外文翻译---人工智能技术及应用.docx

othello game design and developmentzhao yangyang（department of mathematics, xian university of arts and science, xian 710065,china） abstract: the graduation project is based on the c + + language, vs2005 platform for stand-alone version of the game development, through this game development, beneficial to further grasp on the c + + language application, learn more about computer games making the concept of understanding, for my future more complex projects in the accumulation of valuable experience in the game!othello (reversi, othello), also known as apple moves, flip chess, is a classic strategic game. othello is a 19th century english invention. until the 70s of last century a japanese to their development, to borrow shakespeare othello (othello) to rename the game, now we play othello.why shakespeare borrowed it? because othello is a famous play of shakespeares leading man. he is a black man, his wife is white, due to the villain provoke suspicion of infidelity has been turned wave maguire eventually own hands to kill his wife. later truth, othello remorse, committed suicide. othello is black and white struggle to borrow the story name.keyword：c + + programming ;windows programming ;mfc technologytechnology and application of artificial intelligenceyao xifangai (artificial intelligence), the english abbreviation for the ai, is a computer-science, control theory, information theory, linguistics, neurophysiology, psychology, mathematics, philosophy and other subjects of mutual penetration and developed a comprehensive new subject . since its inception through the wave folding ai, but finally, as an edge of the new discipline recognized by the world and has attracted much interest and concern. many other disciplines not only introduced or borrowed ai technology, and ai in expert systems, natural language processing and image recognition have become the three major emerging knowledge industry breakthrough. artificial intelligence of the mankind can be traced back to the seventeenth century pascal and leibniz, who had earlier initiation of the idea of intelligent machines. nineteenth century, british mathematician and german o boolean morgan proposed the law of thought, which can be described as the beginning of artificial intelligence. twenties of the nineteenth century, british scientists babbage designed the first computer device, which is considered to be computer hardware, is the predecessor of artificial intelligence hardware. the advent of computer, so that artificial intelligence really possible.as a discipline, artificial intelligence came in 1956, is by the father of artificial intelligence, mccarthy and a group of mathematicians, information scientists, psychologists, neurophysiologists, computer scientists at a meeting of dartmouth university, the first times proposed. of artificial intelligence research, because of the different point of view, the formation of different schools. this is the: symbol school of thought, connecting school of thought school of thought and behavior. ai is a symbol of traditional doctrine, it newell and simons physical symbol system assumptions. physical symbol system is an entity composed of a set of symbols, which are the physical model, the entities in the symbolic structure appears as a component can be generated through a variety of operations other symbols structure. physical symbol system hypothesis: physical symbol system is the intelligent behavior of the sufficient and necessary conditions. main task is to general problem solver (general problem solver, gps): through abstraction, a real system into a symbol system, based on the symbol system, using the dynamic search method for solving the problem. school of thought is the connection from the human brain structure of the starting system to study the non-procedural, and adaptive, the brains information processing style, the nature and capacity of neurons in a large number of simple information processing capacity of the group and its dynamic behavior. it is also known as neural computation. research focus is focused on simulation and realization of mans understanding of the process of sensation, perception process, thinking in images, distributed memory and self-learning, self-organizing process.behaviorist school of psychology, starting from the behavior of that intelligence is only the interaction with the environment in the show. artificial intelligence research has gone through several stages: the first stage: the rise of artificial intelligence 50 years and cold after the first time the concept of artificial intelligence, there have been a number of significant results, such as machine theorem proving, chess program, general problem solving procedure s, lisp list processing language. however, due to the limited digestion reasoning, and machine translation, etc. the failure of the artificial intelligence into a low ebb. this stage is characterized by: attention to problem-solving methods, ignoring the importance of knowledge. the second stage: the late 60s to 70 years, expert systems have enabled a new upsurge of artificial intelligence research.chemical mass spectrometry system dendral, mycin disease diagnosis and treatment system, prospectior prospecting system, hearsay-ii speech understanding systems, expert systems research and development, will lead a practical artificial intelligence. and in 1969 established the international joint conference artificial intelligence (international joint conferences on artificial intelligence is ijcai). phase iii: 80 years, with the development of fifth generation computers, artificial intelligence has been great development. japan, in 1982 the fifth generation computer development program, or knowledge information processing computer system kips, its purpose is to make logical reasoning to numerical operations so fast. while this plan ultimately failed, but it formed a study conducted artificial boom. phase iv: the late 80s, the rapid development of neural networks. in 1987, the united states convened the first international conference on neural networks, announced the birth of this new discipline. since then, the countrys investment in the neural network gradually increased, neural network has developed rapidly. phase v: 90s, a new study of artificial intelligence climax as the network technology, especially the international development of internet technology, artificial intelligence research began to shift from the single-agent distributed network environment based on artificial intelligence research. not only based on the same goal of a distributed problem solving, and studied by the agent for multi-objective problem solving, artificial intelligence is more practical oriented. in addition, the hopfield neural network model of the proposed multi-layer, so that research and application of artificial neural network thriving scene there. artificial intelligence has penetrated into all areas of social life. ibm, deep blue computer beat the human world chess champion, the united states has developed a multi-agent system application to important research information superhighway plan, based on agent technology softbot (software robots) in software and network search engines has been fully applied at the same time, the u.s. sandia laboratories has established the internationals largest virtual reality laboratory, to be adopted by the helmet and data glove data to achieve a more friendly human-computer interaction, intelligent user interface to build better. image processing and image recognition, voice processing and voice recognition to obtain a good development, ibm introduced the viavoice voice recognition software to make the sound as an important information input media. major international computer companies began to artificial intelligence as its research. people generally believe that the computer will be to the network, intelligent, parallel direction. the twenty-first century information technology will be an intelligent information processing center. the main content of current artificial intelligence: distributed artificial intelligence and multi-agent system, artificial model of thinking, knowledge systems (including expert systems, knowledge-based systems and intelligent decision system), knowledge discovery and data mining (from a large number of incomplete , fuzzy, noisy data mining useful knowledge out of us), genetic and evolutionary computation (genetic and evolutionary biology by theoretical simulations to reveal the evolutionary laws of human intelligence), artificial life (by constructing a simple artificial life systems (such as: machine worm) and observe their behavior to explore the mysteries of the primary intelligence), ai (such as: fuzzy control, intelligent buildings, intelligent human-machine interface, intelligent robots, etc.) and so on. although research and application of artificial intelligence made a lot of results, but there is a great application from the full distance, there are many issues to be resolved, and the need for a multidisciplinary research experts work together. future research directions in artificial intelligence are: artificial intelligence, machine learning models and theories, imprecise knowledge representation and reasoning, common sense knowledge and reasoning, artificial model of thinking, intelligent human-machine interface, multi-agent systems, knowledge discovery and knowledge acquisition, artificial intelligence, application infrastructure and so on.人工智能技术及应用姚锡房人工智能（artificialintelligence）,英文缩写为ai,是一门由计算机科学、控制论、信息论、语言学、神经生理学、心理学、数学、哲学等多种学科相互渗透而发展起来的综合性新学科。自问世以来ai经过波波折折，但终于作为一门边缘新学科得到世界的承认并且日益引起人们的兴趣和关注。不仅许多其他学科开始引入或借用ai技术，而且ai中的专家系统、自然语言处理和图象识别已成为新兴的知识产业的三大突破口。人工智能的思想萌芽可以追溯到十七世纪的巴斯卡和莱布尼茨，他们较早萌生了有智能的机器的想法。十九世纪，英国数学家布尔和德o摩尔根提出了“思维定律“，这些可谓是人工智能的开端。十九世纪二十年代，英国科学家巴贝奇设计了第一架“计算机器“，它被认为是计算机硬件，也是人工智能硬件的前身。电子计算机的问世，使人工智能的研究真正成为可能。作为一门学科，人工智能于1956年问世，是由“人工智能之父“mccarthy及一批数学家、信息学家、心理学家、神经生理学家、计算机科学家在dartmouth大学召开的会议上，首次提出。对人工智能的研究，由于研究角度的不同，形成了不同的研究学派。这就是：符号主义学派、连接主义学派和行为主义学派。传统人工智能是符号主义，它以newell和simon提出的物理符号系统假设为基础。物理符号系统是由一组符号实体组成，它们都是物理模式，可在符号结构的实体中作为组成成分出现，可通过各种操作生成其它符号结构。物理符号系统假设认为：物理符号系统是智能行为的充分和必要条件。主要工作是“通用问题求解程序“：通过抽象，将一个现实系统变成一个符号系统，基于此符号系统，使用动态搜索方法求解问题。连接主义学派是从人的大脑神经系统结构出发，研究非程序的、适应性的、大脑风格的信息处理的本质和能力，研究大量简单的神经元的集团信息处理能力及其动态行为。人们也称之为神经计算。研究重点是侧重于模拟和实现人的认识过程中的感觉、知觉过程、形象思维、分布式记忆和自学习、自组织过程。行为主义学派是从行为心理学出发，认为智能只是在与环境的交互作用中表现出来。人工智能的研究经历了以下几个阶段：第一阶段：50年代人工智能的兴起和冷落人工智能概念首次提出后，相继出现了一批显著的成果，如机器定理证明、跳棋程序、通用问题s求解程序、lisp表处理语言等。但由于消解法推理能力的有限，以及机器翻译等的失败，使人工智能走入了低谷。这一阶段的特点是：重视问题求解的方法，忽视知识重要性。第二阶段：60年代末到70年代，专家系统出现，使人工智能研究出现新高潮dendral化学质谱分析系统、mycin疾病诊