高空作业健康、安全和环保文件.doc

* ipmt site safety practice hse document健康、安全和环保文件*公司* team*项目*地点document title文件名working at heights高空作业a00approved 审批p02for review 供审核mjt01/07/02p01for ipmt review 供ipmt审核12/04/02lyb 01/05/02p00for review 供审核p.g19/03/02lyb12/04/02issue revissue or revision descriptionorigin bydatecheck bydateapprovebydateapprove bydatethis document is owned by michael tousignant ipmt authoritysite safety practice安全惯例forworking at heights高空作业 index目录1 introduction 引言2 aim 目的 3 procedure 程序4 release of lifitng devices 起吊设备的放5 man-riding in skips and cradles吊桶和吊篮的使用6 work from scaffolds 脚手架作业7 rope access 钢索的使用8 roof work 屋顶作业9 individual responsibility 个人责任10 fall arrest高空坠落的防护设施1. introduction 引言this procedure deals with working at heights and rope access.本程序主要讲述高空作业和绳索的使用。2. aim 目的the aim of this procedure is to make managers and staff aware of the different types works situations that require fall arrest and other safeguards against falling from height.本程序旨在使经理和员工意识到不同类型的高空作业环境，采取必要的防护设施及安全措施，避免人员从高空坠落而受到伤害。3. procedure 程序construction managers are required to evaluate risks from working at heights and adopt working practices that will reduce the likelihood of the potential consequences. a risk assessment is to be carried out and some considerations are listed below. work carried out at heights present potential consequences such as:基建经理应对高空作业的风险进行评估，采取适当的工作程序和条例，降低潜在危险发生的可能性。作业之前应进行风险评估，并考虑以下因素。高空作业存在潜在后果，例如：a) falls by personnel from working platforms 人员从工作平台坠落下来。b) dropped objects from working platforms物体从工作平台上掉落下来。c) structural collapse of working platforms. 工作平台倒塌。the main considerations to be assessed are:评估时应考虑以下主要因素：a) selection of the most appropriate type of working platform 选择最合适的工作平台。b) platforms designed and constructed for the working loads involved (including climatic conditions such as wind loadings, where necessary) 根据有关的工作负荷（若需要应考虑气候条件，如风载）设计和建造工作平台。c) protection for personnel gaining access to platforms at height保护人员安全到达高空平台。d) protection for personnel in the course of carrying out tasks and operations at height保护在高空执行任务和进行作业的人员。e) protection against accidental dislodgement of tools, materials and equipment from working platforms防止工具、材料和设备从工作平台上意外坠落。f) correct use of stabilizing mechanisms for attachments to permanent structures 正确使用稳定机械装置，将附件连接到永久结构上。g) protection of personnel equipment from dropped objects from working platforms 保护人员、设备不受工作平台上坠落物的伤害。h) platforms built and dismantled in the sequence determined by the design 根据设计顺序安装和拆卸工作平台。i) platforms loaded within the design limitations 工作平台的承重限制在设计范围内。j) platforms protected against physical impact by vehicles, construction plant or equipment. 保护工作平台免受车辆、施工机器或设备的碰撞而损坏。4. release of lifting devices起吊设备的释放the safety of persons working at heights who may be involved in releasing lifting devices shall be taken into account in every lifting operation as required. a safe place from which to release the load, and safe access to it, shall be provided.在每次起吊作业中，都必须考虑释放起吊设备的高空作业人员的安全。应提供一个释放载重物的安全工作场所及安全的通道。the following points must be considered:必须考虑以下因素：a.locating releasing points near existing safe positions, such as near the ends of the work piece (possibly a lifting beam would assist). 将释放点设置在现有安全位置附近，如，靠近工件的末端（可以借助于吊梁）。b.remove/release lifting devices are now available which can be operated from a safe place, so that there is no need to gain access along, or on the work piece being lifted. 在安全的地方移动/释放起吊设备，从而无需沿正在被起吊的工件进入。c.providing adequate protection if access is necessary; this may include guardrails fitted to the top flange prior to lifting, ladders, mobile access platforms, safety belts/harnesses, nets and inertia reels. 如果必须接近起吊的设备，则应提供充分的保护；例如，在起吊前在顶部边缘安装护栏、梯子、移动工作平台、 安全带/全身性的护具、网和惯性卷筒等。5. man-riding in skips and cradles吊桶和吊篮的使用when a crane is used to support a man-riding skip or bucket, a dead mans handle must be fitted. when skips are used as working platforms, leaving the skip at height shall not be permitted or attempted unless a safety harness and inertia reel are used, secured to the skip or a suitable structure.使用起重机提升吊桶或吊篮时，必须安装固定把手。当吊桶用作工作平台时，不允许让吊桶留在高空，除非有安全带和惯性缆绳固定在吊桶或合适的结构上。all lifting appliances and man riding equipment shall have clearly marked with:所有起重器具和载人设备应清楚地注明：a) safe working load安全载重量b) date of last test最后一次测试日期。c) no unit shall be used unless it has a valid test certificate.不可以使用任何没有有效测试证书的机组。d) the skip or cradle must be of sound design and construction, of suitable material and of adequate strength and must be properly maintained.吊桶或吊篮必须设计可靠，安装良好，材料合适，具有足够的强度，而且必须加以适当维护。e) it must be so designed so that no one can fall out, and there must be means to prevent him or her spinning or turning.吊桶或吊篮的设计应保证人员不会掉出来，必须有措施防止人员在吊桶或吊篮里面旋转或翻转。f) it must be a least 910mm deep and only installed under the supervision of a competent person.吊篮（吊桶）深度至少应为910mm，必须在合格人员监督下安装。6. work from scaffolds 脚手架作业where scaffold access has been provided, it shall only be used for which it has been designed and constructed. the scaffold shall only be used when the appropriate scaffold inspection tag is attached. 使用脚手架时应遵循有关的设计和建造要求。脚手架只有经过检查并贴上标签后才能使用。whilst erecting and dismantling scaffolding fall protection must be afforded to the scaffolding erectors whilst ascending and descending partly erected or dismantled scaffolds. safe access and egress can be achieved by various methods. when ascending and descending scaffolds an independent ladder access can be erected with landing stages that are fully boarded and hand railed with access to each lift of the scaffold which is progressively erected or dismantled with the main body of the scaffold structure .if this method is impractical safe access can be arranged onto the scaffold from the structure floors. in the event that either of these means is not acceptable man baskets and crane access can be used provided there is a safe means of landing personnel on the scaffold structure. if ascending or descending the scaffold structure is required then 100 % tie off method with a double lanyard safety harness must be used.安装和拆卸脚手架时，在提升或降下脚手架部件的过程中，必须对工人进行充分的保护。可以采用各种方法安全的进入或离开。当竖起和降下脚手架时，可以用栈桥建一个独立的梯子，栈桥铺满平板，有扶手，从上面可以随着脚手架主体结构的安装或拆卸进入每一层脚手架。如果这个办法不行，可以从结构楼层安全走上脚手架。如果这些办法都不行，可以使用载人吊篮和吊车，不管怎样必须采用安全的方法将人放在脚手架结构上。如果搭设或拆除脚手架结构，则必须100%系挂双系索（2个挂钩）安全保险吊带。whilst erecting runs of independent scaffolding steel static lines (securely attached wire rope cable) should be erected along the lift of scaffold so that scaffolders only hook on once and do not have to undo the safety harness when traversing along the length of the scaffold.在搭建独立脚手架时，应沿着脚手架的竖立高度安装钢管（安全地系在绳索上），这样搭脚手架的人员只需勾住安全带一次，不需要在沿着脚手架移动时松开安全带。7. rope access绳索的使用only personnel who have been trained and assessed and approved by an acceptable authority shall be employed for this work.只有经过专门机构培训、评定和认可的人员才能参与这项工作。any company providing such services shall be a current member of a certified authority提供这些服务的公司必须是权威鉴定机构的现有会员。all ropes, anchors and other rope access equipment shall have test certificates provided. the irata guidelines on the use of rope access methods for industrial purposes shall be used as a standard reference.所有钢索，锚和其他使用绳索的设备应具有测试合格证。irata的“工业用绳索使用方法指南”应作为标准参考资料使用。8. roof work屋顶/顶部作业edge protection must be supplied when working at heights of 2 meters and over or suitable and sufficient systems for the use of alternatives such as safety harness, safety nets etc.在2米高以上工作时应有边缘保护，或选择使用安全保险带、安全网之类的合适而充分的保护设施。9. individual responsibility 个人职责when working at heights all employees will: 进行高空作业时所有员工必须遵循下列规则：a) use any ppe that is provided and report any defects to that ppe 只使用提供的个人保护用品，并报告该个人保护用品存在的缺陷b) report any inadequate means of access and egress报告任何不安全的出入方法c) use scaffolds provided or other approved means of access and egress 使用提供的脚手架或采用其他经过批准的出入方法d) use only equipment that is tested and fit for purpose 仅使用经过测试且适合使用的设备e) co-operate with any health or medical surveillance and training programmes.配合健康或医疗人员的工作，如监督和培训计划的实施等f) report any incidents or defective equipment to the line supervisor. 向现场监督人员报告任何事故或有缺陷的设备g) be in a good health, physically and mentally fit to perform the work身体健康，具有良好的精神状态，适合执行工作 10. fall arrest坠落防护assessment评估secco ipmt requires suitable and sufficient steps to be taken to prevent persons from falling. requirements are given where a person is liable to fall two meters or more requires that suitable and effective measures be taken to prevent any person falling a distance likely to cause personal injury.赛科 ipmt要求采取适当而充分的措施，防止人员坠落。当人员可能从2米以上高空坠落时，必须采取合适而有效的措施，防止坠落对人员造成伤害。the contractor shall adopt effective measures to prevent personnel form slipping when working at heights, due to the cold weather and the freezing of raining or accumulated snow. all accumulation of water, ice, frost and snow shall be removed from any elevated work surface when it presents a hazard to employees working at heights.承包商必须采取有效措施，防止人员在进行高空作业时由于寒冷的天气、下雨后的结冰或积雪而滑倒。对雇员高空作业构成危险的所有的积水、冰、霜、雪均应及时清除。a lightning rod or other similar suitable grounding device shall be installed to ground the structure before working at height can be started. personal are forbidden to work at heights when the environmental conditions present a hazard such as severe fog and strong winds above level six. 在高处作业开始以前，应事先设置避雷设施或其它相似的接地装置。遇有六级以上强风、浓雾等恶劣气候不得进行高处作业。following any period of poor weather conditions such as a snowstorm, typhoon or heavy rain, the equipment associated with working at heights shall be thoroughly inspected before resuming the work.暴风雪及台风暴雨后，应对高处作业安全设施进行全面检查，发现损坏应立即修理完善。other considerations include:其他需要考虑的事项，包括： the indication of areas where a fall could occur注明可能发生坠落的区域 guard rails护栏 fixed ladders固定梯子 roof work顶部作业 fragile surfaces易碎表面 window cleaning窗户清洁 conditions of floors and traffic routes地面和交通线路情况 formal written permit to work systems进入工作区域的正式书面许可 fall-arrest systems, including safety lines, harnesses and secure anchorage points高空坠落保护系统，包括安全绳，全身保险带和安全的悬挂点 falling objects.坠落物guard rails护栏guardrails facilitate mobility because there is no connection between worker and rail, and they can prevent falls. workers may still be at a risk of falling if they lean over or through the rail to gain access. also, a stumble near the rail needs to be considered. regulations specify rail heights, spacing, toe-boards, etc, and on roof edges rails are known as edge protection.工人和护栏间没有连接物，设置护栏可以方便走动，防止坠落。如果工人靠在护栏上和穿过护栏，仍可能有坠落的危险。另外要考虑在护栏边缘绊倒的可能性。有关护栏高度、间距、踢脚板和屋顶/顶部边缘的规定称作“边缘保护”。safety nets安全网safety nets facilitate mobility because they have no connection between worker and net, and are designed to catch workers who fall from a height. the erection of safety nets is a hazardous process and must only be undertaken by competent personnel with suitable fall protection. nets must be installed as close to the working level as possible, to minimize the distance a worker could fall through, the maximum permitted being six meters. consideration needs to be given to the effects of one or more workers falling through such a distance, either separately or together, there must be adequate clearance below the net to accommodate its stretching on impact, and worker(s) need to be rescued after the fall. 工人和网之间没有连接物，安全网的设置便于接住从高处坠落下来的工人。安装安全网时存在一定的危险，只有采取适当防护措施（防止坠落）的合格人员才能从事这项工作。安全网应尽量靠近工作平面处安装，以尽量减少工人坠落的距离，最大允许距离是6米。应考虑到一个或几个工人分别或一起从这个距离坠落的后果。在安全网下面必须有足够的空间使网能够在受力时伸展开，在坠落后需要将工人救出来。fall-arrest systems坠落制动系统fall-arrest systems are designed to provide a safe and ergonomic connection between the worker and workplace structure. this can reduce the workers mobility and as a result a number of different types have been developed for different working situations to provide the best combination of protection and mobility. if a fall should occur, the equipment automatically arrests the worker by a braking means, which minimizes the fall distance and limits the arresting force to a maximum of 10kn.设置坠落制动系统的目的在于，在工人和工作场所（构筑物）之间建立一种安全并且符合人机工程的连接。这种连接可以减少工人的活动范围，对于不同的工作情况，人们研究并采用不同的连接方式，将人身保护和人员活动范围及灵活性有效的结合起来。如果发生坠落，坠落制动设备就会通过制动手段自动地捕住坠落的人员，使坠落距离最小，并将下坠力限制到最大值10kn。the simplest system consists of a full-body safety harness, which a worker puts on prior to attaching to the system; a safety lanyard, which is a flexible link between the harness and the anchorage; an anchorage, which connects the lanyard to the structure; and connectors, which link the parts of the system together. only full-body safety harnesses can be used in fall-arrest systems. safety lanyards must not exceed two meters in overall length and must have an integral energy absorber. connectors such as karabiners and hooks.: connectors. compatibility between parts of the system is important.最简单的系统由全身安全保险带（在连接到系统之前工人把安全带系上），一条安全系索（在保险带和锚固件之间柔性连接），一个锚固件（把系索连接到构筑物上）和连接器（把系统零部件连接在一起）组成。只有全身保险带可以在防坠落系统中使用。安全系索全长不应超过2米，且必须有一个完整的能量吸收器。连接器有钢环和钩子等。系统零部件之间的相容性是很重要的。retractable lifelines (also known as fall-arrest blocks) give more mobility. anchored above the worker they have a spring-tensioned cable, which is paid out and retracted under the normal movement of the worker, but a braking mechanism automatically locks the cable in response to the sudden jerk of a fall, in a similar fashion to a car seat belt. 收缩式救生索（也称为坠落制动装置）具有更大的灵活性。具体的方法是在工人上方设置了一个弹性张力绳索，当工人正常移动时放出和缩回，在突然坠落的情况下，制动机构会自动地锁住绳索，类似于汽车的安全带。retractable type fall arresters.收缩式坠落制动器vertical travel, e.g. on tower ladders, can be protected by vertical lifelines. a sliding device moves up and down a rail or rope in response to climbing movements, but locks in response to the sudden jerk of a fall. 垂直方向（例如在塔梯上）工作时，可采用垂直救生索对人员进行保护。当工作人员攀登时，滑动装置沿着轨道或绳索上下移动，当人员意外坠落时，滑动装置会锁住。anchorage points锚固点cover eyebolts, mobile eyebolts, tripods, roof anchors, and deadweight anchors for use with fall-arrest equipment. it is important to ensure that the anchorage point can withstand the forces applied in a fall with an adequate safety factor. it is important to ensure that, where possible, the point is positioned above the worker to minimize the falling distance, and that sufficient space exists beneath the worker so that the length of the fall does not exceed that which is available on site. 包括有眼螺栓、活动式有眼螺栓、三脚架、屋顶锚固件和重负载锚件等，用于坠落制动设备。保证锚固点能经得住坠落时施加的力并具有足够的安全系数，这一点是非常重要的。另外必须保证，尽可能的将锚固点设置在工人的上方，最大限度的降低坠落的距离，另外在工人的下面保持足够的空间，使坠落长度不超过现场允许的长度。fall-restraint systems and work positioning坠落抑制系统与工作定位by tethering the worker to the workplace structure, fall-restraint systems prevent the worker from getting into a position from which they could fall. mobility is restricted to the length of the lanyard and the position of the anchorage point. work positioning equipment is used to partially support and steady a worker at height to leave both hands free for work. neither of these items of equipment are suitable for fall-arrest purposes. 通过用绳索把工人限定在工作场所的构筑物上，坠落抑制系统可防止工人进入可能坠落的位置。活动范围受到系索长度和锚固点位置的限制。工作定位设备用来局部支撑并固定高空作业的工人，使其双手可以自由工作。这些设备不能用于坠落制动。rescue营救consideration must be given to how workers at height can be recovered after having become incapacitated, or having fallen into a safety net or in a fall-arrest system. 必须考虑，当高空作业的人员无能为力，或坠入安全网，或处于坠落制动系统时怎样进行营救/恢复。definitions定义100% tie-off100%打结the term 100% tie-off shall be interpreted as meaning that all employees, at all times, shall be wearing a personal fall arrest system and shall be securely fastened to an anchor or field tie-off point when working, traveling, inspecting or performing other tasks or conducting other business at a height greater than 2 m above the ground or working level. the working height shall be determined by measurement from the employees feet. completed and inspected permanent platforms and green-tagged scaffold are exempt from this policy.100%打结这个术语应解释为：所有雇员在所有时间内在离地面或工作标高2米以上高度处进行工作、行走、检查或执行其它任务或完成其它工作时，都必须配戴人员高空坠落制动系统，并安全地固定在锚固件或现场系挂点上。工作高度应从雇员的脚面测量来确定。完整的经过检验的永久性平台和绿色标签的脚手架除外。deceleration device减速装置a deceleration device shall be interpreted as meaning any mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip-stitch lanyard, specially-woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyards, automatic self-retracting lifelines/lanyards, etc., which serves to dissipate a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest, or otherwise limit the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest.减速装置应解释为任何机构，例如绳索夹钳、扯缝索、特殊的编结索、抗撕磨索，自动的自收缩救生索/系索等等，这些机构在坠落制动期间用来消散能量，或限制施加于雇员身上的能量。engineered anchor point工程锚固点an engineered anchor point shall be interpreted as meaning a fixed location, designed and inspected by a structural engineer (or equivalent) for the purpose of connecting a safety lanyard to prevent falls.工程锚固点应解释为一个固定位置，该位置由结构工程师（或相当的人员）设计并检查，用于连接安全系索，防止坠落。field tie-off point现场系挂点a field tie-off point shall be interpreted as meaning any fixed point capable of supporting 10 kn of force , used for the attachment of a safety lanyard. field tie-off points could be pipes larger than 300mm inches in diameter and structural beams. conduit, regardless of size, shall never be used as a tie-off point.现场系挂点应解释为用于连接安全绳索，能支持10 kn力的任何固定点。 现场系挂点可以是直径大于300mm的管道，及结构梁等。任何导管，无论尺寸多大，都不能用作系挂点。guardrail system护栏系统