2019最新2019年开放教育自考电子商务概论必考重点.docx

第一章一、由Internet及相关技术决定的电子商务的特点。二、由电子商务系统结构决定的电子商务的特点。三、由交易过程决定的电子商务特点四、由电子商务市场主体决定电子商务的特点。电子商务的产生原因：第一、信息网络技术为电子商务的发展的物质基础；第二、国际经贸的迅速发展要求商务手段和工具上的变革；第三、国际市场的激烈竞争也促进了电子商务的发展。电子商务的分类1按照交易主体分类：2按照交易对象分类：3按照使用网络类型分类：4按照网络接入方式分类：电子商务对企业的影响。(1)影响企业的运作方式。(2)影响企业的组织结构电子商务对经济规律的影响。(1)边际收益递减规律被边际收益递增规律代替。(2)达维多定律(3)梅特卡夫定律第二章 电子商务技术基础电子商务支付技术安全协议：一，SSL（握手协议，消息加密协议；商家欺诈）；二，SET（常用）。Web2.0的主要技术:RSS（信息聚合技术）；Trackback（引用功能）；Ajax（与服务器异步通信）；Tag。（标签，关键词分类技术）电子支付工具：电子钱夹（电子信用卡）。电子支票电子现金（电子钱包）安全认证技术：智能卡；数字签名（非对称加密技术）；数字凭证；CA认证；数字信封；数字时间戳。第三章 EDIEDI优势一，降低成本。二，减少错误。三，减少库存。四，改善客户服务。传统EDI的局限性一，环境问题二，费用问题三，安全问题。EDI信息编码原则包括：一，唯一性。二，简明性。三，稳定性。四，可扩展性。五，易识性。六，自检能力。由动作流程形成的ECI工作方式：一，生产EDI平面文件；二，翻译生产EDI标准格式文件；三，通讯；四，EDI文件的接受和处理。由功能模型形成的ECI动作方式：一，点对点PTP方式；二，增值网VAN方式；三，MHS方式；电子商务是EDI发展的必然趋势：一，internet mail；二，标准翻译；三，web-EDI方式；四，XML/EDI方式。第四章 电子商务系统(利用信息网络技术全面实现电子交易的商务系统)电子商务系统由4要素组成：Internet信息要素；电子商务主体要素；电子商务服务商要素（1，接入服务商；2，服务提供商 3，内容服务提供商 4 应用服务系统提供商。）；中介组织要素（认证中心；支付中心；物流中心）。第五章 电子商务流程（B2C;B2B;C2C）一，电子商务的基本流程：交易前的准备；交易磋商；签订合同和办理手续；厮履行合同的索赔。企业业务流程四要素及内容：一，活动，明确活动的内容，要做什么；二，活动的方式，用什么做，工具设备；三，活动的承担者；四，活动的连接方式，链接手段、方式应充分体现管理、控制功能。电子商务与企业流程重组：必然性：一，传统企业流程模式的缺陷（分工过细，组织结构臃肿，企业员工技能单一）；二，信息技术对传统业务流程的影响。内容：1，组织结构重组（一，柔性化；二，网络化；三，扁平化；四，团队化。）2，业务链重组3，资源重组第六章 电子商务模式电子商务模式分类：运营模式；赢利模式（一，利润点。是指企业可以获取利润的产品和服务。二，利润对象。是指企业提供的商品或服务的购买者和使用群体。三，利润源。是指企业的收入来源。四，利润屏障。是指企业为了防止竞争者掠夺本企业的利润而采取的防范措施。五，利润杠杆。是指企业生产产品或服务以及吸引顾客购买和使用产品或服务的一系列业务活动）。 B2B模式的细分 一. 卖方集中模式(集中采购)；二. 买方集中模式(集中销售)；三. 网上/第三方交易市场模式(最流行)。博客赢利模式有：一，平台收费；二，营销收费；三，销售赢利；四，中介收费；五，服务收费；六，内容收费；七，配件收费。长尾理论：只要存储和流通的渠道足够大，需求不旺或者销量不佳的产品所共同占据的市场份额可以喝那些少数热销产品所占据的市场份额相匹敌甚至更大，既众多小市场汇聚可以与主流大市场相匹敌的市场能量。电子商务主要盈利模式：一， 广告模式；二，订阅模式；三，销售模式；四，会员制模式；五，5Cs。第七章 电子商务战略时间：一，战略的提出；二，战略的形成；三，战略的实施；四，战略的评估。空间：一，战略目的；二，战略方针；三，战略力量；四，战略措施。电子商务战略的分类按主体划分（政府、组织和企业）；按行业划分；按性质划分（(1) 电子商务竞争战略。一，抢占快车道战略。二，人才风险战略。三，另辟蹊径战略。四，隐形进攻战略。(2) 电子商务合作战略）制定电子商务战略步骤：一，战略的提出；二，外部环境分析；三，内部环境分析；四，识别差距；五，战略的形成。企业电子商务战略目标注意问题：一，优先考虑电子商务系统的竞争力目标；二，应基于全球化经济考虑系统需求（满足国际需要目标）；三，应把支撑企业运营目标作为核心要素之一；四，重视电子商务系统的价值衡量（利润增值目标）；五，建立责任控制体系企业电子商务战略框架主要包括下列战略：电子商务产品战略、技术战略、市场战略、物流战略、人才战略、安全战略等。企业电子商务战略步骤：一，基础阶段；二，信息孤岛阶段；三，企业内部信息化阶段；四，电子商务实施阶段。第八章 电子商务产品电子商务产品分为三类：一，有形电子产品；二，无形电子产品；三，数字产品；（，可复制性；，可比性；，具有公共物品性质；，具有“经验产品”性质）。电子商务产品的发展趋势：一，越来越注重产品内容；二，越来越多的产品数字化；三，越来越多的产品信息化。新产品创新的流程分为六个阶段：一，产品概念；二，产品定义；三，产品设计;四，样本研制；五，实验推广；六，大规模促销。电子商务时代生产模式的特点：一，创新特征；二，更新快特征；三，知识特征 ；四，文化特征；五，个性化服务特征.有形产品定制化的好处：一，产品功能更具有针对性；二，生产的预测更准确；三，定制生产是保持和消费者联系的最好途径；四，动态贸易的出现（让技术满足当拥有定制客户的需求）。服务供给个性化：一，服务业最适合电子商务；二，EC产品发展趋势要求服务业的配套发展；三，EC的发展促进了服务的创新。电子商务生产方式对企业的影响：一，企业成为“学习组织”；二，企业注重知识网络建设；三，企业功能社会化；四，企业管理信息化。ERP对企业的作用：一，维护尽可能低的库存量；二，减少停工待料，时间成本；三，提高质量，降低人工成本；四，节省管理人员，降低管理费用。第九章 电子商务市场电子商务市场战略：1.市场进攻战略;2.经营业务战略（一，成本领先战略 二，差异化战略 三，集中化战略。）;3.市场合作战略;4.市场跟进战略；5.市场补缺战略。电子商务定价原则：遵循价值规律；从实际出发；服务于企业目标。电子商务定价的特点一，全球性影响定价；二，打破了产品价格的不对称；三，降低了交易价格；四，有利于个性化定价五，有利于消费者间的信息沟通和联合购买电子商务定价策略：免费策略，高位定价策略，低位定价策略，个性化定价策略，动态定价策略，联盟定价策略，捆绑定价策略，版本定价策略，网上拍卖定价策略，折扣定价策略。第十章 网络营销网络销售与传统营销的比较：一，网络销售具有传统销售所无法比拟的优势。二，网络销售的互动性极强，有助于实现企业的全程目标。三，网络消费者个性化趋势日益突出。四，网络营销使消费者购物过程更加容易和理智。五，网络营销有利于降低企业成本费用，增强竞争优势。网络调研优势：一，突破时空的限制；二，便捷性、经济型；三，及时性、客观性；四，数据的可再用性和升值。五，可检验性和可控性。网络调研的步骤：一，确定网络调研问题和调研目标；二，确定网络调研对象；三，确定网络调研方法；四，信息收集；五，信息整理和分析；六，提出研究报告网络调研主要方法：一，网络问卷法；二，网络观察法；三，专题讨论法；四，在线实践法；五，搜索引擎查找资料；六，访问网站收集信息；七，利用网络数据库信息。博客营销：一，网络营销费用低。二，有利于企业与消费者交流沟通。三，有利于提高企业信誉度和推广品牌。四，有利于市场调查和新产品开发。第十一章 电子商务的客户关系购买的决策过程：一，认知问题；二，搜寻信息；三，信息评价与决策；四，购买行为；五，购买后行为。消费者决策的基本原则：一，最大满意原则；二，相对满意原则；三，遗憾最小原则；四，预期满意原则。客户关系管理要素：一， 面对客户、接触客户（提供尽可能多的客户服务接入形式；洞察更深层次的客户需求；注重向哪些更具潜力的客户提供服务；个性化的客户服务界面；提供一个让客户放心的安全环境）；二处理客户问题。第十二章 电子商务采购优势：一，从根本上改变企业的传统采购模式，提高效率；二，降低采购成本；三，扩大交易范围；四，提高整体供应链的获利能力；五，实现本地化采购向全球化采购的转变。按采购职能与企业战略关系的划分的电子商务采购模式：一，按进货性采购模式；二，单独业务性采购模式；三，战略职员型采购模式；四，部门统合性采购模式；五，定制采购模式。第十三章 电子商务物流EC与物流的关系：一，物流是电子商务的一部分；二，物流是实现电子商务的关键；三，电子商务改变了传统的物流运作方式，促进了物流的发展。EC物流和传统物流的关系：相同：运输功能存储功能装卸搬运功能包装功能不同：信息化网络化现代化社会化柔性化EC物流系统目标的设定：服务性目标快捷目标低成本目标安全性目标EC物流基本技术：条码技术射频技术地理信息系统GPS技术第三方物流优势：集中精力发展主业减少库存量，降低库存成本减少资本积压，节省费用提升企业形象延伸服务劣势：企业对物流控制能力降低客户关系管理风险客户信息透露的危险请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such asCartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. Conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. If the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenDescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation ofalgebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. A circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The term circle is also used to refer to the region enclosed by the cur