卧式钻孔组合机床液压系统设计【全套含CAD图纸】
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镇 江 高 专ZHENJIANG COLLEGE 毕 业 设 计 (论 文) 卧式钻孔组合机床液压系统设计Horizontal drilling combination machine tools hydraulic system desig 系 名： 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学 号： 指导教师姓名： 指导教师职称： 二*年 六月任务书课题名称卧式钻孔组合机床液压系统设计同组学生姓名无设计（研究）内容：设计一套液压系统，系统要求：工件的定位与夹紧，所需夹紧力不得超过6000N。机床进给系统完成快进-工进-快退-停止的工作循环。快进、快退速度为6m/min，工进速度为30120mm/min；快进行程为200mm，最大工进行程为50mm；最大切削力为25000N，运动部件总重量为15000N，加减速时间均为0.1 s，采用平导轨，静摩擦系数为0.2，动摩擦系数为0.1。符合以下要求，方可参加答辩：(1)液压系统原理图及速度循环图、负载循环图、电磁阀动作循序表 一张A1(2) 液压缸装配图 一张A1(3)液压缸主要零件的零件图 五张A3 (4) 设计计算说明书，字数不少于5000字 一份(5)以上资料打印稿和电子版（图纸用AutoCAD2004版本存盘、说明书及任务书用Word2003存盘）各一份参考文献：1 液压传动 丁树模主编 机械工业出版社2 液压与气压传动 左健民主编 机械工业出版社3 液压与气动技术 张宏友主编 大连理工大学出版社4 液压系统设计简明手册 杨培元、朱福元主编 机械工业出版社5 液压传动设计指南 张利平主编 化学工业出版社6 液压与气压传动 游有鹏主编 科学出版社目 录引 言4第一章 概述61.1 组合机床的定义、用途、特点61.2 组合机床的类型61.3 组合机床的通用部件7第二章 负载工况分析92.1 动力参数分析92.1 绘制工况图及动作循环图10第三章 计算液压缸尺寸和所需流量133.1 工作压力的确定133.2 计算液压缸尺寸133.3 进给液压缸所需流量143.4 夹紧的有效面积、工作压力和流量的确定14第四章 确定液压系统方案 拟定液压系统原理图164.1 确定液压系统方案164.2 拟定液压系统原理图16第五章 选择液压元件 确定辅助装置185.1 选择液压泵185.2 选择阀类元件195.3 确定油管尺寸195.4 确定油箱容量20第六章 液压系统验算216.1 计算压力损失和压力阀的调整值216.2 计算液压泵需要的电动机功率21结 论22致 谢23参考文献：24卧式钻孔组合机床液压系统设计 摘要 用液体作为工作介质来实现能量传递的传动方式称为液压传动。液压系统是以电机提供动力基础，使用液压泵将机械能转化为压力，推动液压油。通过控制各种阀门改变液压油的流向，从而推动液压缸做出不同行程、不同方向的动作。完成各种设备不同的动作需要。液压系统已经在各个工业部门及农林牧渔等许多部门得到愈来愈广泛的应用，而且愈先进的设备，其应用液压系统的部分就愈多。所以像我们这样的大学生学习和亲手设计一个简单的液压系统是非常有意义的。关键词：液压传动、稳定性、液压系统 Horizontal drilling combination machine tools hydraulic system desigAbstract Hydraulic system is powered motor basis, the use of hydraulic pump will translate into pressure on the mechanical energy, promote the hydraulic oil. Through various control valves to change the flow of hydraulic oil, thus promoting the hydraulic cylinders made of different itinerary, the movements in different directions. All kinds of different equipment to complete the actions required. Hydraulic system has been in various industrial sectors and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries, and many other departments are more widely used, and more advanced equipment, its application on the part of the hydraulic system more. So students like us to study and personally designed a simple hydraulic system is very meaningful.Key words hydraulic transmission, control system, hydraulic system 毕 业 设 计 任 务 书 题 目 卧式钻孔组合机床液压系统设计 系 名： 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学 号： 指导教师姓名： 指导教师职称： 年 二 月 十五 日课题名称卧式钻孔组合机床液压系统设计同组学生姓名无设计（研究）内容：设计一套液压系统，系统要求：工件的定位与夹紧，所需夹紧力不得超过6000N。机床进给系统完成快进-工进-快退-停止的工作循环。快进、快退速度为6m/min，工进速度为30120mm/min；快进行程为200mm，最大工进行程为50mm；最大切削力为25000N，运动部件总重量为15000N，加减速时间均为0.1 s，采用平导轨，静摩擦系数为0.2，动摩擦系数为0.1。符合以下要求，方可参加答辩：(1)液压系统原理图及速度循环图、负载循环图、电磁阀动作循序表 一张A1(2) 液压缸装配图 一张A1(3)液压缸主要零件的零件图 五张A3 (4) 设计计算说明书，字数不少于5000字 一份(5)以上资料打印稿和电子版（图纸用AutoCAD2004版本存盘、说明书及任务书用Word2003存盘）各一份参考文献：1 液压传动 丁树模主编 机械工业出版社2 液压与气压传动 左健民主编 机械工业出版社3 液压与气动技术 张宏友主编 大连理工大学出版社4 液压系统设计简明手册 杨培元、朱福元主编 机械工业出版社5 液压传动设计指南 张利平主编 化学工业出版社6 液压与气压传动 游有鹏主编 科学出版社进 度 计 划 表序号起止 日期计划完成内容实际完成情况检 查 日 期检查人签名12.15-2.28了解设计内容, 了解必要的设计步骤和方法，确定总体方案。 1、提前完成 （ ）2、按时完成 （ ）3、基本完成 （ ）4、未完成 （ ）23.1-3.15完成设计核心内容的计算，初定系统原理图和油缸的形式。1、提前完成 （ ）2、按时完成 （ ）3、基本完成 （ ）4、未完成 （ ）33.16-3.31完成毕业设计论文初稿。 （包括设计说明书的输入及编辑等）1、提前完成 （ ）2、按时完成 （ ）3、基本完成 （ ）4、未完成 （ ）44.1-4.15设计液压缸的结构，在计算机上绘制所有图纸。（包括系统原理图，液压缸装配图及主要零件图）1、提前完成 （ ）2、按时完成 （ ）3、基本完成 （ ）4、未完成 （ ）54.16-4.30设计说明书及图纸第一次修改补充。1、提前完成 （ ）2、按时完成 （ ）3、基本完成 （ ）4、未完成 （ ）65.1-5.31设计说明书及图纸第二次修改补充。1、提前完成 （ ）2、按时完成 （ ）3、基本完成 （ ）4、未完成 （ ）76.1-6.19完善并打印提交全部资料。(含电子版)1、提前完成 （ ）2、按时完成 （ ）3、基本完成 （ ）4、未完成 （ ）86.20-6.23作好答辩前的准备工作。1、提前完成 （ ）2、按时完成 （ ）3、基本完成 （ ）4、未完成 （ ）毕业设计（论文）评语及评分（指导教师专用）学生姓名步文恺专业班级机电W071总 分评 分 内 容评 分 等 级好较好一般差应用文献资料和调研能力分析与解决问题的能力（包括计算方法、数据处理等）计算机能力（包括编程、数据、图形及文字处理）论文质量（论点、论据、实验分析、推理、深度等）设计质量（方案、技术路线、设计水平、图面质量等）工作量、工作态度技术经济分析能力（包括技术可靠性、经济合理性的分析评价）创新 （包括创新意识、独特见解）写作的规范性指导教师评语：该同学在毕业设计期间，设计态度（端正、较好、尚可、较差），（能、基本能、不能）遵守毕业设计纪律和相关规定，（设计工作量（多、饱满、较轻、不足），（完成、基本完成、没用完成）相关的毕业实习和调研任务，（能较好地、尚能、不能）处理好毕业设计与工作实习的关系。该同学（独立、基本独立、根据参考、不能独立）完成毕业设计规定的任务。设计方案（正确、基本正确、尚正确、不够正确），结构（合理、较合理、尚合理、不够合理）；图面质量（好、较好、一般、较差）；说明书的写作（规范、较规范、尚规范、不够规范），计算能力（好、较好、一般、尚可、较差）。 本设计已达到的标准为（优秀、良好、中等、及格、不及格）。指导教师签字： 年 月 日注：各评语在相应的档次上画上“”。毕业设计（论文）评语及评分（主审教师专用）学生姓名步文恺专业班级机电W071总 分评 分 内 容评 分 等 级好较好一般差总体设计方案零部件设计方案图纸质量和有关技术标准视 图图纸幅面标注技术条件标题栏明细栏图号说明书质量格式的规范性内容的完整性分析的正确性深 度创 新其它（资料袋、装订要求等）备注：主审教师签字： 注：各评语在相应的档次上画上“”。年 月 日毕业设计（论文）评语及评分（答辩小组专用）学生姓名步文恺专业班级机电W071总 分评 分 内 容评 分 等 级好较好一般差学生陈述清楚、精练、正确、逻辑性强论文质量（论点、论据、实验分析、推理、深度、创新等）设计质量（方案、技术路线、设计水平、图面质量、创新等）问题：1、 2、 3、 答辩小组意见：该同学设计方案（正确、基本正确、尚正确、不够正确），结构（合理、较合理、尚合理、不够合理）；图面质量（好、较好、一般、较差）；说明书写作（规范、较规范、尚规范、不够规范）。在答辩中的陈述(清楚、较清楚、尚清楚、不够清楚) ，对所提问题的回答（正确、基本正确、尚正确、不够正确）， 对基础知识和专业知识的基本掌握（好、较好、一般、尚好、较差），（已达到、未达到）毕业设计的要求。答辩小组成员： 答辩小组组长 年 月 日最 终 评 定 成 绩 注：各评语在相应的档次上画上“”。5 翻译部分英文原文：HYDRAULIC SYSTEMHydraulic systems are power-transmitting assemblies employing pressurized liquid to transmit energy from an energy-generating source to an energy-use area. All hydraulic systems depend on Pascals law, named after Blaise Pascal, who discovered the law. This law states that pressurized fluid within a closed container-such as cylinder or pipe-exerts equal force on all of the surfaces of the container.In actual hydraulic systems, Pascals law defines the basis of the results which are obtained from the system. Thus, a pump moves the liquid in the system. The intake of the pumps connected to a liquid source, usually called the tank or reservoir. Atmospheric pressure, pressing on the liquid in the reservoir, forces the liquid into the pump. When the pump operates, it forces liquid from the tank into the discharge pipe at a suitable pressure.The flow of the pressurized liquid discharged by the pump is controlled by valves. Three control functions are used in most hydraulic systems: (1) control of the liquid pressure, (2) control of the liquid flow rate, and (3) control of the direction of flow of the liquid.The liquid discharged by the pump in a fluid-power system is directed by valves to a hydraulic motor. A hydraulic motor develops rotary force and motion, using the pressurized liquid as its energy source. Many hydraulic motors are similar to pumps, except that the motor operates in a reverse manner from a pump.Where linear instead of rotary motion is desired, a cylindrical tube fitted with a movable piston, called a hydraulic cylinder, is often used. When the piston is moved by the pressurized fluid, the piston rod imparts a force or moves an object through a desired distance.Restricting the movement of the piston in a hydraulic cylinder, as when the piston carries a load, creates a specific pressure relationship within the cylinder. The surface area of the piston face is said to contain a specific number of square inches. The pressure of the pressurized liquid, multiplied by the piton area, produces an output force, measured in pound, at the end of the piston rod.The speed of movement of the piston rod depends on how fast the pressurized fluid enters the cylinder. Flow into the cylinder can be directed to either end, producing either a pushing or pulling force at the piston rod end. A seal around the rod where it passes through the cylinder end prevents leakage of the liquid.Directional control of the piston depends on which end of cylinder the liquid enters. As pressurized liquid enters one end of the cylinder, liquid must be drained from the other end. The drained liquid is led back to the reservoir. In a pneumatic system using air, the air in the exhausting end of the cylinder is vented to the atmosphere.Directional-control valves, also called two-way, three-way, four-way, etc. , are named in accordance with their basic function. Pressure-control and simple restrictor valves are usually two-way valves. They provide ON or OFF service. A three-way valves may perform several functions, all associated with the three-ports in the valve. For example, the power or pressurized liquid from a pump in a tractor may be sent to the hydraulic system serving the tractors front-end loader. Or the three-way valve may send the pressurized liquid to a hydraulic motor driving a feed conveyor while the front-end loader is not being used.Three-way valves may also be used to direct pressurized fluid to a single-acting hydraulic cylinder. As the three-way valve is actuated (operated) it can stop the pressurized flow to the cylinder. Further, the same valve can divert liquid from the cylinder to the reservoir, so the cylinder can retract by gravity or return springs and assume its original position.A four-way valve has four ports or openings. The pressure port directs fluid flow to an area where pressurized liquid is desired. One of the other ports can simultaneously drain liquid from a pressurized area. The dram liquid can be directed to the reservoir.In a fluid-power system, the movement of pressurized fluid resembles the action of electric current in an electrical system. In such a system, electrical energy is continually moving when work is being done. The same is true of a fluid-power system.In a direct-current electrical system, the speed of a device is varied by changing the flow of current to the device. Alternating-current system, use phase shifting to attain similar speed control. Hydraulic system can obtain infinite speed variations by several methods of control, Pneumatic systems, because of the springiness of the gas, have relatively crude speed control.In fluid-power systems, the pump can be designed so the discharge flow of the pressurized liquid can be varied by manipulating the pump mechanism, giving varying speeds of the hydraulic motor or other output device. A restriction un the pump outlet can limit the fluid in a manner similar to that used in a direct-current electrical system. Where desired, hydraulic systems can be designed to use valves which divert flow to different flow channels to give the desired speed control.The compressibility of hydraulic fluid is slight. But, if desired, this slight compressibility can be used to absorb small, erratic machine movements which cause pressure variations in a fluid-power system. Pneumatic systems have this capability inherently because of the springiness of the air or gas used in the system. Hydraulic systems may use one or more accumulators-devices which contain pressurized gas which can accommodate rapid pressure changes in the fluid portion of the system.Gravity, springs and compressed gases provide potential energy I many hydraulic systems. Thus, gravity assist is often used to return a part to its original position without the use of power from the hydraulic system. This type of assistance also simplifies the parts in the hydraulic system.Pumps Mechanical seal Measures.At present the mechanical seal in pumps in a kind of product the application extremely widespread, but and will save the energy along with the product technical level enhancement the request, the mechanical seal application prospect is more widespread. The mechanical seal seal effect directly will affect the entire machine movement, in particular in petroleum chemical industry domain, because will exist flammable, explosive, is easy to volatilize, to be violently poisonous and so on the medium. The mechanical seal appears will divulge, seriously will affect the production normally to carry on, is serious also appears the significant security accident. People when analysis quality breakdown reason, often is familiar with in the mechanical seal own aspect searches the reason, for example: Mechanical seal shaping whether appropriate, choice of material whether correct, the packing surface compared to presses whether correctly, rubs the vice- choice is whether reasonable and so on. But is short very much in the mechanical seal external condition aspect searches the reason, for example: Pumps for the mechanical seal creation condition whether appropriate, the servosystem disposition is whether appropriate, but these aspects reasons often are count for much. This article author from pumped has analyzed the reasonable measure with the mechanical seal external condition angle which the influence seal effect several kind of factors and should adopt.1 Principle and request that machinery seals off:The mechanical seal is depends on a pair of relative motion link end surface A (fixed, another revolves together with axis) the mutual fitting forms the small axial play plays the seal role, this kind of equipment is called the mechanical seal. The mechanical seal usually by moves the link, the static link, contracts the part and the seal part is composed. Moves the link and the static link end surface composes a pair to rub, moves the link to depend on in the sealed chamber the liquid pressure to cause its shoulder up on the static link end surface, and produces on two links end surfaces suitable compared to presses and maintains an extremely thin liquid membrane to achieve the seal the goal. Contracts the part pressurize, may cause to pump under the operating condition, also maintains the end surface fitting, guaranteed the seal medium nothing more than leaks, and prevented the impurity enters seals the end surface. Seals the part to play the seal to move the link and axis gap B, the static link and the gland gap C role, simultaneously to the vibration which pumps, attacks the cushioning effect. The mechanical seal in the actual movement is not an isolated part, it is with other spare parts which pumps combines the movement together, simultaneously may see through its basic principle, the mechanical seal normal operation has the condition, for instance: Otherwise fleeing measures a pump spindles being not able to very big, friction subsidiary end face can not form the ratio pressure demanding regularly; The pump spindle that machinery hermetic sealing gets along can not have boundary very big deflection , end face waits a minute otherwise than pressure will be uneven. Besides only when satisfying similar such external condition, fine machinery seals off oneself function, ability reaches ideal hermetic sealing effect.2 Analysis of causes that external condition affects:Pump spindle axial to fleeing is measured big: The hermetic sealing that machinery seals off needs to have certain ratio pressure face to face, such ability plays arrive at hermetic sealing role, be requiring that spring that machinery seals off needs to have certain compression amounts right now, give a propulsive force sealing off end face, rotating makes hermetic sealing produce the pressure sealing off the what be demanded ratio face to face. For ensuring that this one is compared to pressure, the amounts machinery is sealed off requiring that the pump spindle can not have very big fleeing, need to ensure that within 0.5 mm in general. Design but middle in reality, unreasonable because of design, that sometimes, very big fleeing of pump spindle creation measure , seal off to machinery sigmatism is very disadvantageous. This phenomenon sometimes appears in multi-level centrifugal pump, Especially in the process of pump starting, flee amounts are comparatively big.The automation changes the b balancing a set and balancing the axial gap between the ring when balance plate works , changes the difference balancing the pressure checking front and back two flanks thereby , produces one and comes to balance the axial force axial contrary force direction acting force. The inertia effect moving since the rotator flees and transient pump working condition fluctuation, the rotator moving round will not be motionless in some one axial balance location.Balance the state fleeing all the time in retinue to move. But the amounts balancing axial to fleeing in checking in regular job only have 0105 011 mm , satisfy permission axial to fleeing that machinery seals off measuring 015 mm requests, allowable machinery hermetic sealing axial to fleeing balancing axial to fleeing to measure possibility getting it in gear, when stopping machine , working condition great change in pump making rings round expects that.After pumps passes through the long time movement, the friction balancing a set and balancing a ring wears away , gap b enhances subsequently, the amounts sealing off axial to fleeing increase machinery unceasingly. Effect because of axial force, hermetic sealing compacting soft and floury sucking oblique tones in increases by strenuously , hermetic sealing wears the effect aggravating , sealing up completely until hermetic sealing damages , loses face to face away face to face.The machinery spitting out oblique tones is sealed off , is wear away with balancing plates, rotator component axial to fleeing measures the amounts sealing off axial to fleeing demanding greater than , the force sealing off compacting soft and floury is diminished , cannot reach the effect sealing off a request , making the machinery hermetic sealing on both side of the pump all ultimately losing hermetic sealing.The axial force is prejudiced big: Machinery hermetic sealing can bear the axial forces in the process of usage, if the effect that existence seals off axial the force , to machinery is grave. Since pump axial the aspect cause such as rational and making , assembling , being put into use that dynamic balance organization designs, brings about the axial force be not balanced away sometimes.Machinery hermetic sealing bears a axial force , the seal gland temperature will be partial to height when moving round, to the medium that polypropylene is similar to, before the high temperature be able to be molten down, the pump starts the queen therefore losing hermetic sealing effect very quickly right away , discontinuous gushing sealing off end face then appearing leaves out phenomenon when the pump is motionless. pump spindles deflections are slanting big: That machinery hermetic sealing calls end face hermetic sealing, is that one kind of axis of rotation to contact-type moves hermetic sealing , it is under fluid medium and elasticity component effect , two perpendicularities reach hermetic sealing effect thereby in stick the small side door , relative rapid and intense axle centre line hermetic sealing end face revolution, demands to need to accept a force homogeneously between two hermetic sealing therefore.The machinery spitting out oblique tones is sealed off , is wear away with balancing plates, rotator component axial to fleeing measures the amounts sealing off axial to fleeing demanding greater than , the force sealing off compacting soft and floury is diminished , cannot reach the effect sealing off a request , making the machinery hermetic sealing on both side of the pump all ultimately losing hermetic sealing.not assisting irrigation system or assists irrigation system to interpose block of wood reasonableness: That assisting that machinery seals off washes system is very important , it can protect effects such as sealing off face , getting to the cooling , lubrication , washing away varia effectively. Design that allocation assists irrigation system, to be unable to reach hermetic sealing effect not rationally sometimes;Have foreign substance sometimes although designing that the personnel has designed auxiliary system, since in washing liquid, rate of flow , pressure washing liquid are insufficient , wash mouth location designing that wait for cause unreasonable , also same being unable to reach hermetic sealing effect. vibration is slanting big: Machinery seals off vibration insisting to lead to big , ultimate losing hermetic sealing effect. That machinery seals off big slanting vibration cause sometimes is not that machinery seals off self cause but , other pump component and part is to produce the origin vibrating , waits for cause if the pump spindle designs that cause , axle bearing accuracy unreasonable , processing are insufficient , shaft coupling degree difference , radial force of equal rank are big.Cause that the pump vapor erodes: The function is not good , the pump rotation rate is partial to height since device system operation is unreasonable and the pump entrance vapor erodes, that the vapor erodes , the vapor erodes the entry occurrence part in the pump the day afer tomorrow happened , is able to have air bubble in the water, that it may pound machinery on one hand seals off the outside surface soft and floury , makes its surface damage appear on; That another aspect may make fitting that astiring sound is encircled by also contain air bubble in flow soft and floury film, can not form the stable flow film , brings about the trunk friction that fitting that astiring sound is encircled by face , makes machinery seal damage.Machine work accuracy is insufficient: Machine work accuracy is insufficient , cause has many, the treating accuracy having plenty of machinery sealing self off is insufficient , this aspect cause finds also easy to pay attention to easy to arouse people. But the sometimes is a pump other component treating accuracy lack , this aspect cause, do not pay attention to easy to arouse people. For instance: Cause such as pump spindle , axle sleeve , the pump body , the accuracy lack sealing off enlarging of the cavity body. The hermetic sealing effect that these cause existence seals off to machinery is very disadvantageous.responds to the measure adopting:Remove a pump spindle fleeing to measure big measure:Amounts designing that axial force balance is equipped with , removes axial to fleeing rationally. For satisfying this one request,have two to the multi-level centrifugal pump , the comparatively ideal design plan: One is that balance plate adds axial to stopping push axle bearing , balance the axial force from balance plate , carry out axial on the pump spindle from axial to stopping pushing axle bearing position-limit; Another is that the balance drum adds axial to stopping push axle bearing, axial force balancing away major part from the balance drum, axial surplus force bears from stopping pushing axle bearing , axial to stopping pushing axle bearing carries out axial on the pump spindle at the same time position-limit. Second kinds schemes key is to design the balance drum rationally, makes that be able to balance away the most axial force really. Wait for a product to opening a pump in other single stage pump,within amounts range sealing off range demanded by in machinery designing fleeing adopting a few measure guarantee pump spindles now and then.Remove big axial strenuously prejudiced measure:The organization designing axial dynamic balance rationally, makes that be able to balance away the axial force really sufficiently , being sealed up completely by machinery creates a favorable condition. Must achieve testing detecting and discovering problem and solve a problem before the product , unfinished products leave the factory to importance that fields such as a little electric power plant , petrochemical industry, applies. Some important pumps can design a axial to measuring the force ring on the rotator , monitor at any time to being on the march toward the force size scroll, discover a problem in time solve.Remove big prejudiced pump spindle deflection measure:Existence is in this phenomenon mostly in multi-level centrifugal pump of horizontal type, adopting the following measure time design: (1) cuts down both ends distance between axle bearing. The pump impeller progression is not very more than , under the general pump lift request is comparatively good situation, try ones best to improve every level impeller lift, cuts down progression;(2) increases the pump spindle diameter. During the period of the diameter designing a pump spindle, consider the size transferring power simplely only, do not but want the inertia factors such as load , radial force thinking that machinery seals off ,the axis deflection, starts method and being connected with. Much one point designing that not sufficient cognition arrives at this; (3) improves pump spindle material grade; (4) pump spindles are designed after being completed, the deflection to the pump spindle asks the checkout carrying out the core of school to secretly scheme against. Increases by assisting irrigation system:Under the situation that condition allows, system designing auxiliary irrigation to the full. Wash pressure general requirements overtoping 0107 011 MPa sealing off cavity pressure, if transportation medium belongs to easy vaporization, respond to 01175 012 MPa higher than vaporization pressure then. The pressure sealing off a cavity is going to secretly scheme against according to every kind of pump structure during the past factors such as pattern , system pressure.Or when shaft seal accent pressure is very high when pressure uses almost approximation should seal up completely the maximal limit, fever of also may make shaft seal liquid be on the move from the area sealing off a cavity attracting liquid till low pressure, to take away friction. If the irrigation amounts being recommended by administering medicine to bring out the cold be what 1 shows.According to each kind of pump operation condition,deploy the pipeline and accessories rationally. If the chiller , pore plate , filter , valve , rate of flow indicator , piezometer , the temperature wait. Reliability and life-span sealing up completely in fact, depend on the allocation sealing off auxiliary systems to a great extent. Remove the measure that the pump entrance vapor erodes:(1) The vapor eclipse function raising a pump is horizontal , the vapor satisfying the scene device erodes the function request;(2) Scene tester request needs and the pump vapor erodes function level matching;(3) That scene installation and working condition adjustment need to give a pump creates advantageous condition.3.6 Remove the measure that the pump shakes:(1) The product is hit by a pump in designing process , is is going to analyse the source vibrating sufficiently, to eliminate shaking a source. ;(2) Pump product fabrication assembles process middle , directive rules goes and carrying out , eliminates shaking a source strictly according to the standard and operation;(3) Pump , electric motor , assist equipment to be going to guard the pass , eliminate strictly to shake a source during the period of scene installation such as base , scene pipeline,;(4) Guard the pass , eliminate when producing , handling , keeping a scene in repair , adjusting, strictly to shake a source. Execute to the letter design criterion:The design sealing off a products asks pump product design and machinery to carry out the pertinent home and abroad standard , design that should carry out a standard carefully in the process of the product design,among deep every strip content concrete significance understanding a standard , the process the standard content request implementation is designed to the product.By now, actual import having many standards designing that not understand that , go and carrying out the new standard, not but being to copy the experience designing according to the set of old drawing sheet and old people blind strictly. That this resorts to magic arts to improving our country product engineering level and entering international market is very disadvantageous. Improve the standardizing cognition , be that machinery industry designs that need the problem solving urgently at present.Pumps when the design with the mechanical seal, not only must consider the mechanical seal itself influence factor, moreover must consider exterior the mechanical seal each kind of influence factor. Must pay attention to following several questions in the practical work:(1) in pumps the product in the design process to have fully to consider pumps other spare parts as well as the scene other equipment to the mechanical seal use effect influence, creates a good external condition for the mechanical seal;(2) increases to the mechanical seal servosystem vital role understanding, provides the consummation as far as possible the mechanical seal servosystem, enhances the seal effect;(3) to importantly pumps the product the mechanical seal, must increase the protective measures, improves the seal quality, reduces the seal quality accident; (4) analyzes the mechanical seal the quality accident reason, must fully consider pumps other spare parts to the mechanical seal movement influence, take the measure unceasingly to enhance the mechanical seal the effect.The bolt pump has because of the person but variable transportation , self attract ability characteristics such as strong , may become worse , being able to transport the liquid containing a solid particle, in sewage treatment factory, be put into use broadly cover in the field of the drug-dip transporting water , wet sludge and flocculant. The bolt pump selects and uses should abide by economy , rational , reliable principle. If doing not think out in the field of the type designing selections, be able to give hereafter sigmatism, to management , be maintained bring about inconvenient , need according to producing reality therefore selecting and using one, now that the rational reliable bolt pump being able to swear to give birth to a child proceeding as planned and without a hitch, reduce mending cost.中文译文：液压系统液压系统是利用液体为介质把能量从动力源传递到消耗位置的动力传递系统。所有液压系统原理都基于帕斯卡定律，是以发现这个定律的帕斯卡的名字而命名的。这个定律表明在一个密封的容器里，如缸体或管子，受压液体向容器表面所有方向施加相等的力。在实际液压系统中，帕斯卡定律解释从系统中得到的各种结果。泵使流体在系统里流动。泵的吸入口接到液压油容器，通常称为液压油箱。大气压压在油箱里液体上，使液体流入泵里。当液压泵工作时，它以适当的压力把液体从油箱压到管道里。泵排出的高压液体由阀控制。多数液压系统运用三种控制方式：（1）流体压力控制；（2）流体速度控制；（3）流体方向控制。在液压系统中由泵排出的液体经由控制阀到液压马达。液压马达利用受压的流体作为它的能量源产生旋转的力和运动。液压马达跟泵的结构类似，只不过它的工作原理是相反的。在要求直线运动代替旋转运动的地方是用液压缸，它由运动活塞和缸体构成。当活塞由高压流体驱动时，活塞杆传递力，推动负载移动一段设定的距离。当液压缸中的活塞运动受阻时，例如当活塞有负载，在液压缸中必然会产生一个相应的压力。活塞面积以平方英寸为单位，受压液体的压力乘以活塞面积，就等于在活塞杆的末端产生的一个以磅为单位的输出力。活塞杆的速度取决于受压液体进入液压缸里的多少。可以控制油液流如液压缸的其中一端，在活塞杆上产生一个拉力或产生一个推力。在活塞上有密封装置，防止流体的泄漏。活塞的方向控制取决于流体进入液压缸的哪一端，当高压流体进入液压缸的一端时，流体一定从另一端流出。排出的流体又回液压油箱。在利用空气的气动系统里，空气是由缸体排放入大气中的。方向控制阀也称作二通阀、三通阀和四通阀等等，是根据它们的基本功能命名的。压力控制阀和简单的节流阀，通常采用二通阀，他们仅有通和断功能。三通阀可以有几种功能,这些和三通阀的油口有关。例如，来自泵的高压流体可能传送到拖拉机的液压系统里驱动负载。在不需驱动时，三通阀将高压流体送到驱动输送机构的液压马达上。也可以用三通阀来控制单作用式液压缸（只能单方面施力）的运动。例如，当三通阀通时，它可以阻止高压流体流入液压缸。同时，该阀可以把液压缸中的液体导向液压油箱，因此，柱塞缸可以在重力或回程弹簧的作用下回到它的初始位置。四通阀有四个油口。压力油口控制流体连接到需要高压的地方。同时有一个油口从高压区排出油液。排出的液体流回液压油箱。在液压系统中，受压液体的运动类似于电力系统中的电流的运动。在电力系统里，通过电流运动来完成工作，液压系统也类似。在直流电力系统中，执行机构的速度可以通过改变流入执行元件的电流来改变。在交流电力系统中通过调节相位获得速度控制。液压系统中可通过不同控制方式来调节速度。气动系统由于气体的弹性改变，只可以得到相对粗略的速度控制。在液压系统中，我们可以对泵进行设计，以便利用泵的变量机构来改变所输出的高压液体的流量，从而使液压马达或其它装置获得不同速度。利用泵出口管道的节流调节，可以按在直流电力系统相似的原理来控制液体流动。在需要时，液压系统可以利用阀来改变液体流向不同通道，获得速度控制。液压流体的压缩性是很小的。但是，如果必要的话，这种微小的压缩性可用来吸收由于微小的机械扰动而引起的系统压力变化。因为应用于系统的空气或气体有弹性，气动系统有这个能力。液压系统可以用一个或多个具有压缩气体的蓄能器，在液体中快速调节压力。利用重力、弹力和压缩气体可以为液压系统蓄能。重力经常用来辅助使其返回原来的位置，而不需要借助液力。这种辅助形式简化了相应部分液压系统。在液压系统中压力容易控制。控制压力的主要方式是当达到需要的压力时，在泵和管道里设置一个装置来减少液体。泵只需提供足够的液体，补充系统中泄漏。在气动系统利用压力调节阀使压力源保持一定的压力值。在电气系统中，通常通过改变电动机转向来获得方向控制。在液压系统或气动系统里，方向控制阀可以变换流柱的位置，从而获得方向的改变。液压系统可设计出来，如果需要泵可以反转。泵用机械密封措施，目前的机械密封泵，在一种产品的应用极为广泛， 但和节约能源，随着生产技术水平提高的要求， 机械密封的应用前景更为广泛。 机械密封的密封效果将直接影响整个机器运动，尤其是在石油化工领域， 因为会存在易燃，易爆，易挥发，以猛烈有毒等介质中的传播。 机械密封会出现泄漏，将严重影响生产的正常进行， 严重的是还出现了一些重大的安全事故。 人们在分析质量故障原因，往往是熟悉的机械密封自身方面查找原因， 例如:机械密封的塑造是否合适，材料选择是否正确， 包装表面相比印刷机是否正确，擦副的选择是否合理等等。 但总之是非常的机械密封的外部条件方面去查找原因，例如: 泵的机械密封创造的条件是否合适，伺服系统的配置是否适当， 但这些方面的原因往往是算多。 笔者从抽水分析，合理的措施与机械密封的外部条件的角度影响 密封效果的几种因素和应采取的对策。 1原则，并要求机械密封过: 机械密封是靠一对相对运动的连接器端面(固定，肛 有行健连同轴)的相互拟合形式的小轴向发挥起到密封作用，噻 收盘这种设备被称为机械密封。 机械密封通常由动环，静联系，合同的部分和密封部分组成。 动作的连接和静态连接端面作曲一副对碰， 动作的连接依赖于庭密封液体的压力，导致其承担的 静态连接端面， 并制作两个环节端面合适相比印刷机和维持一个极薄液膜实现 密封的目标。 合同部分施压，可能会造成泵工作状态下，也保持端面拟合， 保证密封介质不外泄露，并防止杂质进入密封端面。 密封部分发挥密封动议环节和差距轴二， 静态链接和腺体峡三作用，同时对振动泵，攻击的缓冲作用。 机械密封在实际的运动并不是一个孤立的部分， 它是与其他零件，水泵结合在一起运动，同时还可以看到，通过其基本原则， 机械密封正常运行的条件，比如: 否则逃离措施泵主轴的是不能很大， 附属摩擦端面不能形成比例压力，要求定期; 泵主轴，机械密封夸赞不能有界线非常大挠度 端面等待一分钟，否则比压力将不平衡。 此外，只有满足类似这样的外部条件，优良的机械密封过自己的功能，能达到理想的密封效果。 2分析原因，外部条件的影响: 泵主轴轴向逃离宽度大: 密封，机械密封客需要有一定比例的压力面对面，收盘 该院能力起着到达密封作用，二 五，规定春天，机械密封产需有一定的压缩量眼下，政学院的一个推力封堵端面，住宅使得密封产生的压力，封堵了什么是比例要求面对面会谈。 为确保这是一个比较的压力， 数额机械封锁规定该泵主轴不能有非常大逃亡 要确保在0.5毫米以上。 设计中，但在现实中，由于不合理的设计，有时候 非常大逃亡泵主轴创建措施，查封机器非常不利。
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