chapter3morphology形态学.pptVIP

1. Review 2. Morphology Word Morpheme word formation Review Questions 1. How are English consonants classified? 2. How are English Vowels classified? Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Morphology 3.1.1 Word What is a word? Bloomfield defined a word as a “minimum free form”, that is the smallest form that can occur by itself. word=sound +meaning Eg. Go-gu + meaning (where to go) Go, goes, going Go as a free form/root Identification of words 词的特点 Stability Relative uninterruptibility A minimum free form Classification of words Variable and invariable words 可变词和不变词 Grammatical words and lexical words 语法词和词汇词 (function words and content words 功能词和实义词) Closed-class words and open- class words 封闭类词和开放类词 Variable and invariable words Variable words have inflective endings, i.e. part of the word remains constant while the other part changes regularly to fulfill different grammatical functions. happy-happier-happiest interest-interesting-interested Invariable words, such as since, when, hello, do not have inflective endings. Grammatical words and lexical words 语法词和词汇词 (function words and content words 功能词和实义词) Grammatical words and lexical words Grammatical words are those expressing grammatical meanings, like conjunctions, prepositions, and pronouns. Lexical words are those having lexical meanings, i.e. referring to substance, action and quality(性质 ), like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Closed-class words and open-class words 1. Open class words: or content words, to which new words can be regularly added Nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs 2. Closed class words: or “grammatical” or “functional”words, to which new words are not usually added Conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Numerals cardinal numerals i.e. one, two, one hundred, three millions ordinal numerals i.e. first, second, eighth, twenty- third Interjection i.e. exclamation, sorrow, surprise, regret, etc. Oh, My God! Dear me! Lesser categories Identifying Part of Speech Huddleston, R (1984). Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press The syntactic category of the word. For example The boy ate the mahak. (X) The boy will mahak it. (X) The boy feels very mahak. (V) Describing the part of speech of the word: Mahak is _. a noun; a verb; an adjective an adjective The Syntactic Category of the Word category Co-occur with a det. (a, the, every) Co-occur with an auxiliary or a tense/aspect (willl, 时态， 语态) Co-occur with a degree word (very, quite) noun+_ verb_+_ adjective_+ 3.1.2 Internal structure of words and rules for word formation 词的内部结构和构词规则 1. Internal structure disapprove = dis + approve 2. Rules for word formation 词的内部结构是受规则支配的。 例如，英语里词的否定形式的构成是通 过在词首而不是在词尾加 dis 构成的。 Disapprove approvedis（） Definition Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. 形态学就是指对词的内部结构以及构词 规则的研究。 internationally= inter+nation+al+l y 3.2 Morphemes 1. Definition of Morpheme The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The smallest meaningful element of language that cannot be reduced to smaller elements. (Bussmann 1996: 313) 2. Types of morphemes 1. Affix（词缀）: Collective term for bound formatives or word-forming elements that constitute subcategories of word classes. Affixes are classified according to their placement on the stem. Types of morphemes 2. Prefix: Morphemes that occur only before other morphemes. (Bound morphemes that precede the stem.) 3. Suffix: Morphemes that only occur after other morphemes.(Bound morphemes that are attached finally to free morpheme constructions) Types of morphemes 4. Free morpheme（自由语素）: Morphemes that can constitute words by themselves. （root，词根） 5. Bound morpheme（粘着语素）: Morphemes that cannot occur “unattached”, but always as parts of words. 6. Stem（词干）: Morphemes or morpheme constructions on which inflectional endings can appear Bound morphemes Prefixes: i.e. un-, dis-, mini-, en-, A. not to change the grammatical categories of the stem. i.e. monologue; dilogue B. to change the lexical categories of the stem. i.e. en-+adj.=v. ensure; enable; en-+ n. =v. endanger; encourage; Bound morphemes Suffixes: -ly, -ful, -ness, etc. A. to add some grammatical meanings to the stem. i.e. shorter, shortest, Toms book, etc. B. to change the grammatical categories, in in: plurals (two birds); n+-ly=adj. (friendly); adj.+-ly=adv. (badly); n.+-ful= adj. (hopeful) C. not to change the grammatical categories of the stem i.e. n.+ -ly=n. daily; monthly;yearly n.+ -ful=n. handful, mouthful Bound morphemes Infixes: i.e. -e- : men, women -i- : mice -ee- : feet, teeth 3.3 Bound Morpheme: Derivational and inflectional morphemes 1. Derivational morpheme (派生语素): Bound morpheme which change the category or grammatical class of words. 改变意义和/或词性 2. Inflectional morphemes (屈折语素): Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 只有语法改变 morpheme Free morpheme Bound morpheme Inflectional morpheme Derivational morpheme -s; s; -ing; -ed; -er; -est; -ess the form of a prefix or a suffix to create an entirely new word Root:词根：是去掉所有词缀后剩下的部 分。每个词都包含一个词根语素，它可以 是自由语素或粘着语素。i.e. Stop, go, home, etc. Stem:词干：是能加屈折词缀的语素（组 合），它相当于词根或词根加派生词缀。 i.e. homeless+ness=homelessness Affix:词缀：指只能附加语另一个语素（ 词根或词干）上的构词成分，分为前缀、 中缀、后缀三类。词缀都是粘着语素。 Analyzing the internal structure of a word disapprove (v.) = dis + approve bound free derivational happiest (adj.)= happy + est free bound inflectional homeless (adj.)= home + less free bound derivational Exercise 1: Direction: 1. For each word listed below, identify its lexical category; 2. List all morphemes (each word contains more than one) and indicate whether they are free or bound; 3. Indicate for each affix whether it is derivational or inflectional. Unbearable Handful Unexceptionally Succeeded Disarmed Highest Retelling Mens Illegal Commercialization 3.4 Allomorph 语素变体 A morpheme may have several allomorphs. -s: s /z/ dogs dgz /s/ books buks /iz/ houses hausiz Allomorph 语素变体 The allomorphs can be phonologically or morphologically conditioned (支配). -ed end with t/d-id wanted, handed end with VL phoneme-t walked, stopped end with VD phoneme-d moved, played 3.5 Word Formation Coinage Borrowing Compounding Blending Clipping Backformation Conversion Acronyms Derivation Coinage The invention of totally new terms, esp. trade names for one companys product. i.e. Nokia, Sony Xerox, Kleenex, Teflon Zipper, Aspirin Borrowing The taking over of words from other languages. Loan-words from other languages i.e. alcohol from Arabic piano from Italian beer/Pretzel from German Compounding compounding: compound or compound words, words formed by stringing words together i.e. rainbow, pickpocket a. grammatical category b. stress c. meaning Compounding Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. Compounding Characteristics: Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words without a hyphen (-)in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically the meaning of a compound is idiomatic not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically the word stress of compound usually falls on the first element. i.e. basketball; greenhouse; wallpaper; housewife Blending Blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. i.e. smoke + fog=smog Gasoline+ alcohol= gasohol breakfast+ lunch=brunch clipping This occurs when a word of more than one syllable (gasoline) is reduced to a shorter form (gas), often in casual speech. i.e. influenza = flu Advertisement= ad. Backformation A word of one type (usually nouns) is reduced to form another word of a different type (usually verbs). i.e. editor edit donation donate Conversion A change in the function of a word, such as when a noun comes to be used as a verb without any reduction. N. to V. V. to N. Adj./adv. To V. Adj. to N. Acronyms Some new words, known as acronyms, are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. i.e. PIN ATM WTO Derivation i.e. un- dis- -ish -or/er etc. complementary Contrast betwee