高中英语书面表达-议论文写作ppt课件.ppt

议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者 的见解和主张. 作者对某一问题持 有一种看法,为了使读者同意自己 的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他 人. 论点是作者在文章中提出的对某一个 问题或某一类事件的看法、观点、主 张，它要求要正确 、鲜明、有针对性 。一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点 论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证 论据是证明论点正确的证据，要想证 明论点的正确，首先，论据必须让人 觉得真实、可信， 能够充分证明论点 。其次，论据要具有典型性，能收到“ 以一当十”的效果。第三，论据要 新颖 ， 尽可能寻找一些新鲜的、能给人以 新的感受和启示的论据.一般是以事实 为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名 人名言作为论据 论证是议论文中必不可少的部分。 一段完整的议论，只有通过论证证 明论据和论点之间的内在逻辑关系 ，才能将论据和论点融为一体，也 才能构成一篇完整的、有说服力的 文章。 “一分为二”的观点从两方面去分析一个问题,然后 阐述自己的观点. “两者选一”的观点分析两种事物的优劣势,阐述自 己的观点. “我认为”型阐述对某一事物的客观看法. “怎样（how to）”型分析怎样解决一个问题 . 看图（表）作文通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得 出一个结论或形成一种看法 “一分为二”观点的议论文模式 introduction 第1段:nowadays more and more people/plays an important part in. like everything else, has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects/both advantages and disadvantages. generally, the favorable aspects/advantages can be listed as follows. main body 第2段：firstly, secondly,in addition/whats more 第3段: every coin has two sides. the negative aspects/disadvantages are also apparent/obvious. to begin with; to make matters worse; worse of all conclusion 第4段: through above analysis/all things considered, we can see that the positive aspects/advantages outweigh the negative ones/disadvantages. therefore “一分为二”类作文范例 说广告（about advertisement）. 提示：有人说广告在现代社会是很 重要，有人认为广告的促销成分太 多，你认为 “两者选一”观点的议论文模式 模式:a、b两者优劣势分析,要么选a,要么选b. introduction 第1段:some people hold the opinion that (a) is superior to (b) in many ways. others, however, argue that (b) is much better. personally, i would prefer (a) because i think (a) has more advantages. main body 第2段：there are many reasons why i prefer (a). the main reason is that another reason is that(赞同a的原因) 第3段: of course, choosing (b) also has advantages to some extent, (列出12个b的优势) conclusion 第4段: but if all these factors are considered, (a) is much better than (b). from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that (总结观点) 模式: a、b优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择a或 b. introduction 第1段:which would you prefer if you are faced with the choice between (a) and (b)? before you make the decision, you had better make a close comparison. main body 第2段：it is true that(选择a的优势之一). it is also true that(选择 a的优势之二). but (选择a的劣势). 第3段: though.(选择b的劣势), (选择b的优势之一). furthermore, (选择b的优势之二). conclusion 第4段: therefore, if you, you should choose (a), but if you, you should choose (b). (总结观点,提出建议) “两者选一”类作文范例 健康与财富(health and wealth) 提示: 健康与财富哪个更重要一直是 一个热门话题(hot topic),请简述你的 观点. 哪里住更好(where to live?) 提示: 有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜 欢往乡下搬. 各有所好,孰是孰非,你以 为如何? “我认为”型作文范例 如“你对课外阅读的看法” “怎样（how to）”型作文范例 如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难” 图表类作文范例一 假如你是李华，在最近的研究性学习当中，受21世 纪中学生英语报 （the 21st century）之邀，你对你 所在的班60名同学（男女各半）进行了上网目的的调 查。现将调查结果（如下表所示）用英语给报社的编 辑写一封信，报道此事，以引起舆论的关注，并提出 你的观点和建议。 注意：1、报道应包括图表所示全部内容，可适度发挥发挥 。 2、文章的开头与结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 3、词数： 150 4、参考词汇：调查： make a survey dear editor， i have recently made a survey among 30 boys and 30 girls in my class about their purpose of getting on the internet. _ 思路点拨 题材：书信； 说明+议论 时态：一般现在时 人称：第三人称 要点提示：（）上网的目的；（）读新闻； （）发送邮件 ；（）聊天；（）学习；（）玩游戏；（）评语 dear editor, i have recently made a survey among 30 boys and 30 girls in my class about their purpose of getting on the internet. the girls favorite is chatting, but few boys like it. what the boys like to do most is playing games and the girls also like it. both boys and girls like to read news or send e-mails on the internet. maybe they think its the most convenient way to get information from keeping in touch with friends. as for studying, the numbers of boys and girls are equal, but altogether only several of them will use the internet as a tool to study. in my opinion, useful as the internet is, the students had better make better and wise use of it. otherwise, its impossible for us to benefit from it. moreover, i also hope the parents will pay enough attention to their children using the internet in their spare time. yours， li hua 图表类作文二 下列表格为某市2000年与2009年人们度假方式的情况比较， 请按表格内容写一篇150词左右的短文，并对度假方式变化 原因加以简要评析。 年度20002009原因 境外旅游11%22%收入增加 海边度假38%31%海水污染 爬山野营11%34%回归自然 the way people spend their holidays changed a lot from 2000 to 2009. 范文： the way people spend their holidays changed a lot from 2000 to 2009. the table shows that a greater number of people spent their holidays traveling abroad in 2009. the rate of 2009 (22%) doubled that of 2000 (11%). we are sure that the number will increase because with their incomes rising, more people can afford the journeys abroad. at the same time, the seaside attracted a lot of people. however, the rate slightly dropped from 38% in 2000 to 31% in 2009, the reason for which lies in the fact that sea water is being polluted. the polluted seaside is likely to drive more visitors away. the year 2009 saw a sharp increase in the number of people who went climbing and camping. the rate in 2009 (34%) was more than three times that in 2000 (11%). the reason is that more and more people are eager to get close to nature. 图表描述应注意的问题: 1) 要突出重点,抓住图表中的极端点。如：最大或最小、最多或最少 、最好和最差。 2）总趋势的描述必须准确，要看出总的规律、趋势，抓住特征。 3）图表往往提供大量数据，应仔细观察分析，从中选择有效信息， 图表上资料、数据的描述必须选择重点，不能事无巨细，一一列出。 4）充分利用图表中提供的文字或说明。同样，图表中没有的信息不 能凭主观任意捏造。 5）说明、描述图表时应该注意动词时态，属于过去发生的应该用一 般过去时，属于经常发生的应该用一般现在时。 6）句子结构要力求有变化、不要总是一个句型。 7）考生应该熟练掌握一些固定句型和表达方式。 8）拼图比较形象、直观，常用来表示总体与部分、部分与部分之间 的比例关系，一般以百分比的数字呈现。 9）表格提供大量数据，应认真分析表格中各数据之间的内在联系， 发现各项目的变化规律。 10）常见错误有1，主谓一致，2，时态，3，介词 英语图表写作套句精选 ：常用的描述用法 1）as is shown in the table. 如表格所示. 2）from the table/chart/diagram/figure, we can see clearly that.or it is clear/apparent from the chart that. 从图表 我们可以很清楚（明显）看到. 3）the diagram shows (that). 该图向我们展示了. 4) the table/chart diagram/graph/ figures/statistics shows (that) 5) according to the table/chart diagram/graph 6) as can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/ figures, 7) it can be seen from the figures/statistics 8) we can see from the figures/statistics 图表中的数据（data）具体表达法 增加：increase / raise / rise / go up 减少：decrease / grow down / drop / fall / decrease. 波动：fluctuate / rebound / undulate / wave . 稳定：remain stable / stabilize / level off . 在同一时期 during the same period as can be seen from the diagram, great changes have taken place in. 从图中可以看出，.发生了巨大变化 in the year between.and. 在.年到.期间. the number sharply went up to. 数字急剧上升至. in terms of / in respect of / 在.方面 in contrast 相反，大不相同 表示数据变化的单词或者词组 rapid/rapidly dramatic/dramatically significant/significantly sharp/sharply steep/steeply steady/steadily gradual/gradually slow/slowly slight/slightly stable/stably 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的 戏剧性的，生动的 有意义的,重大/要的 锐利的，明显的，急剧的 急剧升降的 稳固的，坚定不移的 渐进的，逐渐的 缓慢的，不活跃的 轻微的、略微地 稳定的 图表类作文标准化结构： para 1, 两句话：第一句：this is a _chart, which demonstrates the number of_ from _ to _. 如果 两个图，则：there are two charts below. the _ chart describes the number of _, and the _ chart illustrates the figure of _. 第二句：（所有题目适用） ，from the chart we can see that the number of _ varies constantly/greatly in _. para 2, as we can see from the chart,/or it is clear from the chart that _. 如果有两个图：则：the _ chart shows that _./or as we can see from the first chart, _ para 3, (如果两个图的话，) it is clear from the second chart that para 4 结尾：from the figures/statistics above, we can see/conclude/draw a conclusion that 1. 引言(introduction)由于英语作文受时间.字数的 限制因此，审清题意之后在引言段中作者就必须简 单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如 提倡什么，支持什么，反对什么 2. 主体段（main body）主体段是议论的过程，作 者必须有足够的证据（adequate proofs）来论证自己 的观点一般可提出一个或两个proofs, 并对此用一 两句话分别进行阐述 3. 结论（conclusion） 结论段可以用一两句话来 结束文章同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前 面的原话 1 观点鲜明一个明确的中心论点 2 层次分明一个中心论点通常有几个分 论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰 自然 3最后一段总结，得出结论 4时态：一般用一般现在时 5. 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语 总起: different people hold different opinions. opinions are divided. people have taken/adopted different attitudes towards people have different opinions on this problem. people take different views on this question. 表达不同观点: of them hold the opinion that . of them are in favor of the idea that people who are for/against the idea think some people believe that. others argue that 不同观点之间的衔接: however, of them hold a different view. / of them hold the opposite opinion. people who are against it dont think so. however, each coin has two sides. different from those., people think . on the other hand, people object that . 并列关系：and, as well as, also 递进关系：besides, in addition, moreover, whats more 比较、对比：like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand 罗列出的要点是否按逻辑顺序； 上下文之间是否过渡、衔接得自然； 体裁格式是否正确； 标点符号是否规范清晰； 字数是否符合要求、字迹是否工整、 卷面是否清楚 hom