钻井英语教程第9章钻井液.doc

fab1f56fd3ecc4bd4d91f6169503b698.pdf 第九章 钻井液一. 单词准备1mud 泥浆drilling fluid 钻井液cutting 岩屑mud chemical 泥浆药品mud cake 泥饼mud weight(density) 泥浆重量（密度）viscosity 粘度filtrate 滤液water loss 失水gel initial 初切力 gel strength 静切力solid control equipment 固控设备shale shaker 振动筛desander 除砂器desilter 除泥器centrifuge 离心机screen cloth 筛布ply 层mesh （筛布）目PH 酸碱值 mud pit 泥浆池MBT=methylene blue test 亚甲基蓝测定法KCL氯化钾lime 石灰SAPP=sodium acid pyrophosphate 粒状焦性磷酸钠NaOH氢氧化钠，烧碱mud tank 泥浆罐mud gun 泥浆枪trip tank （起下钻）泥浆计量罐active tank 上水罐，在用罐intermediate tank 过渡罐GPM =gallon per minute 加仑/分钟1 US gallon 美加仑=3.785 liters 升1 barrel 桶=0.159 cubic meters 立方米1 SG(比重)X8.33=1 ppg 磅/加仑二. 阅读练习1. 固控设备评价和建议 Performance of Solid Removal Equipment In RIG 03 & Recommendations 固控设备评价和建议Prepared by Ammar A.Marouf Drilling Fluids Engineer fab1f56fd3ecc4bd4d91f6169503b698.pdfIntroduction 引言The types and quantities of solids present in drilling mud systems determine the fluid density , viscosity , gel strengths , filter cake quality and filtration control , and other chemical and mechanical properties Solids and theirs volumes also influence mud and well costs , including factors such as , rate of penetration , hydraulics , dilution rates , torque and drag , surge and swab pressures , differential sticking , lost circulation , hole stability , and bit balling , these in turn , influence the service life of bits , pumps and other mechanical equipment . 泥浆中固相的含量和种类，直接决定着泥浆的密度、粘度、切力、泥饼质量和失水控制，以及其它化学和机械性能。固相及固相含量也影响着泥浆和钻井的成本。包括：钻速、水力破碎、稀释成本、扭矩和磨阻、激动和抽吸压力、压差卡钻、井漏、井壁稳定、泥包钻头。这些特征相应影响钻头的寿命、泵和机械设备。Chemicals , clays and weighting materials are added to drilling mud to achieve viarious desirable properties. Drill solids , consisting of rock and low yielding clays , are incorporated into the mud . These solids affect many mud properties adversely . Nevertheless , since it is not possible to remove all drill solids either mechanically or by other means They must be considered a continual contaminant of a mud system .泥浆中加入化学处理剂、粘土和加重材料可以达到满足各种所期望的泥浆性能。钻井岩屑，包括岩石和粘土将分解到泥浆中，与泥浆结为一体。这些固相负面地影响着泥浆的许多性能。但是，由于我们不可能去除所有固相：无论是机械方法或其它方法，所以我们应考虑泥浆中永远都存在污染物。Solid removal is one of the most important aspects of mud systems control , since it has a direct bearing on drilling efficiency . Money spent for solids control and for solving problems related to drill solids represents a significant portion of overall drilling costs . Solid control is a constant problem every day . on every well.降低固相含量是泥浆处理中最重要的一个方面。因为它对钻井效率有着直接的影响。消耗在固相控制和解决与固相控制有关的问题上的资金是钻井全成本的重要一项。固相控制是每口井每天面临的问题.Fundamentals基本原理Drilling mud solids may be separated into two categories: Low Gravity Solids (LGS) with Specific Gravity in the 2.3-2.8 range , and High Gravity Solids (HGS) with SG of 4.2 or higher . Weighting materials such as Barite or Hematite comprise the HGS category and are used to achieve densities greater that 10 PPG . Drill solids , clays and most other mud additives fall into the LGS category and often ate the only solids used to obtain densities up to 10 ppg钻井泥浆固相可以分为两类：低比重固相（其比重为2.3-2.8）和高比重固相（比重为4.3或更高）。重晶石粉和赤铁矿属于高比重固相，作为加重材料用于达到10磅每加仑以上比重的钻井液。岩屑,粘土和其它大部分泥浆添加剂属于低比重固相，可以将泥浆比重增加到10磅每加仑。One of the primary uses for drilling fluids to carry unwanted drilled solids from the borehole. The solids are essentially a contaminant and, if left in the mud, it can lead to numerous operational problems. Three options to maintain drilling fluid properties 钻井液的最基本作用之一是将不需要的岩屑从井内带出到地面。这些岩屑如果留在泥浆中，必将是污染物，导致许多复杂情况。以下有三种方法控制固含保持良好的泥浆性能。 Do nothing and let the solid build up. When the mud no longer meets specification, dump it and start with fresh mud.不做任何处理，任由固相增长。当泥浆不能满足要求时，放掉，换新泥浆。 Dilute the mud and rebuild the system to keep the properties with acceptable ranges, while dumping excess mud to the reserve pit.在将多余泥浆排放到泥浆坑的同时，稀释泥浆和重建系统，使泥浆性能保持在设计范围之内。 Lower the solid content of the mud through solids removal equipment to minimize the addition/dilution necessary to maintain acceptable properties.使用固控设备降低泥浆固相含量，从而减少额外的处理和稀释，维持可接受的泥浆性能。In recent years, increased public awareness of environmental issues has provided both regularly and economic incentives to minimize drilling waste. In many instances, the first two choices have become very expensive and unacceptable. This has served to stress the importance of the third option, efficient solid control. Using solids control equipment to minimize addition/dilution volumes is normally most effective and provide the following benefits:进年来，人们环保意识不断提高，从规则和经济回报方面需要我们尽量减少钻井垃圾。许多情况下，前两个选择成本非常高且不可接受。所以我们强调第三种选择：高效的固相控制。使用固控设备控制泥浆体积和稀释溶液体积是最有效的，还具有以下优点：q Lower water requirements and Less mixing problems减少水的消耗和降低混合处理的问题q Increased penetration rates Reduced torque and drag增加钻速，降低扭矩和磨阻q Lower ECD & Reduced system pressure losses降低ECD和系统压耗q Better cement jobs and Reduced formation damage提高固井质量，降低地层损坏q Less differential sticking降低压差卡钻的机会q Reduced environmental impact减少对环境的危害It is apparent from this list that the role of solid control is instrumental in the maintenance of good drilling fluid. Although the benefits from good solids control are numerous, the cost savings are not appear in normal drilling cost accounting.从以上所举明显可以看出，固相控制的作用对保持良好的泥浆性能是很有帮助的。尽管控制好固相优点是许多的，但在普通钻井成本帐目中成本节余仍不是很明显.Usually the drilling fluid gets most of the credit (or blame) since mud material consumption is easily tracked and the mud properties are the only direct indication of solids control performance. In realistic sense, the mud and the solids control equipment are integral part of one system. One cannot plan the mud without considering the solid control system and vice versa. 钻井液越来越得到人们的重视，因为泥浆材料消耗是很明显的，泥浆性能直接显示固相控制的效果。实践证明，泥浆和固控设备是泥浆体系的一整体部分，不考虑固控系统人们就无法计划泥浆，反之亦然。Solid control is accomplished by using one or more of the basic methods of solid separation :- 固相控制是通过使用一种或多种固相分离方法来实现的Settling沉淀v Screening筛除v Hdrocyclones漩流分离v Rotating Centrifuges离心机分离 Hydocyclones and centrifuge use centrifugal force to obtain higher rates of Separation that can be achieved by gravitational settling . These methods are governed by well-known laws of physics. If the mud kept moving so that the gel strength broken , then the settling of particles is governed by strokes Law which is 漩流分离和离心分离使用离心力获得较高的分离速率，这可以通过重力沉降实现。这些方法都是由物理学定律所支配的，如果泥浆保持运动，则胶结强度(切力)将被破坏,固相颗粒的沉淀将取决于冲程定律，如下所示:Vs = gc Ds(qs-qt)/ 46.3u The equation is a mathematical expression of events commonly observed , i.e, the larger the difference between the density of the solid and the density of the liquid qs-qt ,the faster the solid will settle , and the lower the fluid viscosity (u) the faster solid will settle . beside the influence of the force action gc which will increase the settling rate .此方程式是通常考察事件的数学表达式，即：固相密度和液体密度的差值qs-qt越大，固相沉淀的速度越快，泥浆的粘度（u）越低，固相沉淀的越快。除了力的作用影响沉淀速度外，gc也将增加沉降速度。Shale shaker振动筛The most important solid control devices are shale shakers , which are vibrating screen separators used to remove drill cuttings from mud . It has proven to be a simple and reliable method of moving large amount of coarse, drilled cuttings from circulating system. As the first step in the mud cleaning /solids removal chain , they represent the first line of defense against solids accumulation . Shale shakers differ from the other solids removal equipment in that they produce nearly a 100% cut ( D100) at the screen opening size .最重要的的固控设备是振动筛，它们通过振动筛布分离作用而去除泥浆中的岩屑。已经证明它是一种简单可靠的去除大量循环产生的粗糙钻屑的方法。作为泥浆清洁/固相去除链工作的第一步，它是预防固相累积的第一道防线。振动筛与其它固控设备的不同在于，他们在筛布的开口尺寸产生将近100%的岩屑。A 200 square mesh shale shaker screen will remove 100% of the solids greater than 74 micron , thereby eliminating the needs for a Desander . Also the shakers provide the advantage of reducing solids loading to the down stream hydocyclones to improve their efficiency beside not degrading soft or friable cuttings. When well operated and maintained, shale shakers can produce a relatively dry cuttings discharge.200目的振动筛能除去100%的尺寸大于74微米的固相，因此，可以不需要除砂器。另外振动筛有许多优点：除了不降低软岩屑外，减少下有旋流的固相负荷，提高设备工作效率。如果维护和使用得当，振动筛排出相对干燥的岩屑。Enough shakers should be installed to process the entire circulating rate with the goal of removing as many drilled cuttings as economically feasible. Unless the shale shakers are operating properly , and have screens of the finest mesh possible , all other equipment is subject to overloading and inefficient operation . Shakers cannot remove silt and colloidal size solids , so dilution and other equipment is required to control ultra-fine drill solids . 为达到尽可经济可行地去除尽可能多整个循环系统的岩屑，必须安装足够的振动筛。如振动筛不能正确地工作或没有安装最可能细目数的筛布，其它的固控设备将超负荷工作，并效率很底.振动筛不能去除泥质和胶质固相，所以仍需要稀释剂和其它设备来控制过细的钻井固相.Hydrocyclones 水力漩流器Hydrocyclones are a-cost effective method of removing many of fines solids missed by the shaker in unweighted muds. A centrifugal pump feeds a high volume mud through a tangential opening into the large end of the funnel shaped hydrocyclone . when the proper amount of head ( Pressure ) is used , this results in a whirling of the fluid much like the motion of water spout , tornado or cyclone expelling wet ,higher mass solids out the open bottom while returning the liquid through the top of the hydocyclone , so all the hydocyclone operate in a similar manner , whether they used desnder or desilter . 使用水力漩流设备是一种节约成本，很有效控制固相含量的方法，它能去除振动筛不能筛除的未加重泥浆的细粒固相。大排量的离心泵将泥浆泵送入漩流漏斗内，在合适的压力下，形成泥浆涡流很象水射流、龙卷风的运动一样，将大量湿的固相排出的开口底部，将液体返回到旋流器的上部。因此漩流器工作方式基本是一样的，无论除砂器或除泥器。In some formations, the solids are too fine for the shakers to remove; hydocyclones must be relied upon to remove the majority of the solids. In these instances, the shaker protects the hydro cyclone from oversize particles, which may cause plugging. Because the hydocyclone has no moving parts, it can be very reliable pieces of solids removal equipment when correctly operated and maintained.某些地层中，由于岩屑太细，振动筛无法将其除去，必须依靠漩流器来去除大部分的固相。在这种情况下，振动筛去除去大尺寸的颗粒，以防堵塞。因为漩流没有运转的部件，只有正确使用和维护，才能使之成为可靠的固控设备。Hydocyclones separate solids from fluid by using centrifugal force to cause solids to be settled from the fluid. There are no moving parts. Centrifugal force is created by the conversion of centrifugal pump head into high velocity stream spiraling within the cone. 漩流器是通过离心力作用，使固相从泥浆中沉淀下来，从而达到分离固相的作用，没有运动的部件。离心力是由离心泵将高速率的流体送入锥形体中产生漩流转换而成的。Oil field hydrocyclone are available in cone diameters ranging from 1 in to 12 in . Hydro cyclones were first used to reduce API sand content (Solid larger then 74 microns). Hence the term “Desander” . By convention, hydrocyclones with diameters of 6 in. or larger are labeled as Desanders. As the benefits of smaller, more efficient Hydocyclones became apparent, the term Desilter was coined to reflect the smaller “silt-sized” particles, these smaller cones could remove. Hyrocyclones with diameters of less than 5 in are usually called Desilter . However, these terms are not based on any particular performance standard. 油田用漩流器从锥形漏斗直径1到12都有。漩流器第一次用于降低API含砂量后，命名为“除砂器”。根据惯例，将直径等于或大于6的漩流器命名为“除砂器”。随着发展，需要更高效率、除去更细颗粒的要求越来越明显，除泥器制造出来解决小尺寸颗粒的排除问题。小尺寸的锥形体能除去泥岩颗粒，所以将尺寸小于5的漩流分离器称作除泥器。但这些术语并没有依据任何性能标准。The primary role of the Desander should be to reduce solids loading to the Desilted cones. It recommended when the shakers are unable to screen down to 100 microns or when large hole diameters are drilled at 100ft/hr or faster. Ten-inch diameter Desander cones are recommended. They provide combination of separation and capacity. The larger 12-in cones usually cannot make a fine enough cut to be economic. Desilter should be used on all un-weighted water based mud . They are recommended for use on weighted muds since barite will be lost . When using expensive mud , process the desilter underflow with a centrifuge. 除砂器的基本作用是减少除泥器的负荷。当振动筛不能筛除100微米的岩屑或钻速在100英尺/小时或更快时，推荐使用10英寸的除砂器，它们能将分离和排量结合起来。12大尺寸的漩流器不能分离过细的颗粒，也不经济。除泥器主要用于为加重水基泥浆体系，因为将损失重晶石。当使用昂贵的泥浆时，用离心机处理离心机的底流。Mud Cleaner 泥浆净化器Basically , a mud cleaner is a desilter mounted over a vibrating screen shaker generally 12 or more 4 in . hydrocyclones above a very fine mesh screen , high energy shaker . A mud cleaner will remove sand size drill solids from the mud , yet retain the barite . it first processes the mud through the desilter , then screens the discharge through a fine mesh shaker . A mud cleaner , in effect , desands a weighted mud and it is aback up to the shale shakers . mud cleaner screens vary in size from 120 mesh to 325mesh 一般来说，泥浆净化器是指除泥器，安装于振动筛上方，通常12或大于4旋流器位于细筛布高能量振动筛的上方。泥浆净化器将去除泥浆中砂子尺寸的钻屑，但保留重晶石。首先泥浆流经除泥器，然后由细筛布过滤筛除岩屑。泥浆净化器实际上是处理加重泥浆的除砂器，振动筛的备用设备。泥浆净化器筛布的尺寸范围:120-325目。Centrifuge 离心机As with hydrocyclones , decanting type centrifuge increase the forces causing separation of the solid by increasing centrifugal forces . The decanting centrifuge consists of a conical , horizontal steel bowl rotating at high speed , with screw shaped conveyor inside . the conveyor rotates in the same direction as the outer bowl , but slightly slower speed 如同旋流器，倾析型离心机通过增加离心力分离固相。离心机包括一个圆锥型，水平的碗状滚筒，能高速运转，内部包含一螺旋形输送道，输送道与外部碗状滚筒同一方向旋转，但速度稍慢。Evaluation of Solid removal equipment Condition 固控设备的评价1.Shale Shaker振动筛 No. of Units - 3数量-3台 Made Derrick生产厂家:Derrick Screen Size - 140 x 110 x 84 mesh (Pyramid Type) 筛布目数:140x110x84目(波浪形) Performance - Fairly good at mud density up to 1300 kg/m3. 性能:泥浆密度达到1300千克/立方米时，效果相当好2. Desander 除砂器 No. of Unit - One(1) 数量-1台 Type - Two(2) Cones 类型:2个漏斗 Made - China生产厂家:中国 Performance Very poor, with only one(1) cone can be operated at a time to attain the desired feed pressure. 性能：差，要想得到理想的工作压力只有一个漏斗工作。 Efficiency - 3.7 % (Solids Removal). Feed Mud Wt - 1220 kg/m3, 效率：固相去除率3.7%.上水处泥浆密度-1220kg/m3, Overflow - 1215 kg/m3上流1215 kg/m3 Underflow - 1260 kg/m3底流- 1260 kg/m3(% removal = (1260-1215)/1215 x 100. 固相去除率=1260-1215/1215x100 Underflow Discharge Rate - 0.3 to 0.4 m3/hour. 底流排量0.3-0.4 m3/小时3. Desilter 除泥器 No. of Unit - One (1) 数量: 1个 Type - Twelve (12) Cones 类型: 12漏斗 Made - SWACO ( Plastic Cones made in China) 生产厂家: SWACO(塑料漏斗产于中国) Performance：Very poor, with only eight (8) cones operating. Other cones were plugged intentionally due to big nozzle area and causing too much discharge. 性能:：很差，只有8个漏斗工作,其它的由于漏斗水眼太大和排量太大而有意堵塞住。Efficiency 9.5 % (Solids Removal). Feed Mud Weight - 1220 kg/m3, 效率: 9.5上水泥浆密度-1220千克/方Overflow - 1215 kg/m3 上流1215 kg/m3 Underflow - 1330 kg/m3. 底流- 1330 kg/m3( % removal = (1330-1215)/1215 x 100 固相去除率 = (1330-1215)/1215 x 100 Underflow Discharge Rate = 0.6 to 0.8 m3/hour. 底流排量0.6-0.8 m3/小时4. Centrifuge 离心机 No. of Unit - One (1) 数量：1 Type - High Speed类型： 高速 Made - China生产厂家：中国 Performance- Fairly Good but discharges both Barite and drilled solids. 性能：非常好，但同时去除钻井固相和重晶粉。Efficiency 81 % (Solids Removal) at 20 - 25 gallons/minute. If Feed Mud Weight - 1220 kg/m3, 效率：流量速度在20-25加仑/分钟时，固控效率81%。上水泥浆密度1220千克/方 Overflow Weight - 1160 kg/m3, 上流1160 kg/m3Underflow(all solids) - 2100 kg/m3. 底流（全部固相）- 2100 kg/m3 % Removal = (2100 - 1160)/1160 x 100 固相去除率 =(2100 - 1160)/1160 x 100Observations观察资料：1Only one (1) feed pump is used for both the Desander and Desilter. The other feed pump is not used due to high leakage of mud on the pump. There is no appropriate packing on site to seal off the leak. 一个供液泵同时用于除砂器和除泥器供液。另一泵因为漏泥浆未用， 井场没有合适盘根密封泵漏处。2Pressure gauges on both Desander and Desilter are not working. 除砂器和除泥器的压力表都不工作。Conclusion & Recommendation结论和建议The shale shakers installed on Rig03 are Derrick shakers, the screen sizes can be used is 84, 110, 140 , 175 mesh . The deck angle can be hydraulically adjusted which will improves control flow rate and solid dryness , also eliminates (Pooling ) and back spill of expensive barite with higher degree of adjustment also the proper adjustment of the vibrator angle will help in improving control of conveying speed and ideal for high solid loading specially during drilling the surface hole or when the drilling rates slows near TD and finer cuttings are being separated . In general all the three Shakers are working good, Just some adjustment required for the vibrator angle for more separating efficiency. 03队安装的是Derrick振动筛，筛布尺寸范围：84、110、140、175目。振动筛可以液压调节倾角，以以提高排量和岩屑的干燥性，避免淤积和调高角度以保护贵重的重晶石粉。调节振动筛的角度可以改善岩屑的运输和大量岩屑的筛除，特别是钻进表层或接近完井井深时钻速下降和细小岩屑被筛除时。总体来说，三台振动筛工作正常，只是对振动筛倾斜角的调整需改进，以便高效率地筛除岩屑。Recommendation for proper Operation of shale shakers正确操作振动筛的建议1- Mount and operate the shaker in a level condition. Both the solids and volume capacities will be reduced if a shaker is not level在水平状态下固定和使用振动筛，否则，岩屑和容量将降低2- Provide the proper voltage and frequency. Low voltage reduces motor life , and low frequency reduces the vibrating motion and capacity . 供应合适的电压和频率，低电压将降低电机的寿命，低频率将降低振动率和除砂能力3- Be certain the vibrator is rotating in the proper direction for proper solid discharge. 确保振动筛运转方向正确以保证除砂正常。 4- install the proper screen support cushion in accordance with the manufactures directions ( screens that rub against steel rapidly wear out ) 根据生产厂家的建议，安装正确的筛布压条。（筛布与钢架摩擦，将很快损坏）5- Take special care to tension screens properly in accordance with the manufactures recommendations ( for more life) 根据生产厂家建议，特别注意保持筛布的正确张力，以延长筛布的使用寿命。6- screens should be sized such that the mud will cover 75 to 80 % of the area根据需要选择筛布尺寸，泥浆覆盖率达75-80%7- With multiple deck shakers , the proper combination of screens sizes should be used . 多层振动筛，组合使用合适尺寸的晒不。8- A water or oil hose should be provided to wash down the screens. 用水或油管线，冲洗筛布9- A water or spray is occasionally used on the screens to assist the removal of sticky particles时常用水冲筛布，以帮助去除粘滞的颗粒。Hydrocyclone液力漩流器