外文翻译--工业生态学在亚洲发展中国家的潜力.doc

外文翻译on the industrial ecologypotential in asian developing countries author：s.f chiu nationality：philippinessource：“on the industrial ecologypotential in asian developing countries journal of cleaner production.volume.12, issues 8-10, pages 1037-1045.october-december 20041 introductionthe economy of the asian developing countries (adcs) is the largest in the developing world. the asian economy has experienced the most rapid increase of its history during the last two decades. however, as with economic growth of the entire industrial world, this increase has generated severe environmental challenges. the adcs moved quickly to encourage local industrialization and attract foreign investment in the absence of a comprehensive sustainable development scheme.there is some encouraging evidence that industrial ecology is beginning to yield positive benefits in adcs. some activities are spontaneous; they were economy and technology-driven. others were introduced and partnered with international organizations, such as the united nations development programmed (undp) prime project in the philippines, united nations environmental programme (unep) project in china, deutsche gesellschaft fr technische zusammenarbeit (gtz) involvement in thailand and china, and adb project in sri lanka. all these projects have comprehensive benefits, but there are still many barriers and difficulties. since adcs have different political, economic, environmental and resource constraints than the economies in developed countries, adcs need to review and craft suitable strategies to put industrial ecology into place, instead of using the models developed for developed countries.chinas central government pays attention to environmental protection and supports the application and development of environmental management strategies, such as industrial ecology. as the national agency of environmental protection, the state environmental protection administration (sepa) led the first eip project in guigang, guangxi zhuang autonomous region in 2000. in october 2001, the department of science, technology and standard in sepa initiated another eip demonstration project in yantai, shandong province. meanwhile, sepa is preparing to develop relevant policies to support the application of industrial ecology. preventive strategies, such as cleaner production, have been included into the law in 2002. another important initiative of sepa is the circular economy demonstration project in liaoning province, the biggest heavy industry base in china. under this project, some eip projects will be initiated in shenyang, dalian, anshan, and yingkou, and some efforts on integrated materials management will take place at the municipal level. on the basis of these, a virtual eco-industrial network (ein) at the provincial level will be established that will focus on improving eco-efficiency and provide other regions with a working model。the developing economies are looking up to the strategies put in place by their developed neighbors. taiwan, korea, and japan have launched industrial ecology programs. japan was the first to introduce several recycling oriented economic society programs such as the ecotown project, product stewardship and corporate social responsibility. the taiwan government approved the establishment of two environmental technology parks in hua lian and kaohsiung in january 2003。 the korean national cleaner production center recently started the task leading a 15-year, three-phase establishment of eip networks nationwide.an overview of many asia pacific eco-industrial development initiatives revealed that, eips have been understood initially as an holistic system and integrated system; but when the projects were started, they often only carry out exercises of material or by-product exchanges without conducting an estate-wide inventory and analysis of resource flows and their balances. furthermore, only a very few initiatives have gone beyond material flows; for example, such questions as the management and organizational arrangements for inter-organizational and network management platforms and systems or the planning of community and stakeholder participation have been given very little attention, because the focus has mainly been on the physical flows of matter and energy. the design of industrial ecology initiatives is very inflexible and restricted by the nature of the industrial estates in adcs, i.e. some include big multinational companies while others are occupied by numerous smes.these situational factors of adcs led to the following conclusions on the important asian eid issues. first, there is the question of the terminology usage. the terms and concepts applied have included eco-industrial development eid, eip, ein or industrial symbiosis.second, there is a need for an organized plan to improve the communication of industrial ecology concepts to various stakeholders like business, government and the general public. this part is critical for the successful implementation of the industrial ecology concepts.third, adcs must create policies both at the local and national level that will assist in the recognition of the importance of the eco-industrial development approach.fourth, the lack of financial support for the industrial ecology projects must be addressed.fifth, continuous research and development must be conducted in order to improve the ability to adapt to the changing economic and social conditions in adcs. studies must be made to further develop the knowledge on how to better define indicators 。documentation of the research work and case studies must be enhanced.2、analysesstrengths developing economic structures. after the 1997 financial crisis, the asia pacific country economies recovered quickly. foreign investment and domestic industrialization, for example in china, has increased substantially. this situation will provide the region with a rich diversity of industrial and other societal actors. such diversity will open up new paths to innovation, learning and cooperation. human resources. there is obviously an abundance of human resources in asia and the pacific region. research. the academia and research institutions have already gathered some important eco-industrial development experience, as they have long been involved in several regional and international industrial ecology initiatives. the role of the government. some key drivers of industrial ecology projects have already been identified through the implementation of different projects in adcs. in many asian economies, such as china, japan, taiwan, thailand and vietnam; the government has had the key role in running eip projects. in other economies, such as philippines, india, singapore, indonesia, sri lanka; the governments, together with different stakeholders, play a critical role to lead the projects of sustainable development. increasing awareness. general awareness of sustainable development has increased. the corporate world is beginning to understand that industrial ecology can also contribute to competitive capability.weaknesses fuzzy terminology. lack of complete understanding of eco-industrial development; the terminology is vague, goals are not clear, and there are many difficulties when deciding on how to measure eco-industrial development or what indicators and metrics should be used in such measurements. lack of financial resources. there is a lack of funding and subsidies to promote industrial ecology education and information dissemination. insufficient education. lack of industrial ecology education that would reach the many stakeholders affected by or affecting industrial ecology projects. unclear roles of different public sector bodies. the roles of various government units in sustainable development work are overlapping. there is a lack of coordination mechanisms and implementing infrastructures. failure to understand the strategic potential of industrial ecology. lack of a mindset to promote proactive utilization of industrial ecology as a strategic capability-building tool for national development. implementation of policy. there is lack of good governance, capability and transparency in the implementation of rules and regulations in many developing economies. there is an imbalance of eastwest development and wealth distribution in many economies in the region . lack of proper technology and know-how. the technology and know-how available in the region are not sufficient. current industrial technology focuses on the first half of the life cycle, that is, from extraction of raw materials to manufacturing of the finished consumer product. there is a big gap in skills and know-how in terms of the latter steps of the life cycle, that is, from post-consumption to the loop closing and disposal stages. insufficient management systems and practices. there are problems in the current management structures and systems; there is a lack of integrated system-based management of industrial clusters. companies are yet to develop joint management structures and initiatives and they still tend to focus on intra-organizational instead of inter-organizational management.3、conclusion the following points need to be taken into account when the concepts and principles of industrial ecology are adopted and used in developing countries, in our case, in adcs. first, there are severe environmental problems and threats in these developing economies and they are rapidly becoming more severe, because unsustainable economic growth has been and continues to be rapid, resources are scarce and the population is growing while poverty continues to be among the major problems of economic and social development.second, this means that new perspectives and approaches are needed in adcs to reduce the environmental burden of rapid economic expansion. in fact, industrial ecology has emerged as such a potential approach during recent years.third, it is critically important for the developing countries to try to avoid what seems to be the usual way of interpreting industrial ecology in the literature. this usual way to use industrial ecology and related tools adopts these tools only after the main policy guidelines; plans and strategies have been developed. in this context, there is a big risk that industrial ecology will only be used to control the emissions and wastes and perhaps, to support and sustain economic structures that are inherently unsustainable. instead of such instrumental, end-of-pipe or clean-up efforts, industrial ecology must be used as the basic strategy of holistic and preventive national economic development of adcs. if adcs fail to integrate industrial ecology into the mainstream policies and strategies of economic development, and instead, adopt industrial ecology merely as an add on or a tool that is used under the dominant economic model, it is very likely that adcs cannot move the economic development process toward sustainability.what happened in developed countries was, we argue, because the environmental and sustainability concerns were perceived as being in conflict with the economic aims and prosperity, or they were not acknowledged at all. in other words, the economic value creation was partly seen as something to which environmental protection cannot be integrated. if adcs adopt industrial ecology as the basic philosophy of economic development, it may be possible for adcs to leapfrog and avoid the era of the kinds of economic expansion that rapidly increase human health and broader environmental burdens. perhaps, it is possible to directly move to a stage that uses indigenous eco-efficient technologies and is able to manage the entire life cycle of products and processes, thereby reducing human health and environmental burdens while moving economic and social development toward more sustainable patterns.however, these kinds of visions are very difficult to implement in adcs. for example, the uncertain political and social climate, the gaps between the rich and the poor, and in particular, the current rapid economic growth will be difficult obstacles in the path toward more sustainable development. even if the visualized efficiency gains are achieved, economic growth can lead to a situation in which the negative growth-effects exceed the gains achieved through eco-efficiency and the absolute amount of resource consumption and emissions generated, will continue to increase. 工业生态学在亚洲发展中国家的潜力作者：安东尼柯焕邱国籍：菲律宾出处：清洁生产杂志 volume 12, issues 8-10 , october-december 2004, pages 1037-1045，2004年第12期一、引言亚洲发展中国家的经济规模在发展中国家世界是最大的。在过去二十年里，亚洲经济经历了最快速增长的时期。然而，随着整个工业世界的经济增长，这一增长对环境产生了严重的挑战。在缺乏一个全面的可持续发展计划的情况下，亚洲发展中国家迅速采取行动，鼓励当地工业化和吸引外国投资。有一些令人鼓舞的证据表明，工业生态已开始在东亚发展中国家中产生积极的效益。有些活动是自发的，他们是由经济和技术驱动的。其他的活动是从国外引入并与国际组织合作的，如在菲律宾的联合国开发计划署（开发署）项目，在中国的联合国环境规划署（环境署）项目，在泰国和中国的德国技术合作公司（ gtz ）参与，和在斯里兰卡的亚行项目。所有这些项目都有着综合效益，但仍存在许多障碍和困难。由于东亚发展中国家比经济发达国家有更多不同的政治，经济，环境和资源的限制，所以东亚发展中国家需要审查和草拟适当的战略来实施工业生态学，而不是使用为发达国家设立的模型。中国中央政府重视保护环境，并支持环境管理战略的应用和发展，如工业生态学。作为保护环境的国家机构，国家环境保护总局（ sepa ）于2000年在广西壮族自治区设立了第一批生态工业园项目。 2001年10月，国家环保总局的科学，技术和标准部门又在山东烟台启动了生态工业园示范项目。与此同时，国家环保总局正准备制定相关政策，以支持应用工业生态学。预防战略中，如清洁生产，已于2002年被纳入法律。另一项总局的重要举措是在最大的重工业基地辽宁省的循环经济示范项目。在这一项目下，一些生态工业园项目将开始在沈阳，大连，鞍山，营口展开，而且综合材料管理将在市一级展开。在此基础上，一个虚拟生态工业网络将在省一级成立，其将重点放在改善生态效率，并提供与其他地区的工作模式上。发展中经济体正在努力寻找其发达邻国实施的战略。台湾，韩国，日本已经发起工业生态学项目。日本第一个推出若干回收导向的经济社会计划，如ecotown项目，产品管理以及企业社会责任感。台湾政府于2003年1月批准在华联和高雄设立两个环保科技园区。最近，韩国国家清洁生产中心开始着手建立为期15年，分三个阶段建立覆盖全国的企业信息平台。许多亚太地区的生态工业的发展举措一览表明， eips已经被最初理解作为一个整体的系统和综合系统; 但是，当项目开始后，他们往往只进行材料原或副产品进行交换而不分析资源流动及其余额。此外，只有极少数的倡议超越了原材料的流动，例如，这些问题的管理和组织安排组织，网络管理平台和系统的规划，或社会利益相关者的参与，都得到了很少的注意，因为重点主要是物质和能量的实物流动。由于东亚发展中国家工业资产的性质，工业生态学的设计非常不灵活而且受到很多限制，比如，一些包括大型跨国公司在内，而其他却被许多中小型企业占有。东亚发展中国家的这些环境因素导致以下关于亚洲的eid问题的重要结论。第一，术语的使用存在问题。术语和概念的应用包括了生态工业发展的eid, eip, ein或工业共生。第二，需要有一个有组织的计划，以改善各种利益相关者对通信工业生态学的概念，如公司，政府和广大公众。这部分是成功构成工业生态学的概念的关键。 第三，东亚发展中国家都必须在地方和国家一级建立政策，这将有助于认识到生态工业的发展的重要性。 第四，工业生态学项目缺乏财政支持的问题必须得到解决。 第五，必须进行不断研究和发展，以提高能力来适应东亚发展中国家不断变化的经济和社会条件。研究必须作出进一步发展就如何更好地界定和量化指标的知识。文件的研究工作和案例研究，必须予以加强。二、工业生态学在亚洲的发展分析(1)优势发展着的经济结构。 1997年金融危机之后，亚太国家的经济迅速恢复。外国投资和国内工业化，例如在中国，已大大增加。这种情况将为该区域提供一个丰富多样的工业和其他社会参与因素。这种多样性将开辟新的途径来创新，学习和合作。 人力资源。显然，在亚洲和太平洋地区有丰富的人力资源。 研究。学术界和研究机构已收集到一些重要的生态工业发展的经验，因为他们长期以来一直参与了一些区域和国际工业生态学的倡议。 政府的作用。在东亚发展中国家中，通过实施在不同的项目里，一些