毕业论文-四路无线防盗报警器的设计与制作.doc

无线防盗报警器的设计与制作 四路无线防盗报警器的设计与制作引 言 随着国家智能化建筑的推广，防盗系统已经成为智能建筑的必需设备。在这样一个日趋高度智能化、节能化的时代，人们的设计焦点越来越集中在单片机的开发和应用上。单片机已在工业控制、智能仪表、数控机床、数据采集和处理、通讯及多种智能家电和玩具等众多方面得到了广泛应用。市场上的无线防盗报警器以单片机控制和无线技术居多1。本设计四路防盗报警器就是基于单片机设计开发的一种实用性产品。具有可靠性高、操作简单、监控范围广、节省人员、效率高、适用范围广等众多优点。无线数据传输方式无需重新布线，不易被破坏，特别适合已装修用户及布线不方便的场合，能使建筑更加美观2。第一章 四路无线防盗报警器方案设计1.1 设计背景及意义在目前安全防范入侵报警系统的应用中，各种各样的建筑不同，安全防范的要求也不同，因此每一个安全防范入侵报警系统的构成也都不同。从一个报警探测器和一台报警系统控制主机，到几百个以至上千个报警探测器和报警系统控制主机构成的系统都有应用。有些大型报警系统控制器主机功能也相当丰富，除了安全防范报警以外，还可以作为自动化控制系统和门禁系统使用。有的报警系统包括无线系统、时间表控制系统、继电器控制系统，可以方便地构成家居及办公自动化系统。 总之防盗报警系统在向多功能、大容量、智能化发展，越来越成为一套完整的集安全防范、自动化控制等为一体的综合管理系统体系3。 纵观当前形势，可以预计防盗报警产品即将走入千家万户的生活。目前防盗报警产品在我国的普及率只有20%，与欧美等发达国家高达70%的普及率相比，我国防盗报警产品市场的发展才刚刚起步，潜在需求更是难于估计。另一方面，在社会信息化进程日益发展的今天，信息技术已渗透到各个领域。然而收入差距的拉大也大大增加了犯罪机率。相对于国外的智能建筑来说，中国的住宅、商场的防盗措施不是特别完善。特别是住宅所局限的防盗窗和防盗门，虽然起到一定作用，但是当灾难发生时，也使逃生更加的困难了。无线防盗报警器的应运而生使许多的问题迎刃而解。未来发展越趋向于智能化发展，我们所生活的建筑物智能化便成为21世纪的发展主流。其中安防系统设备是否完善、可靠将成为评价智能建筑的重要指标4。1.2 功能设计四路无线防盗报警器的功能是：信号发射端感应器感应到外界的动静，将信号进行放大、比较、无线发送，信号经无线接收由单片机作出判断，使对应的灯亮，并发出声音警示。其中发射端可以设置地址，有4个地址可选，接收端可以做出对应灯亮的判断。当有多个这样的发射端时，将发射端移动位置时，可以对其重新设置地址。另外这四个地址可以应用成四个不同地址的发送端，相当于四对一无线防盗报警器。1.3 系统设计方案1.3.1 前端探测器设计方案比较主要用于防盗报警的前端探测器有：超声波、微波、被动式红外探测器。利用超声波传感器件作为发射头和接收头，发射器向被探测区域发射幅度相等的超声波，接收器接收发射回来的超声波，在没有移动物体进入被探测区域时，接收发射回来的超声波幅度是相等的。当有活动的物体进入探测区域时，接收到发射回来的超声波是幅度不等的，并且是不断变化的，接收电路检测到变化的信号时控制电路会触发外围报警电路来报警5。微波的探测原理以多普勒效应为基础，由发射器发射高频电磁波，在监视空间建立三维的交变电磁场。接收器与发射器安装在同一机壳内，用于接收从监视内反射回来的反射波，并将反射波的频率与发射波频率进行比较而作出判断。微波传感器必须安装在完全没有震动的墙、柱等建筑物上。它的特点是当高频电磁被遇到金属表面或坚硬的混凝土表面时特别容易反射，对空气的扰动、温度的变化和噪声等均不敏感。它能够穿透许多建筑构件（如砖墙等），大多数的隔墙以及玻璃板。它的缺点是在监视空间以外的运动物，转动的风扇或其它有较大动作的装置都可以导致防盗报警器错误报警6。被动式红外探测器件通过光学系统的配合作用，它可以探测到某一个立体防范空间内的热辐射的变化。当防范区域内没有移动的人体等目标时，由于所有背景物体（如墙、家具等）在室温下红外辐射的能量比较小，而且基本上是稳定的，所有不能触发报警。当有人体在探测区域内走动时，就会造成红外热辐射能量的变化。红外传感器将接收到的活动人体与背景物体之间的红外热辐射能量的变化转换为相应的电信号，经适当的处理后，送往报警控制器，发出报警信号。红外传感器的探测波长范围是8-14m，由于人体的红外辐射波长正好在此探测波长范围之内，因此能较好地探测到活动的人体。红外传感器前的光学系统可以将来自多个方向的红外辐射能量经反射镜反射或特殊的透镜透射后全都集中在红外传感器上。这样，一方面可以提高红外传感器的热电转换效力，另一方面还起到了加长探测距离、扩大警戒视场的作用7。红外探测器容易受到光照等带有移动物体的影响，所以具有误报的可能，而且在32-40 时，灵敏度大幅度下降。但是红外探测器的优点却是微波探测器不能替代的，比如省电、功耗小、价格低、安装方便等特点，另外红外探测器的可感知距离和探测的角度也远远大于微波探测器的可探测范围，可达到12，水平110度，垂直60度。优点：本身不发任何类型的辐射，器件功耗很小，隐蔽性好、探测性能好、易于布防、价格经济、实惠被广泛应用。缺点：容易受各种热源、光源干扰。被动红外穿透力差，人体的红外辐射容易被遮挡，不易被探头接收。环境温度和人体温度接近时，探测和灵敏度明显下降，有时造成短时失灵8。综合这几种前端探测器的优缺点和市场上应用广泛度，选择被动式红红外探测器。本设计选择热释电红外传感器RE200B。1.3.2 信息传输模块设计方案比较红外线：只能沿直线传播，不能有阻挡，所以若在不同房间就传输不了信息，且距离太近，适合遥控电视机等家用电器，而不是防盗报警器。微波：传输距离远，穿透能力强，性能优越9。比较这两种方案，选择微波传输。本设计选NRF905无线收发模块来传输信息。1.3.3 整体设计方案本系统采用以单片机为核心的热释电红外报警，设计了报警器的硬件系统和软件系统， 实现了系统的智能化控制。红外热释电传感器将接收到的红外光转换为电信号，用无线电微波发送信号。接收端便可将接收到的无线报警信号通过单片机进行判断，使蜂鸣器鸣叫和对应报警地点的LED灯亮，系统组成如图1-1所示。无线发送NRF905无线发送模块信号比较信号放大热释电红外传感器单片机四位拨码开关无线接收NRF905无线接收模块发光二极管单片机蜂鸣器图1-1 四路无线防盗报警器的组成框图 第二章 硬件电路设计2.1 发送端2.1.1 热释电红外感器及其周边电路图2-1电路的功能是感应外界的红外辐射并将信号转化为电信号传输到放大电路，该电信号为脉冲信号。图2-1 热释电红外感器及其周边电路2.1.2 放大电路LM324系列由四个独立的，高增益，内部频率补偿运算放大器组成。运算放大器1，2，3脚是一组，5，6，7脚是一组，8，9，10脚是一组，12，13，14脚是一组，剩下的两个脚是电源，1，7，8，14是各组放大器的输出脚，其它的就是输入脚10。其管脚排列见图2-2。图2-2 LM324管脚图图2-3电路的功能主要是对红外热释电所接受的信号进行两级放大，增大信号幅值，使接收端的现象反应得更加清楚。图2-3 放大电路图2.1.3 比较电路 运放LM393是双电压比较器集成电路，即将一个模拟电压信号与一个基准电压相比较的电路，用来对输入波形进行整形11。管脚如图2-4所示。图2-4 LM393管脚图图2-5电路的功能是对输入信号进行整形比较。3脚信号输入，经过比较由1脚输出。当有信号时，则1脚输出高电平，LED灯由原来的亮变为灭，但由于信号只是很短时间的，所以LED出现的现象便是闪一下。图2-5 比较电路2.1.4 单片机模块 图2-6电路主要是将P3.2口进来的处理过的热释电信号和四位拨码开关（与P2.0-P2.3相连）的按键状态送到无线发送模块发送。信号经过比较从单片机12脚输入，根据单片机STC89C52RC的程序进行判断，由P1.0-P1.7脚输出到无线发送模块NRF905。图2-6 单片机模块2.1.5 无线发送模块NRF905单片无线收发器工作于433/868/915MHz的ISM（工业、科学和医学）频道，频道之间的转换时间小于650s。工作电压为1.9-3.6V，32引脚QFN封装。自动产生前导码和CRC校验码，可以很容易通过SPI接口进行编程配置。外围器件连接简单，无需外部SAW滤波器。NRF905有两种工作模式和两种节能模式。两种工作模式分别是ShockBurst TM发送模式和ShockBurst RM接收模式，两种节能模式分别是掉电和SPI编程模式、STANDBY和SPI编程模式。NRF905的工作模式由TRX_CE、TX_EN、PWR_UP三个引脚的设置来决定，详见表2-1。表2-1 NRF905的工作模式 PWR_UP TRX_CE TX_EN 工作模式0XX 关机模式10X 空闲模式110射频接收模式111射频发送模式 NRF905芯片可以选择多种形式的天线作为无线传输的途径。对于低损耗、小尺寸的无线模块来说，具有T型匹配网络的环形天线是一个很好天线的解决方案。本系统采用此种天线解决方案，使用的是差分环形天线。PCB板上环形天线具有成本低，方向性较好，对人体不敏感，但增益较低的特点。通常应用于带宽较窄的场合，有利于抑制强的干扰。NRF905的外部电路主要由三个部分组成：VC0的外部电路，天线和接口驱动电路。该模块具有超小体积（33mm19mm）、性能稳定且不受外界干扰、对电源不敏感、传输距离远（无障碍200m）等优点。最大发射功率10dBm，高抗干扰GFSK调制、可跳频、最大数据传输数率50kbps、独特的载波检测输出、地址匹配输出、数据就绪输出。其中管脚MISO为SPI输出，MOSI为SPI输入，CSN为SPI使能端，低电平有效。而CD、AM、DR三个管脚分别为载波检测输出、地址匹配输出、数据就绪输出12。NRF90无线发送模块电路连接见图2-7。图2-7 NRF905无线发送模块电路连接SPI接口由状态寄存器、射频配置寄存器、发送地址寄存器、发送数据寄存器和接收数据寄存器5个寄存器组成。状态寄存器包含数据准备好引脚状态信息和地址匹配引脚状态信息；射频配置寄存器包含收发器配置信息，如频率和输出功能等；发送地址寄存器包含接收机的地址和数据的字节数；发送数据寄存器包含待发送的数据包的信息，如字节数等；接收数据寄存器包含要接收的数据的字节数等信息13。2.2 接收端2.2.1 无线接收模块无线接收模块和发送模块的管脚接连方式一样，如图2-7。无线接收模块接收信号后，将信号传给单片机进行相应处理。接收时单片机将PWR_UP，TRX_CE置1，TX_EN置0，信号由mosi脚输出到单片机并进行判断和处理。2.2.2 单片机图2-9的功能是将接收到的无线信号处理反应到发光二极管和蜂鸣器上。单片机STC89C52RC的P1.0-P1.7与无线接收模块NRF905连接，信号经过程序判断，使蜂鸣器响，发光二极管对应的灯亮。图2-9 单片机及其周边电路2.2.3 发光二极管 图2-10 单片机控制四个发光二极管电路图2-10中的接口分别与STC89C52RC的P2.4-P2.7相连接，被单片机控制来反应信号。发射端的四位拨码开关哪个拨on，接收端的发光二极管对应的就那个亮。2.2.4 蜂鸣器图2-11电路功能是当有报警信号时，通过STC89C52RC来控制蜂鸣器响，以警示人们。图2-11 单片机控制蜂鸣器电路第三章 软件设计本设计的程序编写是用C语言设计的，主要包括发送端程序和接收端程序，其中发送端程序又包括单片机发送主程序、无线发送主程序，接收端程序包括单片机接收主程序、无线接收主程序。3.1 单片机发送接收主程序流程开始单片机初始化模块初始化While（1）发送标志位是否就绪无线发送是否否是否收到数据是蜂鸣器响对应LED亮图3-1 单片机处理主程序流程图单片机主程序流程体图包含发送和接收两部分，都采用标志位查询的方式作为进入的条件。单片机主程序流程图如图3-1。当有人靠近，热释电红外传感器信号输出为高电平时，单片机判断是哪个拨码开关的按键置1，将数据通过NRF905发送。再经NRF905接收，单片机判断数据，将单片机与蜂鸣器和对应的发光二极管的接口置低，以驱动蜂鸣器和发光二极管工作。3.2 无线发送流程图3-2介绍了NRF905无线模块发送信号流程： A当微控制器有数据要发送时，通过SPI接口，按时序把接收机的地址和要发送的数据送传给NRF905，SPI接口的速率在通信协议和器件配置时确定；微控制器置高TRX_CE和TX_EN，激发NRF905的ShockBurstTM发送模式；NRF905的ShockBurstTM发送：射频寄存器自动开启；数据打包(加字头和CRC校验码)；发送数据包；当数据发送完成，数据准备好引脚被置高；BAUTO_RETRAN被置高，NRF905不断重发，直到TRX_CE被置低； C当TRX_CE被置低，NRF905发送过程完成，自动进入空闲模式。 ShockBurstTM工作模式保证，一旦发送数据的过程开始，无论TRX_CE和TX_EN引脚是高或低，发送过程都会被处理完。只有在前一个数据包被发送完毕，NRF905才能接受下一个发送数据包14。 空闲模式TXEN=1PWRUP=1TRXCE=0 SPI编程由微控制器向NRF905发送数据包TRXCE=1? NO YES 发送设备通电启动NRF905发送模式加字头和CRC校验码发送数据包DR=1? NO YESTRXCE=1? NO YESAUTORETRAN=1? NO NO YES图3-2 NRF905无线模块发送程序流程图3.3 无线接收流程图3-3介绍了NRF905无线模块接收信息流程： A当TRX_CE为高、TX_EN为低时，NRF905进入接收模式；650s后，NRF905不断监测，等待接收数据；当NRF905检测到同一频段的载波时，载波检测引脚被置高；当接收到一个相匹配的地址，地址匹配引脚被置高； B当正确的数据包接收完毕，NRF905自动移去字头、地址和CRC校验位，把数据准备好引脚置高；微控制器把TRX_CE置低，NRF905进入空闲模式；微控制器通过SPI口，以一定的速率把数据移到微控制器内；当所有的数据接收完毕，NRF905把数据准备好引脚和地址匹配引脚置低； CNRF905此时可以进入接收模式、发送模式或关机模式。当正在接收一个数据包时，TRX_CE或TX_EN引脚的状态发生改变，NRF905立即把其工作模式改变，数据包则丢失14。 空闲模式TXEN=0PWRUP=1 TRXCE=1? NONO YES接收设备通电启动NRF905接收模式检测到同一频段载波，CD置1地址匹配? NO YESAM置1接收数据CRC正确?DR和AM置0AM置0 NO YES微控制器通过SPI接口获取数据DR置1TRXCE=1?进入空闲模式YES NO图3-3 NRF905无线模块接收程序流程图14第四章 系统的调试及运行结果4.1 系统的调试（1）先将系统程序进行编译，在确认无误后将程序烧录到STC89C52RC中。（2）电路板用万用表进行检验：查看芯片电源和地管脚是否接错，电路是否连通，焊点有无虚焊，以防止电路错误造成器件烧坏的现象。（3）初步检验发现热释电传感器的G、D管脚接反了，有些地方虚焊导致电路不通，经过改正后接通电源，电路正常工作，无线发送接收正常，现象与预期结果相同。（4）经过观察，热释电红外感应距离只有20cm，换了反比例放大的电阻来增大放大倍数，发现无线发送不了信息了，但是红外感应距离能够达到2m。通过示波器观察单片机ALE波形，发现单片机正常工作，没有烧掉。无线发送模块的输出波形没有，没能正常工作，换了一个无线发送模块，无线发送接收成功。4.2 运行结果当有人靠近时，发射端二极管闪烁，当发射端拨码开关哪个打on时，接收端对应哪个灯亮，并蜂鸣器鸣叫。热释电红外传感器可测距离2米。发射端和接收端可隔墙最远25米。14第五章 总结与展望5.1 毕业设计总结在本课题中，我主要查阅了大量关于传感器感应及信号无线传输的文献和书籍，认识到无线防盗报警器在现代生活中的广泛应用。并且深入了解大部分市场上的无线防盗报警器的基本结构和工作原理。综合我所学到的知识，设计出电路图。参考了一些无线防盗报警器的设计，清楚掌握了无线接收模块和单片机的程序如何编写。本设计最重要的便是传感器和无线收发模块的调试问题，经过多番调试硬件和软件出现的问题，最后调试成功。5.2 进一步工作展望由于时间和本人学识有限，许多方面的部分还没有进一步展开，课题中出现的一些问题还需要进一步的研究和解决： （1）热释电红外感应器的可测距离和范围有些小，如果能使范围和距离大点，将会更适合现实生活中的应用。 （2）本课题设计的程序是四位拨码开关其中一个是on，其它都是off的情况，对应的灯才会亮，但是如果有几个或多个on，那么对应的灯就不能全部反应，所以如果能改进便可可实现多对一多控制。 （3）在无线发送接收方面可利用NRF905的全双工功能，现在是发射端到接收端，增加发射端和接收端的功能，实现由接收端对发射端的控制。为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest Chinas Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansus Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldnt help but sing the folk songs, Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. The nomadic people were very excited about our visits, Nasun recalls. We didnt have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isnt just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and todays performers of the troupe still tour the regions villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijings Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupes president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast Chinas Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in Chinas cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. Whats lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at whats to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no error that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory