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Photosynthesis Life Is Solar Powered! What Would Plants Look Like On Alien Planets? Why? Why Would They Look Different? Different Stars Give off Different types of light or Electromagnetic Waves The color of plants depends on the spectrum of the stars light, which astronomers can easily observe. (Our Sun is a type “G” star.) Anatomy of a Wave Wavelength Is the distance between the crests of waves Determines the type of electromagnetic energy Electromagnetic Spectrum Is the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation The longer the wavelength the lower the energy associated with the wave. Visible Light Light is a form of electromagnetic energy, which travels in waves When white light passes through a prism the individual wavelengths are separated out. Visible Light Spectrum Light travels in waves Light is a form of radiant energy Radiant energy is made of tiny packets of energy called photons The red end of the spectrum has the lowest energy (longer wavelength) while the blue end is the highest energy (shorter wavelength). The order of visible light is ROY-G-BIV This is the same order you will see in a rainbow b/c water droplets in the air act as tiny prisms Light Options When It Strikes A Leaf Reflect a small amount of light is reflected off of the leaf. Most leaves reflect the color green, which means that it absorbs all of the other colors or wavelengths. Absorbed most of the light is absorbed by plants providing the energy needed for the production of Glucose (photosynthesis) Transmitted some light passes through the leaf Light Reflected Light Chloroplast Absorbed light Granum Transmitted light Figure 10.7 Photosynthesis Overview Photosynthesis includes of occur in occurs in uses to produce to produce uses Light dependent reactions Thylakoid membranes StromaNADPHATP Light Energy ATPNADPHO2 Chloroplasts Glucose Light independent reactions Concept Map Anatomy of a Leaf Vein Leaf cross section Figure 10.3 Mesophyll CO2O2 Stomata Chloroplast Chloroplast Mesophyll 5 m Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Thylakoid space Thylakoid Granum Stroma 1 m Chloroplast Are located within the palisade layer of the leaf Stacks of membrane sacs called Thylakoids Contain pigments on the surface Pigments absorb certain wavelenghts of light A Stack of Thylakoids is called a Granum Pigments Are molecules that absorb light Chlorophyll, a green pigment, is the primary absorber for photosynthesis There are two types of cholorophyll Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids, yellow electrons and hydrogen ions Made during light reaction Stores high energy electrons for use during light-Independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) Chemiosmosis The combination of moving hydrogen ions across a membrane to make ATP H2O CO2 Light LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE Chloroplast CH2O (sugar) NADPH NADP ADP + P O2 Figure 10.5 ATP PART II LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION Also called the Calvin Cycle No Light Required Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast Takes carbon dioxide “fixing” the CO2 in a compound One compound made along the way is PGAL PGAL can be made into sugars or RuBP Calvin Cycle uses ATP & NADPH The Calvin cycle (G3P) Input (Entering one at a time) CO2 3 Rubisco Short-lived intermediate 3 PP 3 PP Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) P 3-Phosphoglycerate P6 P 6 1,3-Bisphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADPH+ 6 P P 6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 6 ATP 3 ATP 3 ADP CALVIN CYCLE P 5 P 1 G3P (a sugar) Output Light H2OCO2 LIGHT REACTION ATP NADPH NADP+ ADP CH2O (sugar) CALVIN CYCLE Figure 10.18 O2 6 ADP Glucose and other organic compounds Phase 1: Carbon fixation Phase 2: Reduction Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) Chloroplast Where the Magic Chloroplast Where the Magic Happens!Happens! HH 2 2 OOCOCO 2 2 OO 2 2 C C6 6 HH12 12O O 6 6 Light ReactionLight ReactionDark ReactionDark Reaction Light is AdsorbedLight is Adsorbed By By ChlorophyllChlorophyll Which splitsWhich splits waterwater ChloroplastChloro