(名)资深教师中高考辅导讲座高考完形填空指导.ppt

( (名）资深教师中高考辅导讲座名）资深教师中高考辅导讲座 高考完形填空指导 “完形填空”是英语高考题中难度较大得分 率较低对考生要求较高的一种题型.所谓完形 填空，就是在一篇完整的意思连贯的文章中 有目的地挖去一些词语，形成文章的空格， 要求考生从文章的内容、组织结构和语言特 点出发，全面考虑问题，综合运用所学词汇 、语法知识、文化风俗背景知识和一般常识 性知识，选出一个最佳答案。完形填空后的 文章，不仅要语法正确、用词恰当，而且意 思、结构完整、合理。 完形填空是综合性很强的题目. 它不仅测试应试 者在词汇和句子水平上运用语言的能力，还测试 应试者在语篇上综合运用语言结构的能力。具备 较强的快速阅读和语篇的整体理解能力，能够根 据上、下文线索通篇考虑.完形填空中所填的词 是与文章的上下文有联系的。做完形填空，必须 要在通读全文、了解大意的前提下，根据所提供 的选项及句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过 逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。完形填空 强调解题的思维过程，强调分析、判断、理解、 综合等能力在解题中的作用，属于逻辑型试题。 完形填空在出题时有这样一条原则：去掉10 个空格后不会影响考生对文章大意的了解。 所以，考生在填空前，大可不必为理解上的 障碍而省略了阅读全文这至关重要的一步。 另外,在通常情况下，文章开头的第一句话 都是完整的信息，这些句子揭示文章的背景 知识或主题思想，一般作者在第一句话就交 代了人物的姓名、身份、业绩或事件发生的 时间、地点，然后再介绍事件的发生、发展 ，最后得出结果。考生在阅读中一定要仔细 研读，并结合常识判断构建一定的预期，为 后面的阅读扫清障碍。 在做完形填空时，应采取以下五个步 骤逐一进行。 步骤一，了解大意 步骤二，初选答案 步骤三，寻找线索 步骤四，回头补缺 步骤五，核实答案 步骤一，了解大意 步骤二，初选答案 步骤三，寻找线索 做完形填空必须要从整篇文章入手，通篇 考虑，结合上下文寻找线索。有些题只从 那句话来考虑，我们会发现四个选项都可 以选，但从上下文看，就能迅速排除其它 三个，得出正确答案，所以,从某种意义上 来说，“寻找线索“不仅可以考察考生的 语言知识，而且更强调对文章内容的整体 把握。 步骤四，回头补缺 在做题时，如果有的难题一时做不出来 ，可以继续往下做。只要坚持往下做， 随着空格变得越来越少，难度越来越低 ,对文章的理解也越来越轻松，有时就 能从下文的线索和暗示中找到答案. 步骤五，核实答案 空格填完后考生应将答案带入原 文通读，通读的目的是通过“语 感”来核实答案。这样, 可以改 正填错的词。 完形填空出题有以下五种思路 (一）词义与词形的辨 析 (二）逻辑关系 (三)结构识别, (四)固定搭配 (五)动词的用法,介词的 用法 （一）词义与词形的辨析 选项与选项之间构成同义词、反 义词、形近词的关系。有时出题 者也借助选项，考察考生对某些 单词词义的准确理解。 （二）逻辑关系 所填空格的句子，与上下文构成指代 、列举、因果、比较、对比、让步、 补充、递进等逻辑关系。 上下文逻辑关系的考察，是完形填空 测试中最重要的一点。 (三)结构识别 这里讲到的结构，指的是固定词组 ，如not onlybutalso, somethe others, hardly when ,no soonerthan等。 (四)固定搭配 是指动词与名词之间的搭配。如： pay attention to, lay emphasis on, make use of, take action, etc. (五)动词，介词的用法 考生应从动词的时态、语态，以及 非谓语动词 (不定式、动名词、现 在分词、过去分词）几个角度逐一 考虑。 介词的用法中多考察介词与名词、 介词与形容词及介词与动词的搭配 和用法。 总之，完形填空的成功离不开对 篇章的整体把握，切不可孤立地 、片面地看问题。 。 完形填空答题方法与技巧 做完型填空的基本程序：粗 读了解大意细读初选答案复 读纠正错误。 2001(上海卷) B Many people find that regular physical activity gives them an unexpected benefit. They sleep better and wake up feeling more (1)_, . 1. A. conscious B. peaceful C. effective D. refreshed D Researchers have found that physical exercise, especially (3)_ in the afternoon or early morning, produces more (4)_ early in the night. 3. A. made B. done C. functioned D. conducted 4. A. nights sleep B. dreaming sleep C. deep sleep D. REM B C (5)_ can also help you get a better nights sleep in a number of indirect ways. The relaxation and tiredness (6)_ by exercise can improve sleep. 5. A. Exercise B. Dreams C. Researchers D. Doctors 6. A .recovered B. strengthened C. caused D. reduced A C Exercise encourages weight loss and also may (7)_ depression. 7. A. increase B. relieve C. release D. arouse B The (9)_ of exercise are especially important for older people, 9. A. disadvantage B. benefits C. ways D. places B 2002 (上海卷 春) A It is very important to have healthy teeth. Good teeth help us to chew our food. They also help us to look nice. How does a tooth go bad? The (1)_ begins in a little crack in the enamel (珐琅) covering of the tooth. This happens after germs and bits of food have (2)_ there. Then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth. In the end, poison goes into the blood, and we may feel quite ill. 1.A. destruction B. decay C. fault D. hurt 2. A. stored B. collected C. laid D. piled B B How can we keep our teeth (3)_? First, we ought to visit our dentist twice a year. He can fill the small holes in our teeth before they destroy the teeth. He can (4)_ our teeth to check that they are growing in the right way. 3. A. healthy B. complete C. effective D. painless 4. A. observe B. skin C. watch D. examine A D (5)_, many people wait until they have toothache before they see a dentist. Secondly, we should brush our teeth with a toothbrush and fluoride (氟化物) toothpaste at least (6) a dayonce after breakfast and once before we go to bed. 5. A. Unexpectedly B. Certainly C. Unfortunately D. Generally times 6. A. once B. twice C. three times D. four C B We can also use wooden toothpicks to (7)_ between our teeth after a meal. Thirdly, we should eat food that is (8)_ to our teeth and our body: milk, cheese, fish, brown bread, potatoes, red rice, new vegetables and fresh fruit. 7. A. drill B. dig C. clean D. explore 8. A. delicious B. valuable C. beneficial D. meaningful C C Chocolate, sweets, biscuits and cakes are bad, especially (9)_ we eat them between meals. They are harmful because they (10)_ our teeth and cause decay. 9. A. what B. how C. whether D. when 10. A. stick to B. attach to C. fix on D. keep to D A 2002 (上海卷) A Have you ever regretted doing something you shouldnt have done or something you didnt do which you should have? At one time or another we probably all have. Theres no (1)_ in getting depressed about it now its no (2)_ crying over spilt (溢出的) milk. 1.A. reason B. purpose C. point D. result 2.A. use B. help C. value D. benefit C A However, there may be some gain in thinking about exactly what happened and why (3)_ we might be able to draw some conclusions for the future. One thing we all do now and again is to lose our (4)_ with a friend or close relative. 3. A. so B. because C. but D. though 4. A. mind B. memory C. manner D. temper B D The odd thing is that we more often display great (5)_ towards someone we are fond of than towards (6)_. 5. A. anger B. interest C. love D. respect 6. A. strangers B. friends C. relatives D. colleagues A A The explanation may be that we see friends and relatives as a kind of safety net, an opportunity to (7)_ a bit of steam in a safe environment, while the consequences ( 后果) of (8)_ a stranger could be far more serious. 7. A. run through B. throw away C. give up D. let off 8. A. inviting B. insulting C. speaking to D. believing in D B 2002 (上海卷) B Several factors make a good newspaper story. First obviously it must be new. But since TV can react to events so quickly, this is often a problem for (1)_. They usually respond to it in one of three ways. By providing (2)_ detail, comment or background information. 1.A. newspapers B. publication C. reporters D. broadcasters 2. A. extra B. available C. inaccessible D. memorable A A By finding a new (3)_ on the days major stories. By printing completely different stories which TV doesnt broadcast. What else? Well it also has to be (4)_. 3. A. direction B. look C. angle D. section 4. A. tragic B. dramatic C. professional D. sensitive C B People dont want to read about ordinary, everyday-life. Because of this, many stories (5)_D_ some kind of conflict or danger. This is one reason why so much news seems to be (6)_B_ news. 5.A.quite b.neglect c.increase d.involve 6.a.good b.bad c. exciting rmation D B “Plane lands safely no-one hurt” doesnt sell newspapers. “Plane (7)_ - 200 feared dead!” does. Next, theres human interest. People are interested in other (8)_ - particularly in the rich, famous and powerful. Stories about the private lives of pop singers, actors, models, politicians, (9)_, all appear regularly in certain newspapers. 7. A. crashes B. bumps C. strikes D. drops 8. A. places B. people C. things D. news 9. A. in addition B. in many case C. for example D. after all A B C Finally, for many editors, (10)_ is an important factor, too. They prefer stories about people, places and events which their readers know. Thats why the stories in Tokyos newspapers are often very different from the stories printed in Paris, Cairo, New York or Buenos Aires. D 10. A. personality B. similarity C. uniqueness D. familiarity 2002 (全国卷) What is intelligence (智力) anyway? When I was in the army I (1)_ an intelligence test that all soldiers took, and, against (2)_ of 100, scored 160. 1. A. failed B. wrote C. received D. chose 2. A. an average B. a total C. an exam D. a number C A I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not (3)_ have scored more than 80. (4)_, when anything went wrong with my car I hurried to him and he always (5)_ it. 3. A. always B. possibly C. certainly D. frequently 4. A. Then B. Thus C. Therefore D. yet 5. A. fixed B. checked C. drove D. changed B D A 2003 (上海卷 春) A Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. They say that it is (1)_ for children to work at home in their free time. 1.A. unnecessary B. uninteresting C. unfortunate D. unimportant A (2)_, they argue that most teachers do not (3)_ plan the homework tasks they give to pupils. The result is that pupils have to (4)_ tasks which they have already done at school. 2. A. Nevertheless B. However C. Therefore D. Moreover 3. A. considerable B. favourably C. properly D. pleasantly 4. A. finish B. repeat C. attend D. accomplish D C B Recently in Greece many parents (5)_ _ about the difficult homework which teachers gave to their children. The parents said that most of the homework was a waste of time, and they wanted to (6)_ it. 5. A. quarrelled B. puzzled C. explored D. complained 6. A. delay B. stop C. block D. prove D B A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and (9)_ room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on. Some parents help their children with their homework. Other parents take no (10)_ at all in their childrens homework. 9. A. furnished B. expensive C. comfortable D. suitable 10. A. interest B. curiosity C. notice D. attention C A 2003 (上海卷) A Farmers, as we all know, have been having a hard time of it lately, and have turned to new ways of earning income from their land. This involves not only planting new kinds of crops, but some (1)_ ways of making money, the most unusual of which has got to be sleep racing. Yes, you heard me (2)_! 1.A. common B. strange C. swift D. illegal 2. A. honestly B. surprisingly C. completely D. correctly B D 2003 （上海卷）B The British love to think of themselves as polite, and everyone knows how fond they are of their “pleases” and “thank yous”. Even the simplest business such as buying a train ticket requires (1)_ seven or eight of these. Another (2)_ of our good manners is the queue. 1. A. at least B. at most C. less than D. not more than 2. A. signal B. scene C. sign D. sight A C Newcomers to Britain could be forgiven for thinking that queuing rather than football was the (3)_ national sport. Finally, of course, motorists generally stop at crossings. But does all this mean that the British should consider themselves more polite than their European neighbours? I think not. Take forms of address (称呼) for example. The average English person (4)_ he happens to work in a hotel or department store - would rather die than call a stranger “Sir” or “Madam”. Yet in some European countries this is the most basic of common address. 3. A. true B. original C. superior D. advanced 4. A. if B. whether C. when D. unless A D 2004 (上海卷 - 春) A People wear hats for three main reasons: protection, communication, and decoration. Protection. People first began to wear hats to (1)_ themselves from the climate. In hot, sunny climates, wide- edged hats provide (2)_ from the sun. 1. A. defend B. protect C. prevent D. hide 2. A. shade B. shadow C. security D. cover B A In cold climates, people often wear wool hats. In some regions, people wear a variety of protective hats, (3)_ the season. They may wear a wool hat in winter, a rain hat in spring or fall, and a wide-edged hat in summer. Hats also provide protection in certain (4)_. 3. A. resulting from B. basing upon C. relating to D. depending on 4. A. seasons B. climates C. activities D. communities D C Construction workers, football players, military personnel, and people in many other fields wear metal or plastic helmets (头盔) for protection from (5)_A_. Communication. Hats can communicate various things about the people who wear them. The hats of coal mines, cowboys and firemen indicate the wearers (6)_B_. 5. A. injury B. destruction C. harm D. pollution 6.A. experience B. occupation C. personality D. education A B Students may wear a mortarboard (学位帽) to show they are graduating from high school or college. Decoration. Most people wear a hat that they believe makes them look attractive, (7)_ the hats main purpose may be protection or communication. Many protective hats are attractive and stylish. Even the caps of police officers and military personnel are designed to (8)_ the wearers appearance. 7. A. as B. unless C. though D. because 8. A. change B. increase C. display D. improve C D Certain decorative hats are worn as a(n) (9)_A_. In Scotland, for example, people wear a cap called a tam-o-shanter that is part of their national costume (服装). Many people change their style of hat from time to time because they feel more (10)_C_ when keeping up with the latest fashion. 9. A. tradition B. label C. honour D. fashion 10. A. sociable B. informal C. attractive D.noble A C 2005(上海卷) A Are your table manners much better when you are eating at a friends home or in a restaurant than they are at your own home? Probably so, (1)_ you are aware that people judge you by your table manners. You take special pains when you are eating (2)_. Have you ever stopped to realize how much less self-conscious you would be on such occasions if (3)_ table manners had become a habit for you? 1. A. because B. but C. unless D. though 2. A. in public B. at home C. at ease D. in a hurry 3. A. such B. no C. some D. good A A D B You can make them a habit by (4)_ good table manners at home. Good manners at mealtimes help you and those around you to feel (5)_. This is true at home as much as it is true in someone elses home or in a restaurant. Good (6)_ make meals more enjoyable for everyone at the table. 4. A. acting B. enjoying C. practising D. watching 5. A. comfortable B. stressed C. depressed D. outstanding 6. A. dishes B. manners C. atmospheres D. friends C A B By this time you probably know quite well what good table manners are. You (7)_ that keeping your arms on the table, talking with your (8)_ full, and wolfing down your food are not considered good manners. You know also that if you are mannerly, you say “Please” and “Thank you” and ask for things to be passed to you. Have you ever thought of a pleasant attitude as being (9)_ to good table manners? Not only are pleasant mealtimes enjoyable, but they aid digestion. The dinner table is a (10)_ for enjoyable conversation. It should be never become a battleground. You are definitely growing in social maturity (成熟) when you try to be an agreeable table companion. 7. A. mention B. prefer C. doubt D. realize 8. A. stomach B. hands C. mouth D. bowl 9. A. essential B. considerate C. obvious D. unusal 10. A. time B. place C. chance D. way D C A B 2005 (上海卷) B There is a tendency to think of each of the arts as a separate area of activity. Many artists, (1)_, would prove that there has always been a warm relationship between the various areas of human activity. (2)_ , in the late nineteenth century the connections between music and painting were particularly (3)_. Artists were invited to design clothes and settings for operas and ballets, but sometimes it was the musicians who were inspired (给以 灵感) by the work of contemporary painters. Of the musical compositions that were considered as (4)_ to the visual arts, perhaps the most famous is Mussorgskys Pictures at an exhibition. Mussorgsky composed the piece in 1874 after the death, at the age of 39, of the artist Victor Hartmann. (5)_ their friendship had not been a particul