课件)07年高考英语短文改错方法与技巧.ppt

短文改错指导 a Generally another to is high demands have are Id like to say something about the canteen. General ,most students are satisfied with 1 _ the service.For one thing, the hall is clean 2_ and the food tastes delicious,for other , 3_ the workers are always kind for us. 4_ However,there are still something to be 5_ improved. Firstly,the price of the food is little 6_ expensive for many students . And the kinds 7_ of food arent enough to meet our demand. 8_ Whats worse, we had to wait for a long 9_ time when we are have meals. 10_ 短文改错（10分，10行，答题时间约10分钟） 短文改错重视检测考生对书面语篇的校验能力。作为写作 能力的有机组成部分，校验能力是进行书面表达的必备能力， 短文改错的落脚点是内容，先内容后语法、句法结构。 语言材料通常为记叙文，取材于学生习作或类似学生的习作,是 学生较熟悉或经历过的事情。篇章结构的难易程度符合学生的 实际水平。语言明白易懂，基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象和繁 难的语句结构，不在阅读上设置障碍。短文为100词左右，其中 1行正确，9行需要改正，错误类型包括缺词、多词和错词。 高考考试说明规定：短文改错的错误包括词法、句法、行文逻 辑等，旨在测试考生发现、判断、纠正语篇错误的能力，考查 考生在语篇中综合运用英语的能力。命题特点通常从以下几方 面考虑： 1考查学生对英语单词词形变化的理解（英语学科显著的特点 ）。 2考查学生受母语影响容易犯的错误的纠正能力。 3估计考生可能出现的语法、句法、逻辑等错误校验能力。 解题步骤与方法点拨 （一）通读全文，掌握大意 改错题是考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语的能力。通读全文 后才能把握全文的命脉，如文章体裁，时态主线，人物思想，主 要情节等，才有可能找出时态错误，上下文逻辑错误等，切不可 边读边做。 （二）整句理解，逐行推敲 通读全文之后，要细致地分析理解每一个完整的句子，不要为试 题的故意设行所打断，一个句子可能要占两三行，要按照先总后 分的顺序来推敲。错词可能出在某一行的第一词，也可能出在某 一行的最后一词。要了解分行技巧，提高语境题得分。 读懂句子是复合句、并列句还是简单句？若是复合句，那就找出 主从之间的从属连词，看看是否合乎逻辑，主从句的时态是否一 致；若是并列句，那就看看有没有and, but, or, so等并列连词 ，并列连词的使用恰当吗？如果有错，需先改正；若是简单句， 那么它属于五种基本句型中的哪一种呢？主、谓、宾、宾补基本 结构是否有错。要遵循尽可能保持原意原则和尽可能少改动原则 。 （三）复读全文，检查核对 1要从全文着眼，核对改后的答案是否能使全文流畅 ，语言规范、准确。核对错项是否基本符合“1126”等 题型比例，若的确有一时难以改出的地方，可以此作为 参考。 2核对改正的语法项目是否有重复。因为短文改错往 往覆盖面广，一般不会出现重复考查某个语法点的现象 。原文中每行改动只能改一词，答案也只能是一词。 3核对答题符号是否规范，位置是否准确，看看有无 遗漏符号，忽略字母大写等问题。 4如有两行都难以找到错误时，与其乱改一行，不如 都打“”以确保一行正确。 根据近年高考试卷短文改错内涵，推测在2006 年的试题中可能有下列趋向： 1.文章为记叙文或简单的说明文,难度仍维持在 0.55左右。强调对文章内容的理解。 2.考查的仍是中学生常见的易犯的错误。干扰 项的难度将略微增大。 3.动词部分仍考查的重点，其次是连词、名词 、形容词、副词、代词、冠词等。 4.对习惯用语、句子结构和句型的考查会进一 步加强。 2007年高考预测 1、短文改错“一性” 2、短文改错“二规范” 3、短文改错“三特点” 4、短文改错“四步骤” 5、短文改错“五原则” 6、短文改错 “九一致” 7、单句改错训练 名词和数词 冠词 代词 形容词和副词 动词 介词 连词 8、短文改错训练一二三四五 教学知识目标与教学难点 短文改错“一性” 准确性 此题考查学生能否准确运用 英语语言知识。无论词法、句法 等语言知识，还是行文逻辑方面 都要符合英语语言习惯，力求准 确。 返回 短文改错“二规范” 一、答题格式规范 (增、删、对、错符号规范) 二、卷面书写规范 (字母大、小写及双写规范) 返回 1.短文改错题往往是内容较浅显，题材 轻松的记叙文。例如从1996年至2005年短 文内容分别为：美国家庭、英语笔友、喜 爱的运动、电视对学生的利与弊、英语演 讲比赛、独生子女、游峨眉山和写英文日 记的好处等。 短文改错“三特点”（一 ） 返回 2.短文改错中的错误分为语法错误和逻辑错误 两种。 语法错误：包括动词的语态、时态、非谓语形 式；可数名词的单复数、不可数名词 ；形容词和 副词的用法区别以及固定结构等。其错误设置和 我们平时作文中出现的错误非常相似。 逻辑错误：其单个句子的语法结构一般是正确 的，但所表达意思和上下文不符，因此，只有根 据上下文的行文逻辑去判断。此类错误往往较难 发现。 短文改错“三特点” （二） 返回 短文改错“三特点”（三 ） 3.短文改错题共10行。其中正确1处 ；多词1-2处；少词1-2处；错词6处左右 。多词：主要出现在冠词、介词、连词 、助动词、语义重复或行文逻辑等方面 。少词：主要出现在冠词(名词前)、介 词(不及物动词后或固定结构中)、助动 词、不定式符号、连词、语义不完整等 方面。错词：主要出现在冠词、介词、 连词、助动词、名词的单复数、动词时 态或语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致关系 和词类等方面。 短文改错“四步骤” 1.通读短文 掌握大意 正确理解短文内容，准确把握 文章大意是识别和纠正错误的前 提和条件。因此，在改错之前要 快速地通读一遍短文，弄懂大意 ，理清上下文的逻辑关系。 返回 短文改错“四步骤” 返回 2.细读全文 逐行找错 短文改错一般“题以行出，错从句生 ”。而语言只能以句子作为意义单位,因 此必须逐句分析，不要被试题的故意设 行所干扰。要对照上下文逐句细读，分 析判断，理清句意，找出上下文的逻辑 关系，推断字里行间的含义，检查句子 结构是否完整，语气是否连贯，结构搭 配是否符合英语习惯。 返回 3.字斟句酌 先易后难 根据所掌握的词法、句法等语言知 识逐句逐行推敲。特别注意动词的时 态、语态、主谓一致；可数名词的单 复数及不可数名词、形容词、副词、 冠词、代词和句型结构等。同时注意 上下文的逻辑关系及内在含义。 短文改错“四步骤” 短文改错“四步骤” 返回 4.复读全文 验证答案 最后核对修改后的答案是否语言 规范、准确，行文是否流畅。按照 增、删、错、对的规律逐一对照。 如有二行都难以找出错误，与其乱 改一行，不如都打对勾，以确保一 行正确。 一、每行改动不能超过一处原则 短文改错要求每行只能改动一处，可增词、减词或换词，但只能是增加 一词或减少一词或把一个词改成另一个词。当然，没有错误的无需改动。 二、虚词添加或删除原则 历年高考英语短文改错题需要添、删的地方一般有3-4处。这些需要增、 删的词一般都是虚词（如冠词、代词、关系词等）；一般不增、删实词（如 动词、名词等），否则会改变句子的原意。例如： 1. In some places you may borrow as many books as you want; in other places where you are limited to a certain number, of which some may be novels. （删去where）.in other places 后面不 应该跟where引导的定语从句。如果将其视为定语从句，那么整个句子的结 构就错了。 2. But he was even more surprised to see few children near the tigers cage. (在few前面加a）此行错误为few前面少了一个不定冠词a， 因为从句意上看是“有几个孩子”，few前面加上a后，语法、语义都正确无误 。但不少学生把few改为some或many，这样改，从语法上看虽然改正了错误 ，句子也通顺，但是把“几个”改成了“一些”或“许多”，与句子原意有了出入 ，所以不是正确的改法。 短文改错“五原则”（一 ）返回 短文改错“五原则” （二） 返回 三、实词改变词形原则 在短文改错题中，对实词的处理一般只是改变它的 形式，而不能改变其词义或改换成另一个实词，更不 能随便加以添删。例如： 1. Would you mind do me a favor? （把do改为 doing） 此句考查动词mind后面应该跟动词的-ing形式作宾 语。也许你会把mind删去，将原句变成：Would you do me a favor? 这样改，虽然语法上是对的，但是它却 改变了句子的原意。故不是正确的改法。 2. Im sure well have a wonderfully time together. （把wonderfully改为wonderful）。原句中的 wonderfully是副词，不能用作定语修饰名词time。若 把wonderfully改为good，虽然语法上正确，但是却削 弱了语气。 短文改错“五原则” （三 ） 四、句子原意不变原则 不改变文章或作者所表达的意思，包括其语气和上下文的逻 辑关系。如： 1. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. （删掉at）. 去掉at之后，the moment起着连词的作用，相当于as soon as ，用来引导时间状语从句。很多学生在moment后面添上了 when，使得后面的句子成了一个定语从句，修饰the moment 。这样改，语法上虽然正确，但强调的却是“自己什么时间睡着 的”。从上文看，说话者是强调自己累，而不是强调睡觉时间。 故不能在moment后面添when。 2. But I know a bull can run more faster than a man. （把more改为much） 五、正确句不改原则一般十行中，有一行是正确的，无需改动 短文改错 “九一致”（1 ）一时态一致 短文中谓语动词的时态要与上下文、特定语言环 境及该句的时间状语保持一致。 例1My favorite sport is football. I was a member of our football team. (NMET98)全文都是一般现在时， 此句中was 显然与上下文不一致，应改为am。 例2.I remembered her words and calm down.( NMET 2000).此处为一描述过去事件的语境.应与前文 remembered 保持一致，须改为calmed。 例3.Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past. (NMET 93).第一个is 与时间状语today一致， 第二个is则应改为was,使之与其时间状语in the past 一 致。 短文改错“九一致” （2 ） 二主谓一致 谓语动词在人称和数上要与主语保持一致.如 ： 1. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library. (NMET2000). 主语为A and B时，谓 语动词一般为复数，应改为are。 2. Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong (NMET98). 此句中与谓语动词用 单数makes，主语要与之一致，须将play改为动 名词Playing。 返回 短文改错“九一致” （3 ） 返回 三平行一致 not onlybut also, neithernor以及and, but, or等并列连词或词组连接的结构被称为平行 结构。在此类结构中，词性时态等形式须保持 前后一致。例1. Playing football not only makes but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.( NMET98).依据平行一致原则，此 处give应与makes保持一致，改为gives. 例2. It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. (NMET96). 此句中的drove应与to meet保持平行 ，故改为drive。 短文改错“九一致” （4 ） 四数的一致 名词的数须与其修饰语保持一致.如： 1.We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese(NMET97) a few只修饰复数名词 ，subject应改为subjects. 例2They asked me lots of question. (NMET96)与lots of保持一致的只能是复数 名词，应改为questions. 短文改错“九一致” （5 ） 五主饰一致 主饰一致即句中的主要词（中心词）应与其修饰 词保持一致。 例如： 1.so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. (NMET2001). all 若修饰可数名词时,其后名词应为复 数形式，subject改为subjects。 2. She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success.(NMET2000) all修饰的主语部分应是三者 以上，故schoolmate应为schoolmates. 3.Unfortunate,there are too many people(NMET99) Unfortunate应作状语，修饰整 个句子，此时应为副词unfortunately 才可保持一致。 短文改错“九一致” （6） 六. 指代一致 用于指代的各类代词应在数、格、性 上与上下文保持一致。 如： 1.The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. (NEMT96) the Smiths 为一复数概念，故代词也应为 第三人称复数 their. 2I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. (NMET97). 此处应为作主语的关系代词which. 3 And I cant forget the food you cooked for I. (NMET95). 此处I 应作介词的宾语，故改为me 才可保持一致。 七语态一致 句中谓语动词应与上下文语态一致 .如： Books may be keep for four weeks .(NEMT94)其主 语是books，此处keep应为被动语态，故改为kept。 短文改错“九一致” （7 ） 八搭配一致 句中的固定搭配应保持完整并与上下文一 致。 例1.I felt so nervous as I shook like a leaf. (NMET2000) sothat为固定搭配。as改为that. 例2I look forward to hear from you soon. (NMET97) look forward to 中to 是介词，其后应为动 名词hearing。 例3.I have neither brothers nor sisters-in any other words, I am an only child.(NMET2001) , “换言 之”，应为in other words。 例4. It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station（NMET 96) . for改为of ，此为习惯 表达。 短文改错“九一致” （8 ） 九逻辑一致 这是一种隐蔽性较强且年年必考的错误，检 查时应通篇考虑，重点在连词、代词、肯定与 否定等。 例1.She was smiling but nodding at me.(NMET2000)。 but 应为and。 例2.And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the game.(NMET98)通 读全文，都是用第一人称，这时突然用到they, 显然不一 致，应改为we. heart information kinds contributions 返回 单句改错训练 名词和数词 1.Dont lose hearts, youll be successful in time. 1_ 2.I need some more informations. 2_ 3.These machines look the same,but they are of different kind. 3_ 4.People remember him for his contribution to the country. 4_ 句改错训练 冠 词 an the the 返回 a 1.You cant consider him a honest man. 1_ 2.In China,children usually start school at an age of seven. 2_ 3.The play is set in the Paris. 3_ 4.I cant stop because Im in hurry. 4_ 单句改错训练 代 词 another that that/which that/which him 返回 1.Knowing is one thing; doing is other. 1_ 2.This is the best film which I have ever seen. 2_ 3.I also enjoyed the days when we spent together. 3_ 4.The ones what you decide not to keep can be traded with other people. 4_ 5.He drove too fast, and the police stopped her and handed him a ticket. 5_ sad certain well ago much heavy 单句改错训练 形容词和副词 1.The bad news made us feel sadly. 1_ 2.Are you certainly that he will help us check the information? 2_ 3.The children learn to read and write,they play games as good. 3_ 4.He set off for work an hour before. 4_ 5.I hate him as many as you do. 5_ 6.He was caught in a heavily rain. 6_ 单句改错训练 动 词 dates save looking Compared Judging leading 返回 has1.So far, he made a living by picking up wastes. 1 _ 2.The church burned down yesterday date from the 18th century. 2_ 3.He is said to saving money to buy a bicycle. 3_ 4.Money is spent in look after people with illnesses. 4_ 5.Compare to 1992, the price of grain was increased about 50%. 5_ 6.Judge from his accent, he is a southerner. 6_ 7.With a boy led the way,they started towards the village. 7_ 单句改错训练 介 词 as in in on with 返回 with 1.Waving ones hand can be accepted for crying for help. 1_ 2.He called Jenny on the hope of getting help from her. 2_ 3.Both Mary and her mother were pleased at the girl. 3_ 4.They will start working after an hour. 4_ 5.He is the very person that set the theater in fire. 5_ 6.Your words encourage me to go on my study. 6_ but but and or while and 返回 1.Though it was cold, but he went out without a hat. 1_ 2.He likes sports, but I like music. 2_ 3.Pick out the wrong sentences but correct them. 3_ 4.Work hard,and youll succeed sooner and later. 4_ 5.Whatever you do, and Ill be right here waiting for you. 5_ 6.This kind of car costs a lot of money, and he can afford it. 6_ 单句改错训练 连 词 短文改错训练1 in everything a should talking myself it read words When I first learned to write in English,I ran into many 1_ difficulties.The main problem was in that I always thought 2_ in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English. 3 _ My teacher advised me to keep my diary.I followed her 4 _ advice and should put down 100 words or so each day. 5 _ Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was 6 _ learning to express me in simple English.One day I wrote 7 _ a little story and showed to my teacher.She liked it 8 _ very much and reads it to the class.All said the story was 9 _ a good one.Their word were a great encouragement to me. 10 _ 短文改错训练2 返回 being/becoming giving and am it I often dream of a teacher.I dream of standing on the 1_ platform in the classroom and give lessons to lovely boys 2_ and girls.I teach them,play with them,but watch them 3_ growing up. I am always young when I was staying 4_ with them. I know there is not easy to be a teacher.You 5_ a 返回 knowledge/learning teach them as have to learn in order to teach.Without enough knowledges, 6_ you can never learn well. What is more, you have to 7_ be friends with your pupils and take good care of him. 8_ Only in this way can you be a good teacher and win 9_ respect from them.Though I am a student now,I will work as very hard to make my dream come true. 10_ a 综合练习3 The two most famous faces in Britain today belong to two women who appearing on television almost 1_ every night. If you open any popular magazine or newspaper youll almost certainly see a article about 2_ one of them, with a lot of photograph. Their names are 3_ Susan Rippon and Anna Ford. Both of whom read news 4 _ on television. Most of news announcers on British 5_ appear an photographs them of television are men, and Susan began her job at 6. the BBC three years ago, she was the first women news 7 announcer. Newspaper and magazines started take an 8 interest in her and reporters started to write about her.Last year, Anna Ford was chosen as a news announcer. 9 Ne