英语八种时态讲解及练习.pptx

初中语法专题（一 ） 时态 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 一般将来时 过去将来时 一般现在时 一、一般现在时：一、一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现 在的某种状况。 时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc. 基本结构：be动词；行为动词 否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓 语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如 主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时 还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用 助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数， 则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 什么情况下用 ？ 表示经常或习惯性的动作或存 在的状态。表示主语通常的能 力、兴趣爱好、和性格特征。 表示客观的事实或真理。表示 按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的 将来行为。（只限于是go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, take off, stop, be等表示开始或移动意义的 词。）在时间状语从句和条件 状语从句中，主句用一般将来时 (will+动词原形)，从句中用一般 现在时表将来。（主将从现（主将从现 ） 当主语是第三人称 时，谓语动词要用 第三人称单数形式 ，加-s/es。除此之 外都用动词原形。 动词第三人称单数 形式变化规则 规则例子 一般在词尾加-s，(清辅音后 读/s/，在浊辅音后读/z/； 在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/。) Playplays leaveleaves swimswims 以字母s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的词 加-es，读/iz/,如果动词原形 词尾已有e,则只加-s。 pass passes fixfixes teachteaches wishwishes dodoes 以辅音字母加y结尾的词 ，先变y为i, 再加-es,读/z/ studystudies carrycarries flyflies 1. He_(be, am, is, are) a teacher at No. 2 Middle School. 2. He_(have, has) classes in the afternoon. 3. He_(get, gets) up at half past six every morning. 4. He always _(come, comes ) to school on time. 5. He _(study, studies) very hard at his lesson. 6. One and two _(be, is, are) three. 7. Blue and yellow _(make, makes) green. 8. The earth _(move, moves) round the sun. 9. I will go there if I _( be, will be, am, is, are) free tomorrow. 10. I will go there when I _(have, will have, has) time tomorrow. 11. He wont come to the party unless he _(be, will be, am, is, are) invited. 12. Ill wait here until my mother _(come, comes, will come) back. 13. Please return the book to the library as soon as you _(finish, finishes, will finish) reading it. 14. Once you _(see, sees, will see) him, you will never forget him. 一般过去时 概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或 状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、 行为。行为。 时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 基本结构：be动词；行为动词 否定形式：was/were+not;在行为 动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首； 用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时 还原行为动词。 谓语动词使用过去式形式， 加ed，分为规则和不规则变 化。表示过去经常发生的动 作，也可用“used to do ” 和“would +动词原形”。 构成规则例子 一般在动词原形末尾加-ed，(在清 辅音后读/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读 /d/；在/t/,/d/后读/id/。 looklooked playplayed workworked 结尾是e的动词在末尾加-d likeliked livelived hopehoped 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音 节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed planplanned stopstopped dropdropped 结尾是“辅音字母y”的动词，先 变“y”为“i”再加-ed studystudied worryworried crycried 1. 1. He_(be, was, were, been) here a moment ago. 2. 2. They _(be, was, were, been) here just now. 3. 3. The scientists _(leave, leaves, leaved, left) for America yesterday. 4. 4. Last week we _(visit, visited ) the Science Museum. 5. 5. When I was a child, I often _(play, played) football. 6. 6. The students ran out of the classroom as soon as the bell _(ring, rang, rung). 现在进行时 作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况 ）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在 进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, look. listen等时间状语做标志。 3.基本结构：主语+be +doing +其 他 4.否定形式：主语+be +not +doing+ 其他 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句 首。 6. 6. 用法：现在进行时表示用法：现在进行时表示 1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或 发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。 E.g. He is reading . They are talking now. 2)、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段 正在进行的动作。 E.g. They are working these days. 3)、 某些动词的现在进行时，表预定 的计划或即将发生的动作。 E.g I am coming. 现在分词的变法有现在分词的变法有 1)、一般在动词词尾加上-ing ,E.g. jump 2)、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先 去e，再加-ing. E.g have write 3)、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅 音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元 音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双 写，再加上-ing. E.g. sit put 其句式 变换都在be上做文章。 1.I _(write, am writing, is writing, are writing) a letter now. 2.Look, it _(begin, is beginning, am beginning, are beginning) to rain. 3.They _(study, is studying, am studying, are studying) medicine at the Medical Institute of Chengde these days. 24.He _(teach, am teaching, is teaching, are teaching) an English lesson at this time. 过去进行时 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时 刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是 一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing + 其他 4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其他 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句 首。(第一个字母大写） 其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。 过去进行时常与过去某一特定时 间的状语连用，如 last night, at that time, at noon yesterday, last Sunday 等。 也有时没有时间状 语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定 用过去进行时。 1.I _(cook, cooked, was cooking, were cooking) breakfast when you arrived. 2.What _you_( do, did, was.doing, weredoing) at this time yesterday evening? 3.We_(have, are having, had,were having) dinner when the doorbell rang. 4.While/ When/ As we_( have, had, are having, were having) dinner, the doorbell rang. 一般将来时 构成构成: :will,shall+动词原形，其中shall 只用于第一人称。be going to +动 词原形，表示主观打算，按计划，安 排要发生的事情。 be to +动词原形 ，表示客观安排 be about to +不定 式，意为马上要做某事，正要做某 事。某些动词，可用进行时态表将 来，如come, go, arrive, leave。在时 间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句 用一般将来时(will+动词原形)，从句 中用一般现在时表将来。一般现在 时可表示按时间表发生的将来的动作 (限start, begin, arrive, end, close, leave- 等表示开始或移动意义的词) 时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 否定形式否定形式：主语+am/is/are not going to do ；主语+will/shall not do+其他 一般疑问句一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提 到句首。 e.g. She will be back in three days. She will not be back in three days. Will She be back in three days? They are going to clean their classroom. They are not going to clean their classroom. Are they going to clean their classroom? 1 _you _a doctor when you grow up? A Will; going to be B Are; going to be C Are; / D Will; be 2 I dont know if his uncle _. I think he _ if it doesnt rain. A will come; comes B will come; will come C comes; comes D comes; will come 3 He will be back _a few minutes. A with B for C on D in 4 What time _we meet at the gate tomorrow? A will B shall C do D are 5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _the work next week. A finishes B doesnt finish C will finish D wont finish 6 There _some showers this afternoon. A will be B will have C is going to be D are going to have 7 It _my brothers birthday tomorrow. She _a party. A is going to be; will have B will be; is having C will be; is going to have D will have; is going to be 8 Li Ming is 10 years old now, next year he _11. A is B is going to be C will be D will to be 过去将来时 构成：构成：（would + 动词原形，或将来 时的其它过去构成形式was going to do） 表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过 去看将要发生的动作或存在的状 态。在宾语从句及间接引语中，时 态呼应，经常会用到过去将来时。 如I thought it was going to be fun. 时间状语时间状语：-soon/the next day-that- clause(名词性从句或上下文中-) 1.I told my friend that I _ (should/ would arrive, shall/ will arrive) soon. 2.They looked at those clouds over the sky. It_(is going to rain, was going to rain). 3.They said that they _(are to meet, were to meet) at the gate the next day. 4.We _(are about to go, were about to go) out when it started to rain. 现在完成时 1. 1.概念：概念：表示发生在过去，持续到现 在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行 下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来 ，并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。 常与since+过去时（间）, for+一段时 间连用。表示与现在有联系的过去的 动作。 2. 2.时间状语：时间状语：yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since+时间点， for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3. 3.基本结构：基本结构：主语+have/has +p.p（ 过去分词）+其他 4. 4.否定形式：否定形式：主语+have/has + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他 5. 5.一般疑问句：一般疑问句：have/has+主语 +p.p（ 过去分词）+其他? 非延续性动词和延续性动词非延续性动词和延续性动词 非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性 ，常见的有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, close, fall, finish, sell, lose, kill等 ，这些动词不能和表示一段时间的 时间状语连用。 但是，非延续性动 词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续 ，可与for/since等时间状语连用。 有些同学错误地认 为这类非延续性动词不 能用于完成时态中。其 实，错误的本质在于非 延续性动词与时间段的 错误搭配，与现在完成 时态无关。 延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用 在具体的语言环境中，往往会出 现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情 况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直 译为： He has fallen asleep for an hour. 他睡了一小时了。（） His father has died for three years. 他父亲去世三年了。（） 当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以 下解决方法： （1）将非延续性动词转化为相应的 状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一 动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如 ： He has been asleep for an hour. （fall asleep,“入睡”为短暂动作，但be asleep“睡着”则为状态动词，可延 续。） His father has been dead for three years.（die为短暂动词，“死”后的 状态可用“be dead”这种系表结构来 描述，可延续。） 常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类：常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类： go therebe there, come backbe back, borrowkeep, buy/catchhave, arrivebe in, beginbe on, openbe open, closebe closed, diebe dead, leavebe away from, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep, becomebe, joinbe in/a member of, receivehave, catch/get a coldhave a cold, get marriedbe married，come be in，finish be over， leaver be away have have （hashas）been been 和和have have （ hashas） gone gone 的区别的区别 have been to a place意思是“到过、 去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在 人不在那儿；have gone to a place表 示“去了”，已经去了某地，现在 人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿 了。 1. You have _ a tall young man. A grown B grown into C grown us D grown up 2. He has _ the watch for a year. A buy B bought C have D had 3. Has your brother _ the dog? A kept in B fed C fed on D kept on 4. I _this book for two weeks, I have to return it now. A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept 5. Have you ever _to the Great Wall? Its very beautiful. A gone B been C went D go 6. Her brother _the Party since 1978. A joined B has joined C has been in D was in 7. The Greens _many places of interest since they came to China. A will visit B visited C have visited D visit 8 Im sorry, I _ your name. A had forgotten B forgot C have forgotten D forgotten 9 The bookshop _ for eight years. A has been open B has been opened C has opened D has open 10 We have all the paper so we need to buy some. A used up B made of C filled with D hunted for 11 The flower I _grown up. A planted has B planted have C has planted D have planted 巧解现在完成时态题 技巧技巧1: 1:寻找现在完成时中的寻找现在完成时中的“段段 时间时间”。 (1) 现在完成时表示过去已经开 始并持续到现在的动作或状态, 多和表示一段时间的状语连用 :for+一段时间;since+点时间 (since作连词后接从句时,该从句 要用一般过去时) 。 (2) 现在完成时态也用在含有 during / in/ over the last years或in recent years等的句子中。 趁热打铁 1. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower _ tens of thousands of visitors since 1995. A. attracted B. attracts C. has attracted D. will attract 2. How long _ you _ here? For about two years so far. A. have, studied B. did, live C. do, stay D. were, swimming 3. How is your father? I _him for a long time. He is fine, but busy. A. dont see B. hadnt seen C. didnt see D. havent seen 4. Meimei has received several letters from her hometown since she _ to the city. A. came B. comes C. has come D. will come 技巧技巧2: 2:寻找现在完成时的副寻找现在完成时的副 词标志或句型。词标志或句型。 (1) 在做时态题时,注意观察句中是否 有常用于现在完成时的副词:yet, already, never, lately, recently, ever, just, before, (ever) since等。 (2) 句型:It has been + 段时间+since + 过去时. 也可以表示为: It is + 段时间 +since + 过去时. 趁热打铁趁热打铁 1. What are you going to do this weekend? I _ yet. A. havent decided B. wont decide C. have decided D. didnt decide 2. My mother _ the windows already, so the room looks much brighter. A. has cleaned B. had cleaned C. is cleaning D. will clean 3. It _ ten years since we last _ in Beijing. A. was, met B. has been, met C. was, meet D. is, meet 4. How long has the weather been like this? _. A. Until last night B. Ever since last night C. Two days ago D. Two days later 技巧技巧3: 3:把握把握have been tohave been to与与have gone tohave gone to 的区别。的区别。 have been to 曾经去过某处(现在已经 不在那个地方,强调以前的经历) have gone to去了某处(强调主语已经 离开说话者所在的地方,现在还没有 回来) 趁热打铁 1. Is that Jack speaking? Sorry, he isnt in right now. He _ the cinema with his aunt. A. has been to B. has gone to C. have been to D. have gone to 2. Hello, may I speak to your father, please? Sorry, my father _ to Shanghai. He went there this morning. A. goes B. has gone C. has been D. go 3. How many times _ you _ to Beijing this year? Three times. A. have, been B. had, been C. have, gone D. had gone 技巧技巧4: 4:分清延续性动词和非延续分清延续性动词和非延续 性动词。性动词。 延续性动词是指那些动作可以持 续的动词。如:have, keep, study, live, teach等。 非延续性动词是指那些动作瞬间 完成的动词。如:begin, buy, borrow, lend等。 做题时,要注意句中是否有段时 间,如果有则用延续性动词。 趁热打铁 1. Oh, Mrs. King, your dress looks nice. Is it new? No, I _ it since two years ago. A. had B. bought C. have had D. have bought 2. Tom _ the CD player for two weeks. A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had 3. How long has the foreigner _ here? He has _ here for several hours. A. arrived; come B. come; got C. stayed