of Some sch