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LOGO Introduction to the course Language2 Introduction to Linguistics2 Phonetics4 Phonology2 Morphology2 Syntax4 Semantics4 Pragmatics2 Sociolinguistics4 Language Change2 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching 2 Language vIs language a system? vYes. vIs there intrinsic connection between form and meaning? vNo. Its arbitrary . Different definitions vLanguage is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their synchronic solidarity. (de Saussure, 1916) vLanguage is a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. (Chomsky, 1957) vLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. v Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. v A system -elements in it are arranged according to certain rules. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. bkli v Arbitrary -there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. v Vocal -the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. v Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms. v People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users. v Symbols -words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by convention. v Human -language is human-specific. v Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity. “Language Acquisition Device” (LAD) () () nThe divine theory - God created language for human beings. nThe bow-wow theory - Language developed from the imitation of the calls of animals. nThe pooh-pooh theory - Language developed from instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy of human beings. nThe “yo-he-ho“ theory - Language developed from rhythmic grunts of people when they worked together. Origin of language Properties of Language -Design features Arbitrariness The arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between sounds and meanings (form and meaning). 中文 英语 日语 法语 机 table table 桌子 Arbitrariness uArbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning uArbitrariness at the syntactic level The sentence is less arbitrary than words. Correspondence between word order and natural event. uArbitrariness and convention While arbitrariness makes language flexible and creative, convention makes it stable and laborious to learn. Conventionality is more important than arbitrariness in learning a language. . The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels. uuTwo levels of structures Two levels of structures Primary level: meaningful units Primary level: meaningful units (e.g. words) (e.g. words) Secondary level: meaningless unitsSecondary level: meaningless units (e.g. sounds) (e.g. sounds) Duality The speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. Eg. He bought a book / which was written by a teacher / who taught in a school / which was known for its graduates / who Productivity vHow did you learn language? While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned anew. It is passed down from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. Cultural transmission To symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. B.C. 551B.C. 479 Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Displacement Immediate stimulus control (animal) stimulus free (human) vPractical functions To chat, to think, to buy and sell, to read and write, to greet people. vAbstract functions To refer, to inform, to communicate Halliday Three metafunctions Jakobson Six key elements of communication Six basic functions of language Hu et al: (7 functions) Functions of Language Functions of Language vHalliday (born 1925) Functional Grammar Ideational Function Interpersonal Function Textual Function 概念功能 人际功能 语篇功能 M.A.K. Halliday Three broad functions of language Ideational Language expresses our perception of the world Interpersonal Language enables us to communicate with people Textual Language is used to organise texts: written and spoken vJakobson vSix key elements of communication- addresser, addressee, context, message, code, contact vFramework of language functions- referential 所指功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive 情感功能 conative 意动功能 phatic 交感功能 metalingual 元语言功能 Functions of Language l Code-metalingual 元语言 (to clear up intentions, words and meanings). What do you mean by krill ? l Contact-Phatic交感 (to establish communion with others) (e.g. Good morning!) l Addressee-Conative意动(to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties) (e.g. imperatives: Come here! ) lMessage-Poetic 诗学(to indulge in language for its own sake) v(e.g. poetry) lAddresser-emotive情感(to express attitudes, feelings and emotions) v(e.g. Oh! ) lContext-referential所指( to convey message and information) v(eg. The Earth is round ; Water boils at 100 degrees.) 胡壮麟 v Informative信息功能 v Interpersonal人际功能 v Performative施为功能 v Emotive感情功能 v Phatic交感功能 v Recreational娱乐性功能 v Metalingual元语言功能 Seven basic functions of language Informative function of language vThe predominant function of language, also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. vLanguage expresses our perception of the world Interpersonal function of language The most important function in sociological use of language. v To express the identity of the addresser and addressee. For example, Physical identity: age, sex, voice print, etc. Psychological identity: language, personality, intelligence, etc. Geographical identity: accent, dialect, etc. Ethnical and social identity: class, status, role, solidarity, distance, etc. v To express the addressers attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. (e.g. Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant) Performative function of language vTo change the social status of persons. In marriage ceremonies: Now I pronounce you man and wife. In a law court: Now I sentence you to 3 three years imprisonment. In church: May God bless yall. In a launching ceremony: Now I name the ship Elizab