Lecture4-减词法.ppt

减词法 省词法是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的 词语省去。减省的词语应是那些不合汉语语言 表达习惯的，在译文中保留下来反而使行文累 赘噜嗦的词语。 减词一般有以下两种情况： 1.结构性省略法（从语法、表达角度）：省去汉 语译文中不必要的冠词、介词、代词、连词， 甚至动词等； 2.精炼压缩法（从修饰角度）：将较复杂的结构 包括从句压缩成精炼的汉语词组，这一方法多 见于科技翻译和文学翻译。 省略冠词 A soldier must obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。 The moon emerged from behind the clouds. 月亮从云层后出现。 省略介词 一般来说，表示时间和地点的介词，译 成汉语如出现在句首，大多可以省略不 译。 The Peoples Republic of China was founded in October, 1949. Smoking is prohibited in public places. 另外，与名词、动词等搭配的介词可视情况而 省去。 Their skyscrapers, bridges and dams often have a splendor which matches in beauty and scale the countrys natural wonders. 他们的摩天大楼、桥梁和水坝往往气势壮观， 与美国的自然奇观之壮美和恢宏相得益彰。 The critical temperature is different for different kinds of steel. 不同种类的钢,临界温度各不相同. 省略代词：物主代词, 泛指的、作主语的人称 代词、作宾语的代词, 代词that或these等 She glanced at her watch, and it was 7:15. We live and learn. She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it. But it was the way I am. And try as I might, I havent been able to change it. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改过来。 省略连接词 He went into the room and sat at the table. Where there is a will, there is a way. As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater. TB： P.64-65 省略动词:谓语动词、与具有动作意味的名 词连用的动词（该名词转译为动词）、重 复的动词 When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 These animals made an adjustment to the new environment in a short time. When heated, gases act in exactly the same way as liquid acts. 气体受热时所发生的变化与液体完全一样. 其他省略 there be it作为形式主语或宾语 It is a common knowledge that the weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth. 众所周知,重量是地球作用在物体上的引力. 强调句中的it It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. 使自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。 省略同位语、同义词、近义词 His father is an oculist, or an eye-doctor. It is from this “underclass”, and those who take advantage of it, that most of the violence springs the violence which is one of the least pleasant of American society. 正是这个“社会下层阶级”及利用这阶层的人引 发了社会上的大多数暴乱，使之成为美国社会 最令人不快的一面。 修饰性省略 University applicants who had worked at job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。 *此句如译为“报考大学的人，有工作经验的比没 有工作经验的优先录取。”，意义同样清晰， 但语言非常啰嗦。因此出于行文清晰简洁的需 要，将原文中划线部分省去不译。 There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。 Every time people reach a certain status in life they seem to take pride in the fact that they now have a secretary. 每当人们上升到某个位置时，他们似乎就以拥有一 名秘书而自豪。 I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound. 我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住 在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来 ，把我带到我要去的港口为止想到这儿，我真 有点不好意思了。 TB： P.102、103 Exercise He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes and said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，双眼朝上，一言不发。 One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 要掌握一门外语，非下苦功夫不可。 If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺的。 Radioactivity may cause illness that could be passed on to our children and grandchildren. 放射会导致疾病发生并遗传给后代。 放射可以引起遗传性疾病。 Doctors finds that a childs eyes do not reach full development until about twelve years of age. 医生发现，儿童的眼睛要到大约12岁才发育完全. If you know the frequency, you can find the wavelength. （如果）知道频率，就可以求出波长. It is human nature to love the true, the good, and the beautiful. He gave a great shout and ran out of the room. Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill. 喜爱真、善、美是人类的天性。 他大喊一声，从房间里跑了出来。 车未停稳,切勿上下. To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder. 学习不容易，应用更不易。 These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 这些发展中国家，幅员辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富 。 TB:P69 When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are usually callous. 孩子长大后就希望独立生活，你如果还像年幼 时那样关注他们，就会成为他们的负担，除非 他们对此麻木不仁。 You can see a video of First Lady Michelle Obama playing ping-pong in China, hear her talk about the importance of studying abroad and view a picture of her huddling with her daughters with the Great Wall Of China snaking into the distance. What you wont see, however, is a disclosure of how much her week-long trip in China cost. The White House has a longstanding policy that stretches back decadesof not commenting on the costs of trips taken by first ladies, vice presidents and presidents. 你可以看到美国第一夫人米歇尔奥巴马在中国 打乒乓球的飒爽英姿，可以听到她侃侃而谈 出国留学的重要意义，也可以看到她手挽爱 女在蜿蜒曲折的长城前合影留念，却无从得 知她为期一周的行程花费几何。 多年来，白宫一直坚持不公开披露/评论总统 、第一夫人及副总统的出访开支。 汉译英 词的减省大致有以下情况： 减省原文重复出现的词语 减省原文中表范畴的词语，如“现象、态度 、局面、情景”等 减省原文中不必要的修饰语或语义重复的 词语 质子带正电，电子带负电，而中子既不带正电，也不带 负电。 A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither. 他的朋友们听到他家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助 之手。 After his friends heard about his family difficulties, they offered him a helping hand. 在这万分危急的紧要关头，他跳进冰冷的水中，救出了 溺水儿童。 He dived into the cold river at this very critical moment and saved the drowning child. 花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿 不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银珠宝。 The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be con