英语阅读理解正确项与干扰项的特点.doc

高考英语阅读理解专题复习英语阅读理解正确选项与干扰选项的特点第一节 正确选项往往是根据原文的词或句进行语意转换一般来说, 阅读理解测试中要求找出主要事实或特定细节的问题, 在文章中均可找到回答。但是, 需要注意的是, 这些问题的表述常常不是采用文章中的原话, 而是根据原文的词或句进行语意转换。一、利用原文词句的同义词句或相似结构，转换表达形式。【考例1】Shrilk has great potential, the inventors said. Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature, found in everything ranging from shrimp shells, insect bodies to living plants. That makes shrilk low cost, and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material. (2012湖南卷C篇) 68. According to the inventors, shrilk has great potential partly because_.A. it can help plastic degradeB. it can be found in living thingsC. its mass production has been realized D. its raw materials are abundant in mature【考例2】 “We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,” Jack said. “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth” (2010湖南卷C篇)The discovery shows that Westerners _. A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth B. consider facial expressions universally reliable C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions二、利用原文词句的反义词或相反结构，转换表达形式。【考例3】 Yet despite that, reading is increasingly unpopular among children. According to statistics in 1997 23% said they didnt like reading in all. In 2003, 35% did. And around 6% of children leave primary school each year unable to read properly. （2007山东B）Statistics suggested that _. A. the number of top students increased with the use of computers B. a decreasing number of children showed interest in reading C. a minority of primacy school children read properly D. a huge percentage of children read regularly【考例4】When I put on my flashlights, I was saying to other drivers, “I have a problem here. I am weak and doing the best I can.” And everyone understood. instead of getting impatient and angry, they waited, knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak. (2011广东卷A)What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights?A. They speed up to pass. B. They waited with patience.C. They tried their best to help. D. They put on their flashlights too.三、通过词性变化，转换表达的形式【考例5】 Zack Hocking, the head of Child Trust Funds, said: “Its possible that one good thing to arise from the downturn will be a generation thats financially wiser and better equipped to manage their money through times of economic uncertainty.” （2009山东D）According to Hocking, the global economic crisis might make the youngsters .A. wiser in money management B. have access to better equipmentC. confident about their future careers D. get jobs in Child Trust Funds四、使用原文的词句的上下义结构，转换表达形式。【考例6】University applications rose 7% last year, but there were rises above average in several subjects. Nursing saw a 15% jump, with peoples renewed interest in careers in the pubic sector(部门), which are seen as more secure in economic crisis. (2009山东D)Careers in the public sector are more attractive because of their_.A. greater stability B. higher pay C. fewer applications D. better reputation第二节 英语阅读理解干扰项的设置特点分析通过分析干扰项的设置特点可以为我们提供思考的方向。常用的干扰手段有哪些。干扰项的如下特点：(一) 偷梁换柱。干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。【考例1】(2011湖南卷A篇) When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob（烤肉串）hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.Owned by a local couple, this Persian restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere thatMany restaurants lack.The space is small with only a few dining tables and nearly no decoration, but environment is truly charming.56. When first entering the restaurant, one can find that .A. is splendidly decorated B. has pleasant smells of kabobsC. is crowded with dining tables D. looks like a common restaurant【考例2】(2011湖南卷A篇) A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics, watching news events on TV, drinking a black tea known as Persian chai, and reading local Persian newspapers all the while trying to finish off their plates piled with food.57. What activity is also mentioned apart from dining in the restaurant?A. Watching news events on TV. B. Drinking a kind of black coffee.C. Reading local English newspapers. D. Discussing world topics in low voices.(二) 在推理判断中利用词的表面意义来设置干扰推理判断要求在理解原文表面信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义，要注意不能以文字的表面含义代替推理。【考例1】 （2010湖南卷B） But she hasnt always practiced what she teaches. In her book, she describes that awful day, almost 40 years ago, when she received two pieces of life-changing news. First, she had lost the baby she was carrying, and second, tests showed that she had diabetes. In a childlike act, she left the hospital and treated herself to a box of doughnuts (甜甜圈). Years would pass before she realized she had to grow upagainand take control of her diabetes, not let it control her. Only then did she kick her three-pack-a-day cigarette habit, overcome her addiction to alcohol, and begin to follow a balanced diet.When Mary received the life-changing news, she_. A. lost control of herself B. began a balanced diet C. tried to get a treatment D. behaved in an adult way【考例2】McKays war records were destroyed during a World War II air bombing on London an explanation for why he was all but forgotten. But now, thanks to the efforts of Broad and his students, a marker in McKays memory was placed on the university grounds in November 2007. “I found my eyes filling with tears as I read the word deceased(阵亡) next to his name,” said Corey Everrett , a student who found a picture of Mckay in his uniform. “This was such a simple example of the fact that he had been a student just like us, but instead of finishing his time at Western, he chose to fight and die for his country.” (2009湖南卷) We can learn from the last paragraph that McKay _ . A. preferred fight to his study B. went to war before graduationC. left a picture for Corey Everrett D. set an example for his fellow students 【考例3】 (2009湖北) A few years ago, Paul Gerner began to gather a group of architects in Las vegas to ask them what it would take to design a public school that used 50 percent less energy, cost much less to build and obviously improved student learning . ”I think half of them fell off their chairs,” Gerner says. How did the architects react to Garners design requirements ? A. They lost balance in excitement. B. they showed strong disbelief. C. they expressed little interest. D. they burst into cheers. 【考例4】I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened. Looking down, I immediately recognized that something was wrong, and ran down to the edge of the near bank. There I saw Ma Shwe with her three-month-old calf struggling in the fast-rising water, and it was a life-and-death struggle. Her calf was floating and screaming with fear. Then with a huge effort, she picked it up in her trunk and tried until she was able to place the calf on a narrow shelf of rock. Just at this moment, she fell back into the river. If she were carried down, it would be certain death. I knew, as well as she did, that there was one spot where she could get up the bank, but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf. While I was wondering what I could do next, I heard the sound of a mothers love. Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could, roaring(吼叫) all the time, but to her calf it was music. (2009宁夏)How did the calf feel about the mother elephants roaring?A. It was a great comfort. B. It was a sign of danger.C. It was a call for help. D. It was a musical note.（三）以偏概全。把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。在猜测文章或段落大意、标题以及释义题中，干扰项总是以偏概全，具体表现为: (1) 把文章中的次要观点、细节混进体现文章主要观点、中心思想的选项 (2) 把超过文章讨论的东西亦作为归纳或结论混进选项。（3）把段落的主旨当作文章的主旨。【考例1】There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices. The main purpose of this Paragraph is to tell us that _. A. Economic Principles B. Law of Supply and Demand C. More Goods, Lower Prices D. Fewer Goods, Higher Prices【考例2】There is no necessary connection between the symbol and that which it stands for. Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head, by gold on the watch chain, or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in, so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according to the culture we live in. (2005北京D)What can we conclude from Paragraph 2?A. Different noise may mean different things.B. Our culture determines what a symbol stands for.C. The language we use symbolizes our social positions.D. Our social positions determine the way we are dressed.【考例3】It seems that the Englishmen just cannot live without sports of some kind. A famous French humorist once said that this is because the English insist on behaving like children all their lives. Wherever you go in this country, you will see both children and grown-ups knocking a ball about with a stick or something, as if in Britain men shall always remain boys and women girls! Still, it can never be bad to get exercise, can it?The main purpose of Paragraph 1 is to tell us that the English _. A. are all sports lovers B. behave like children C. like to kick a ball around D. remain young by getting exercise(四) 张冠李戴。把一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征，因果倒置(把因说成果，把果说成因)；把他人的观点说成是作者的观点。命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。【考例1】 Many years ago，when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver，I was driving to my parents home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station(加油站)about 50 miles from Oklahoma City，where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register(收款台), I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas. (2006全国A)The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City_. A. to visit a friend B. to see his parentsC. to pay at the cash register D. to have more gas for his car【考例2】 As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen （air） in the bottle. The egg acts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces the air pressure inside the bottle. The air pressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air pressure against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! The proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on it.In the experiment, the burning inside the bottle can_. A. equalize the air pressure inside and outside B. make a seal in the neck of the bottle C. finish up the oxygen inside the bottle D. produce more oxygen inside the bottle【考例3】One famous surgeon always made it a rule to spend at least 15 minutes on general reading before he went to sleep each night. Whether he went to bed at 10 p.m. or 2.30 a.m. made no difference. Even if you cannot keep to this kind of discipline, it is a good idea to make sure you always have a general interest book in your pocket. Dont forget it should be a book which entertains you and the English must not be too difficult for you. The famous surgeon mentioned in the first Paragraph exemplifies the people who _.A. make it a rule to read at 10 p.m. or 2:30 a.m. every dayB. are in the habit of doing regular reading every day no matter how busy they areC. always have an interesting book in their pocketsD. habitually go to bed late【考例4】A year ago August, Dave Fuss lost his job driving a truck for a small company in west Michigan. His wife, Gerrie, was still working in the local school cafeteria, but work for Dave was scarce, and the price of everything was rising. The Fusses were at risk of joining the millions of Americans who have lost their homes in recent years. Then Dave and Gerrie received a timely gift7,000，a legacy (遗产) from their neighbors Ish and Arlene Hatch, who died in an accident .“It really made a difference when we were going under financially.” says Dave. (2009山东A)According go the text, the Fusses _. A. were employed by a truck company B. were in financial difficulty C. worked in a school cafeteria D. lost their home【考例5】This is not a surprise to public health advocates. Theyve studied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase.The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely.What does the author think is a surprise?（2009山东C）A. Teen smokers are price sensitive. B. Some states still keep the tobacco tax low.C. Tobacco taxes improve public health. D. Tobacco industry fiercely fights the tax rise.（五）正反倒置1把事实发生的顺序颠倒【考例1】Unlike her 1995 autobiography, After All, her second book is less about life as an award-winning actress and more about living with diabetes (糖尿病). All the money from the book is intended for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), an organization she serves as international chairman. “I felt there was a need for a book like this,” she says. “I didnt want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when were self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease.” (2010湖南卷B)We can know that before 1995 Mary_. A. had two books published B. received many career awardsC. knew how to use a computer D. supported the JDRF by writing2把事物的正面影响或负面影响反过来说。【考例2】 We have met the enemy and he is ours .We bought him at a pet shop. When monkey-pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest its hard not to wonder of the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings. “Most of the infections（感染）we think of as human infections started in other animals “ says Stephen Morse director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University. （2009宁夏D）From Paragraph I we learn that the pet sold at the shop may_.A. come from Columbia B. prevent us from being infectedC. enjoy being with children D. suffer from monkey-pox【考例3】 As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen （air） in the bottle. The egg acts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces the air pressure inside the bottle. The air pressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air pressure against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! The proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on it.In the experiment, the burning inside the bottle can_. A. equalize the air pressure inside and outside B. make a seal in the neck of the bottle C. finish up the oxygen inside the bottle D. produce more oxygen inside the bottle4 因果倒置(把因说成果，把果说成因)【考例4】If you look for a book as a present for a child. You will be spoiled for choice even in a year there is no new Harry Potter. J.K Rowlings wizard is not alone: the past decade has been a harvest for good childrens books, which has set off a large quantity of films and an increased sales of classics such as The lard of the Rings. (2007山东B)Which of the following is true of Paragraph 1? A. Many childrens books have been adapted from films. B. Many high-quality childrens books have been published. C. The sales of classics have led to the popularity of films. D. The sales of presents for children have increased.【考例5】 (2009安徽E) A rainforest is an area covered by tall trees with the total high rainfall spreading quite equally through the year and the temperature rarely dropping below l6. Rainforests have a great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate. Without the forest cover，these areas would reflect more heat into the atmosphere，warming the rest of the world. Losing the rainforests may also influence wind and rainfall patterns，potentially causing certain natural disasters all over the world. Rainforests can help to adjust the climate because they . A. reflect more heat into the atmosphere B. bring about high rainfall throughout the worldC. rarely cause the temperature to drop lower than l6 D. reduce the effect of heat from the sun on the earth4把作者观点的反面说成是作者的观点【考例6】In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers.However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans e