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英语语法大全1. 名词名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。1.1 名词复数的不规则变化1)child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如: peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如: The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes, 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6)还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼1.2 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。1) 用复数作定语。 如:sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如:men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。 如:goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如:two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划 个别的有用复数作定语的,如: a seven-years child1.3 不同国家的人的单复数名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians 俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法国人the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americans an American two Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germans a Germans two Germans英国人the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人the Swedish a Swede two Swedes2. 冠词和数词冠词是虚词,有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。2.1 不定冠词的用法1) 表示一个,意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2) 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer.3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word/ in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden2.2 定冠词的用法1)特指双方都明白的人或物: Take the medicine.2)上文提到过的人或事: He bought a house. Ive been to the house.3)指世上独一物二的事物: the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面: Where do you live?I live on the second floor. Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体: They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm.8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前: the Peoples Republic of China the United States 9)用在表示乐器的名词之前: She plays the piano.10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人: the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)11) 用在惯用语中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow,the day beforeyesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water,field,country)in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre2.3 零冠词的用法1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;They are teachers. 3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;Man cannot live without water.5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词; We go to school from Monday to Friday. 6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词; The guards took the American to General Lee. 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词; I cant write without pen or pencil.9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train; 10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如: school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town, church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义; go to hospital去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)11)不用冠词的序数词;a. 序数词前有物主代词 b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all,from first to last2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。 He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。 He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。2.5 冠词位置1) 不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half, I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance.c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。 但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后, 名词之前。 All the students in the class went out.2.6 数词一、基数词1)基数词写法和读法: 345three hundred and forty-five;2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数: a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人; b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里; 如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。 c. 表示几十岁; d. 表示年代,用 in +the +数词复数; e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式: first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st三、数词的用法1)倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length) of The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。 d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数: 1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.3. 代词代词是代替名词的一种词类。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。一、人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:数 单数 复数 格 主格 宾格 主格宾格 第一人称 I me weus 第二人称 you you youyou he him they them 第三人称 she her they them it it they them 如:He is my friend.Its me.二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代 词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。 数 单数 复数 人称 第一 第二 第三 第一第二第三 容词性物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their 名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs如: I like his car. Our school is here,and theirs is there.三、 指示代词有this,that,these,those等。如: That is a good idea.四、反身代词有myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves如: She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。五、相互代词有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。如: They love each other.他们彼此相爱。六、不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something, no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:- Do you have a car? Yes,I have one.- I dont know any of them.七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)如:Tell me who he is. 八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。如: He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。4. 形容词和副词4.1 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常可分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作 定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。(错)He is an ill man. (错)She is an afraid girl (对)The man is ill. (对)The girl is afraid. 这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如: something nice4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。 (错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。如:daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry,the disabledThe poor are losing hope.2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为: 限定词-数词-描绘词(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+名词those + three + beautiful + large + square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table4.5 副词及其基本用法副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置: 1) 在动词之前。 2) 在be动词、助动词之后。 3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意: a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序:1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意:a. 副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 (错)I very like English. (对)I like English very much. b. 副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat.(or: food enough)4.6 兼有两种形式的副词1) close与closely close意思是近;closely 意思是仔细地 He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 与lately late意思是晚; lately 意思是最近 You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep与deeply deep意思是深,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high与highl high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是广泛地,在许多地方 He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free与freelyfree的意思是免费;freely 的意思是无限制地 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.4.7 形容词与副词的比较级大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。1) 规则变化 a. 单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est构成比较级和最高级。 以y结尾的双音节词改y为i,再加 -er,-est 如:easy, busy, early, angry, hungry, pretty, happy 少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词,加-er,-est如:clever, narrow b. 其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more, most构成比较级和最高级importanteasily2) 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/ wellbetter best bad / ill worse worstold older/elder oldest/eldest much/many more mostlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthest 4.8 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2)当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式: as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine.4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ the + n + ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice the size of mine.4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than注意: 1)要避免重复使用比较级。 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is more clever than his brother. (对) He is clever than his brother. 2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4)要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词。 比较:Which is large, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is the taller of the two sisters.4.10 可修饰比较级的词1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等 2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。 3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。 形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示非常。It is a most important problem. = It is a very important problem. 注意: 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 (错)Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对)Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almostThis hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意:a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent.3) 句型转换:Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4) 否定词语+比较级,否定词语+ so as结构表示最高级含义。 Nothing is so easy as this.= Nothing is easier than this.= This is the easiest thing.4.13 和more有关的词组1) the more the more越越 The harder you work,the greater progress youll make.2) more B than A , less A than B与其说A不如说B He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more than 与一样,不比多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than与一样 He is no less diligent than you.4) more than不只是,非常 She is more than kind to us all.5. 动词1)根据其在句中的功能,可分为实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。注:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,如:We are having a meeting.(having是实义动词。) He has gone to New York.(has是助动词。)2)根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为及物动词(Transitive Verb即vt.)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb即vi.)注:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。如:She can dance and sing. She can sing many English songs.4)根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分为限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)如:She sings very well.(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings) She wants to learn English well.(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词) 注:英语中共有三种非限定动词:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase) 如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. (contains是单字动词。) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. (look up是短语动词。) The young ought to take care of the old. (take care of是动词短语。)6)动词有五种形态:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。6. 动名词6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语1)作主语 Fighting broke out between the South and the North.2)作宾语 a. 动词后加doing V. + doing admit 承认appreciate 感激avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为delay 耽误deny否认 detest 讨厌endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent阻止 fancy 想象finish 完成 imagine想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括stand 忍受 keep 继续 forgive 宽恕 understand 理解advise, allow, anticipate, dislike, dread, encourage, excuse, forbid, forgive, involve, permit, prevent, recollect, suggest 如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.b. 词组后接doing admit to, preferto, be used to, lead to, devote oneself to, object to, stick to, look forward to, no good, no use,Its worth, as well as, Its no use /good, be tired

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