英语语法 初三英语时态讲座.ppt

初三英语时态讲座初三英语时态讲座 tenses this lecture is about the contents of tenses. put the following sentences into english (1)我正在看书. (2)他将来. (3)你作业做完了吗？ (1)im reading a book. (2)he will come. (3)have you finished your homework? 从以上这三句句子中我们可以发现汉 语的动词不会因为表达的动作，发生的 时间不同而发生形态上的变化，而是用 “正在”、“经常”、“将”、“已经”等来表示 动作的时间和方式。而英语中，则用动 词的形式变化来表达动作的时间和方式 。 i am reading a book. （由助动词am+动词现在分词reading构 成，表示动作正在进行，构成现在进行 时。） he will come. （由助动词will+动词原形come构成，表 示动作将要发生，构成一般将来时。） have you finished your homework? (由助动词have+动词过去分词finished 构成，表示动作的完成与否，构成现在 完成时。） 何谓动词时态： 英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状 态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表达，这种动 词形式称作动词时态。动作或状态发生的时 间可以有“现在”、“过去”、“将来”、和“过去 将来”四种,发生的方式有“一般”、“进行”、“ 完成”和“完成进行”四种。这样可以组合英语 中的十六种时态，到高中结束我们共要学习 十六种时态，到初三结束我们必须掌握八种 时态。 一般现在时 ( the present indefinite tense) 现在进行时 (the present continuous tense) 一般将来时 (the future indefinite tense) 现在完成时 (the present perfect tense) 一般过去时 (the past indefinite tense) 过去进行时 (the past continuous tense) 过去将来时 (the past future tense) 过去完成时 (the past perfect tense) 1.the sun 1.the sun risesrises in the east. in the east. 2.they 2.they are playingare playing video games at the moment. video games at the moment. 3.i 3.i have beenhave been in beijing for half a year. in beijing for half a year. 4.what 4.what werewere you you doingdoing at 4 yesterday afternoon? at 4 yesterday afternoon? (一般现在时 ) (现在进行时) (现在完成时) （过去进行时 ） make out what tenses they are. 5.by the time he was nine, he 5.by the time he was nine, he had spokenhad spoken english very fluently.english very fluently. 6.she was sure she 6.she was sure she would makewould make great great progress in the future. progress in the future. 7. he 7. he will tellwill tell you something interesting. you something interesting. 8.the musician8.the musician hadhad a very nice piano in 1980. a very nice piano in 1980. (过去完成时) （过去将来时） (一般将来时 ) （一般过去时） now lets analyze each tense. 一、一般现在时 ( the present indefinite tense) 1、用法: （1）表示经常反复发生的动作 father often _( go) to work on foot.goes （2）表示现在的状态或主语的特征 he _(be) busy at the moment. is （3）表示客观真理、谚语等 trains _(run) faster than cars.run （4）用于时间或条件状语从句中，一 般现在时代替一般将来时。 we will go to the park if it _(not rain) tomorrow. we will leave for home as soon as the meeting _(be) over tomorrow. 2、 句子基本结构 ： 肯定句：s (主语)+动词原形/动词第三 人称单数 + 否定句: s +dont/doesnt + 动词原形 + 疑问句：do/does+s + 动词原形 +? doesnt rain is 3、常与下列时间状语连用: 通常与表示频度（即动作发生的次数多少 ） 意义的副词或词组连用. for example: always, often, usually, seldom, never, every day, from time to time, now and then（偶而）, once a month, twice a year, at the moment, generally, etc 二、现在进行时 (the present continuous tense) 1、用法： （1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。 the dog _(run) after a cat now. is running （2）表示一阶段正在进行的动作（但说 话时不一定进行） they_(build) the restaurant these days. are building 2、常用时间状语： now, at the moment, these years, etc. 3、句子基本结构： 肯定句：s+ am /is/ are +动词现在分词+ 否定句：s+ am /is/are+ not +动词现在分词+ 疑问句：am/is /are+ s+动词现在分词+? 4、须注意的问题： 某些表示感官知觉与心理状态的动词一般 不用现在进行时，而用一般现在时。 for example: see ,hear, smell, taste,think, like,hate, want, know, have, wish, etc. he wants to visit his grandfather now. 三、一般将来时 (the future indefinite tense) 1、用法： 表示将来某个时刻将要发生的 动作或存在的状态。 they _(fly) to japan the day after tomorrow. will fly 2、常与下列时间状语连用： tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, next year,this week, this coming saturday, tonight, in an hour, soon, etc. 3、句子基本结构： 肯定句：s +shall/will/be going to + 动词原形+ 否定句: s +shall/will /be going to +not+ 动词原形+ 疑问句: shall/will/ +s+ 动词原形? am/is/are+s+going to+动词原形? 口语中大量使用be going to 结构表示 事先打算，有意图要发生的动作或客观情况 下即将要发生的动作。 for example: look at the clouds. it is going to rain. (1)miss green _(come) to the party next sunday. is coming (2) look! the old man _(die). we must send him to the hospital at once. is dying 4、须注意的问题： 有些表示位置移动或状态改变的动词 （go, come, leave, arrive, die 等等）,用它 们的进行时来表示即将发生的动作。 四、现在完成时 (the present perfect tense) 1、用法： 1)表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 (1)they_(buy) a new house. （影响是他们有新房子住了） have bought (2) she_ (lose) her ring. （影响是她现在没有戒子） has lost 2)表示过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态, 常与“for+时间段”或“since+时间点或从句”连用。 have learned (2) they_ (stay) in this hotel since last tuesday. have stayed (1) we_ (learn) english for seven years. 2、常与这些时间状语连用: already, never, ever, yet, before, twice,this month, so far, up to now, in the past/last few years,since ,for,etc. 肯定句 : s + have/has+动词过去分词+ 否定句:s + havent/hasnt+动词过去分词 + 疑问句: have/has + s +动词过去分词+ 3、句子基本结构： 4、注意的问题: 1）have/has been to 与have/has gone to 区别: have/has been to 表示“曾到过某地”，说明有过某种经历。 have/has gone to 表示“已去某地”，在途中或已到目的地。 (1) she _qindao（她已去青岛了） has gone to (2) i _canada（我去过加拿大）have been to 2）瞬间动词与延续性动词的区别： 瞬问动词表示短暂不能持续一段时间的动作。 如come, go, leave, start, begin, buy, become, die等 而持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作。 如work, stay, live, learn 等 tell the following sentences true or false. (1)i have bought the calculator for a week. ( ) (2)i have had the calculator for a week. ( ) f t 第一句动词buy 属于瞬间动词，瞬间动词不能 与“for + 时间段”、“since + 时间点或从句”连用， 如果要用，必须将瞬间动词改成持续性动词。 leave die buy put on borrow become be away be dead have wear keep be a join the army fall ill catch a cold go out be in the army be ill have a cold be out finish/end arrive here begin/start be over be here be on 3）since引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词通常 用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。 we_(stay) in this school since we _ (come) to the city. have stayed came 4）句型：it is +时间段+ since +瞬间动 词过去式，自从 it is six weeks since they came here. 5）现在完成时与一般过去时区别: 一般过去时表示过去的动作和状态，和现 在不发生联系,着眼于过去,属于过去时态范畴, 一般过去时与过去时间状语连用。 现在完成时尽管动作也发生在过去，但强 调对现在的影响与结果，着眼于现在，属于现 在时态范畴，现在完成时与表示到现在为止的 时间状语连用。 五、一般过去时 (the past indefinite tense) 1、用法： 1）表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。 (1)i _(go) to visit a friend of mine yesterday afternoon. went (2) he_ (be) a soldier three years ago.was 2）表示过去经常反复发生的动作。 she often_ (ride)a bike for half an hour every morning when she was young. rode she used to ride a bike for half an hour every morning when she was young. 3）在时间、条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。 he said he would give her the book if he _ (see) her. saw yesterday, last week, just now, two weeks ago, in 1956, once, once upon a time, a moment ago,etc. 2、 常与下列时间状语连用: 3、句子基本结构： 肯定句：s+动词过去式+ 或 s+was/were+ 否定句：s +didnt + 动词原形 + 或 s + wasnt/werent + 疑问句：did +s +动词原形 +? 或was/were +s+? 4、注意的问题： 1)有时句中虽没有表示确定的过去时间状语， 但根据实际语言意境可判断动作或状态是过 去发生的。 (2) i _(forget) to bring my calculator with me. forgot 2）描写已故之人的动作或状态均需用一般过 去时。 mark twain _(write)a lot of short stories in his life. wrote we _(have) a meeting the whole morning yesterday. were having 六、过去进行时 (the past continuous tense) 1、用法： 1）表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。 he _(walk) down the street this time yesterday. was walking 2）表示过去某一时间内正进行的动作。 3）表示在过去某个过程发生的动作，这个过程 往往用过去进行时表示。 (1)i _(read) an english book when he came to see me. was reading (2)my mother came bake while i_ (do)my homework. was doing (while 表示“在期间”，因此所引导从 句是延续性动词，而 when 引导从句，动 作有短暂也有延续的,在这类情况下，延 续性动词用过去进行时) 3、句子基本结构： 肯定句: s + was/were +动词现在分词+ 否定句: s + wasnt/werent +动词现在分词+ 疑问句: was/were + s +动词现在分词+ 2、(1)常与 at that time, this time yesterday, at eight yesterday evening, from eight to ten 等短语连用。 (2)用在 when,while引导的时间状语从 句中。 七、过去将来时 (the past future tense) 1、用法： 表示从过去的某一时候来看将要发生 的动作或存在的状态。 (1) mother promised that she_ (take) me to the park this sunday. would take (2) coke said that he_(make) a trip to the seaside next tuesday. was going to make 2、常带the next week/day, the following week/ month 等时间状语，多用在宾语从句中。 2、句子基本结构： 肯定句: s + would/should+动词原形 + 或 s +was/were going to +动词原形 + 否定句: s + wouldnt/shouldnt+动词原形 + 或s + wasnt/werent going to +动词原形 + 疑问句: would/should +s +动词原形 + 或 was/were +s+going to+动词原形 + 八、过去完成时 (the past perfect tense) 1、用法： 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完 成了的动作，可以用五个字简单概括为“过去的过 去”。 (1) by last night we_ (get) everything ready for the party. （把一切准备好发生在昨天晚上之前） (2) before he joined nba, yao ming_ (play) for a basketball team in shanghai for several years. （在上海篮球队打球发生在参加nba之前） had got had played 2、常与by the end of, before, after 等构成的短语 和与when, before, after 等引导的时间从句连用， 还可用 在宾语从句中。 3、句子基本结构： 肯定句: s + had+动词过去分词+ 否定句: s + hadnt +动词过去分词+ 疑问句: had + s +动词过去分词+ 1.water_ (freeze) at the temperature 0.freezes analyze the following examples. 评析：此句虽没有时间状语，但水在0度 结冰是客观规律，所以应填一般现在时。 2. its late at night. dad _still _ (work) hard to find a solution. is working 评析：第一句的is说明现在正在晚上，故用 现在进行时。 3.the worlds first great nurse nightinga -les birthday _ (become) international nurses day in 1974. became 评析：此句的时间状语是“in 1974”，明确表示过 去的时间，说明谓语动词是过去发生的动作或情 况，故用一般过去时。 4.what_ you_(do) when i called you yesterday evening? weredoing 评析：此句是when引导的时间状语从句，在过 去特定时刻动作发生时，另一动作正在进行， 所以用过去进行时。 5. the headmaster told us that we _ (build) a computer room next year. would build 评析：此句为含有宾语从句的复合句，要注意 主句和从句谓语动词的时态呼应，主句的谓语 动词told是过去时，从句的时间状语 next year为将来时间状语，所以填过去将来时。 6. the rain _ (stop). shall we go on with our volleyball match? has stopped 评析：雨水停止这一动作对现在产生的结果是 继续可以打排球，现在完成时其中一个用法表 示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果， 所以填现在完成时，不可填一般过去时。 7.i have no idea if she _(come) this afternoon. if she _(come), i”ll let you know. will come comes 评析：第一个if 解释为“是否”，引导宾语从句，时 间状语 this afternoon 表示将来的时间，主句的 动作 have no idea 属于现在时态 ，所以填一般将 来时。而第二个if解释为“如果”，引导条件状语从 句，主句一般将来时，从句必须用一般现在时代替 一般将来时。 8. i_(see) mr li yesterday. we_(not see) each other since 2000. saw hadnt seen 评析：第一句时间状语yesterday显而易见用一 般过去时。第二句时间状语 since 1990按照现 在完成时态的用法应填现在完成时，但是此句 动作not see发生在yesterday之前，所以必须用 过去完成时。 9.they have told me that he_ (buy) a new car next term. will buy 评析：这是一句含有that引导的宾语从句的复 合句，主句现在完成时属于现在时态范围，根 据从句时间状语next term，所以应填一般将 来时，而不是过去将来时。 10. mr. zhang, a famous teacher in shanghai, _ (go) to give lectures in yunnan last year. he _ ( stay) there for a term. yesterday he returned home. he told us that he _ (make) quite a few good friends there. the newspaper said more good teachers _(send) to yunnan sometime next year. went stayed/had stayed would be sent had made 评析：整段时态需上下联系，分析后再落笔。last year为过去时间状语，故go为一般过去时。 returned home为过去时，故stay为过去开始一直 延续到昨天回家，所以用过去完成时，因为stay本 身为延续性动词，故一般过去时也可以。后面一句 为宾语从句，在告诉我们之前已经交了许多朋友， 所以仍用过去完成时。最后一句也是宾语从句，主 句是过去时态，从句时间状语sometime next year 表示将来的时间，且send 后没有sb，所以用过去 将来时的被动语态。 一、 fill in the blanks with the verbs in their proper forms. 1.we_ (solve) the problems later on. 2.you_(get) wet if you_ (go) out without an umbrella. 3._(not throw) paper on the ground. 4. a: what_you_(do) at the moment ? b: i_(go) over my lessons. a: when_ you_( start) going over your lessons? b: an hour ago. 5._ you ever_(hear) about the egyptian mummy exhibition at shanghai museum? complete the following exercises . will solve will getgo dont throw aredoing am going didstart have heard 6.your story_ (sound) interesting. you read a lot, dont you? 7.we _ (build) ten factories in this small town since 1990. 8.the old people and children must _ (take) good care of. 9. mary told the boy_(not take) the magazines out of the reading room. 10.he decided that he_(not say) anything about it. 11.the class four students_(listen) to a lecture about ufos this time yesterday. 12.as we all know, a lot of changes _ (take place)in our city in the past ten years. sounds have built be taken would not say were listening have taken place not to take 13.it_(be) three months since i posted the letter . 14.he_(work) in our school for five years before he_(go) to america 15.englishmen seldom _(talk) in the underground. 16.they _(not get) off the bus until the rain stops. 17.they couldnt help_(jump) when they heard the good news. is had worked went talk wont get jumping 18.franklin used to _ (eat) american food,but now he has been used to _(eat) the food here 19.while we _ (travel) in australia last summer, i visited lucy who once taught english in our school. 20. the conference on scaling up poverty reduction(扶贫大会) _ (hold) in shanghai in may ,2004. 21.the shanghai radio and tv tower _ (lie) in pudong new district. eat eating were travelling was held lies 22. last saturday we_(climb) mount tai to watch the sunrise. when we got to the top, the sun_(rise). what a shame! there we_(tell) to be earlier the next time. climbed had risen were told 二、choose the best answer 1.hes never been to england,_? a.is he b.isnt he c.has he d.hasnt he 2.the poor man_in bed up to now. he has no money to see a doctor. a.had laid b.had lain c.has lain d.has laid 3.neither he nor i_ interested in playing video games. a.am b.is c.are d./ 4.you_worry about your son. he will be well soon. a.neednt to b.need to c.dont need d.dont need to 5.internet bars mustnt let people under 18 in or let anybody_bad things. a.watch b.to watch c.watching d.watches a c a d a 6.some passengers were walking through one of the big halls at paris charles de gaulle airport_ the whole roof fell down. a.while b.as soon as c.when d.after 7.a:would you mind telling me_recently? b:of course not. a.where did he live b.where does he live c.where he lives d.where he lived 8.i wonder if you_( go) there by bus or by train tomorrow. a.would go b.will go c.goes d.go c c b 三、correct the mistakes. (there is only one mistake in each sentence) 1.mr smith doesnt be in now. he has gone to new york. 2.the teacher said that the earth went around the sun. 3.the boy is very sad now because he had just lost his new bike. 4.by the time she was fifteen, she started to teach herself computer science. doesnt be _isnt went_ goes had_has started_ had started 5.you should apologized to him. 6.plastics are used to making many things. 7.the old man has died for several years. 8. i said i would show him the picture when i finish it. 9. his job at the moment is organize the school sports meeting died_been dead finish_finished organize_to organize apologized_ apologize to making_to make 10.bob as well as his friends do some reading every morning. 11. they invited to take part in miss lis birthday party last sunday. 12.jessica prefered milk to tea three years ago. 13.im sorry i didnt hear you because i am listening to music. prefered_preferred invited_were invited do_does am_was 14.while they had supper, all the lights went out. 15. scientists has studied the global warming for several years. they are working hard to find a solution. 16.the professor usually goes to see a film on sundays when he was young. 17.im looking forward to receive your letter. 18.yesterday afternoon i happened to meet my old friend.we have been away from each other for about ten years. goes_went have_had had_were having has_have to receive_receiving 四、fill in the blanks with the verbs in the box in their proper forms. ( not smoke, hold, remember, see, operate, watch) 1.he didnt go to the cinema because he _ the film twice. 2.jack was asked _cigarettes on the bus. 3.he still_ riding a bicycle in the street for the first time now. 4.the hall is big enough _2,000 people. 5.the doctor said that the old woman had to _ on immediately. 6.you had better finish your h