大学英语语法lectu(2).ppt

第一讲 语气 mood Be quiet! I am a teacher. / I am not a teacher. / Are you a teacher? If I were you, I would accept her invitation. 英语中有三种语气： 祈使语气（Imperative mood） 直陈语气（Indicative mood） 虚拟语气（Subjunctive mood） Subjunctive mood 虚拟语气是一种表示假设、意愿、建议、 请求、命令、猜测、可能或主观打算的一 种语气。 近几年虚拟语气在英语四六级中的考查情 况体现在翻译题型中, 考点归纳如下： (should)+动词原形的情形 wish, if only, it is time的用法 if或but for等引导的条件句 【CET-4:2006.6】 The professor required that we hand in our research report (s) .(我们交研究报告)。 【CET-4:2006.12】 The victim would have survived(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time. 【CET-6:2007.12】 But for mobile phone, our communication would not have been so efficient and convenient.(我们的通讯就不可能如 此迅速和方便) 【CET-6:2007 】 If you had followed my advice/ suggestion, you would not have been in trouble. (听从了我的忠告， 你就不会陷入 麻烦). 1.1 虚拟语气的类别 从形式和内容两方面可分为三大类： be型虚拟语气 Were型虚拟语气 条件虚拟语气 1.2 be型虚拟语气 任何情况下（不分时态、人称）句子谓语动词都使用动词原形。 1）用于含有命令、建议、要求等意义的结构中。 含有上述意义的动词后的宾语从句 含有上述意义的名词后的同位语从句或表语从句 含有上述意义的某些It is +过去分词/形容词+that 的结构中 （在英国英语中，也可以用should+原形动词的形式） 2）用于表示祝愿、诅咒、假定、让步、担忧等含义的结 构和一些固定用法中。 这些虚拟语气多由某些特定的连接词引导，它们多为古英语虚 拟语气的残余，现仅限于正式场合使用，一般可为直陈语气所 取代。 The teacher insisted that we go to his office at 5 oclock. 老师坚持让我们五点钟到他的办公室去。 The general ordered that his troops retreat from the frontline. 将军命令部队从前线撤退。 All I request of you is that you be punctual. 我只要你准时到。 It is essential that the new technique be introduced. 引进新工艺很重要。 It is imperative that you present yourself at the meeting. 你务必亲自出席会议。 Instructions are issued that the war prisoners be released. 释放所有战犯的命令已经下达。 It is the committees decision that the meeting be put off until next Friday. 委员会决定会议延至下星期五举行。 常与be型虚拟语气连用的 动词主要有： advise,agree,decide,demand,insist,order,pref er, propose, request,require,suggest等 名词主要有： decision,advice.demand,instruction,order,ins istence,proposal,requirement,resolution,sug gestion等 形容词主要有： advisable,desirable,appropriate,essential,fitti ng,important,imperative,impossible,necessar y,obligatory,proper,vital,urgent等 If that be the case, we have to give up our original plan. 倘若情况果真如此，我们将不得不放弃原定计划。 Whatever be your reason, you have no right to be rude to your elders. 无论你有什么理由，你都无权对长辈们粗鲁无礼。 They evacuated the building lest the wall collapse. 他们撤出了大楼，以防墙壁倒塌。 Though he slay me, will I trust in him? 即使他要杀我，我也要信赖他吗？ Long live our motherland！ 祖国万岁！ God save his soul. 上帝保佑他的灵魂得到安息。 Far be it from me to accept his advice blindly. 我决不会盲目接受他的意见。 Home is home, be it ever so homely. 家纵简陋，总归是家。 We can always lend you a helping hand if need be. 倘有必要，我们随时可以援一引手。 1.3 were型虚拟语气 be动词在某些表示与事实相反的语境里使用固定的 were形式,其他动词在类似的语境里使用过去时或过去 完成体形式的虚拟语气。主要用于表示与事实相反的 愿望、假设、印象、看法等意义的结构中。包括： Wish一类动词后的宾语从句 If only, as if, would rather/sooner, it is time 等短语后边的句 子，如与现在情况相反，虚拟语气用动词的过去时（be动词用 were）, 与过去情况相反，则用过去完成体形式 We earnestly wish he were here with us sharing our happiness. 我真希望他此刻正与我们在一起分享我们的快乐。 I do wish the frightful calamity had not befallen us. 我真希望那场可怕的灾难没有降临到我们头上。 If only his advice had been acted upon. 当时要是采纳了他的意见该有多好。 How dare you come in as if you owned the place? 你怎么敢象是这地方的主人似的随意进来？ I would rather we had dinner now. 我倒愿意现在就吃饭。 I would sooner he stayed at home. 我倒宁愿他现在呆在家里。 It is high time you turned over a new leaf. 现在该是你改过自新重新做人的时候了。 1.4 条件虚拟语气 从总体上说，条件虚拟语气基本上可理解 为是在直陈语气的基础上将时间点朝过去的方 向推移了一步。 具体如下： 虚拟时间基准 条件从句 结果主句 与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 Would+完成体 与现在事实相反 过去时（were） Would+原形动词 与将来事实相反 Should+原形动词 Should/Would+原形动词 1.4.1与各时间基准相反条件虚拟语气例示 注意句中隐含的真实情况和作者、说话人的情感、意愿意义， 如： If his suggestions had been acted upon, circumstances would have been entirely different. 倘若早将他的建议付诸实施，情况早就完全不同了。 If it hadnt rained so heavily I would surely have come to your meeting on Friday afternoon. 倘若不是天下大雨，我肯定会来出席你们星期五下午召开的会议 。 If he knew you are here, he would certainly come to see you . 如果他知道你在这里，他肯定会来看你。 If she dyed her hair a little darker, she would look much younger. 如果她把头发染一点，她看起来会显得年轻很多。 If the sun should rise in the west, I would not change my mind. 就是太阳从西边出来，我也不会改变主意。 1. 4.2省略if的条件虚拟语气 条件虚拟语气的条件从句中如有助动词、动词be或动词 have时，可以将if省略，将以上这些词与主语位置倒置， 这些用法往往见于比较正式的语体中，如： Were it not for the heavy fog, the plane would have taken off on schedule. 要不是因为浓雾弥漫，飞机就会按预定时间起飞。 Were he allowed to exercise a choice, which would he choose of the three? 倘若让他们使选择权，三者之中他将挑选哪一个？ Should there be a misfortune, how could its loss be lightened? 如果发生不幸，怎样才能减轻损失？ Had I known of your difficulties I would have helped you . 要是我当时知道你的窘境，我就会帮你了。 1. 4.3 错综条件虚拟语气 有时条件从句对应的时间基准与结果主句对应的时间基准可 能会出现错位，如从句表示与过去事实相反的意义，主句表 示与现在情况相反等，这时应该针对情况对动词形式予以调 整，如： If it had not been for the prolonged drought in May ,we should reap a bumper harvest this year. 要不是五月那场持续的干旱，我们今年可能夺得大丰收。（条件从句与过去 事实相反，主句与将来可能情况相反） Had he not turned a deaf ear to my warning, he would not be in such a difficult situation. 倘若他对我的告诫不置若罔闻的话，他就不会陷入目前的困境了。（条件从 句与过去事实相反，主句与现在情况相反） Had he enough courage he would certainly take your challenge. 假如他有足够的勇气，他肯定会勇敢地接受你的挑战。（条件从句与现在事 实相反，主句与将来情况相反） Had you worked a bit harder, you would not have to be so extremely worried about the coming examination now. 如果你过去学习用功一点，现在也不必象这样为即将来临的考试忧心如焚了 。（条件从句与过去事实相反，结果主句与现在情况相反） 1. 4.4 含蓄条件虚拟语气 有时条件虚拟语气的条件不是由从句表达的，而是由介词词 组或上下文等表达的，这样的虚拟语气称为含蓄条件虚拟语 气，如： He would have got much higher scores in the final examination, but he was so lazy. 他本来在期末考试中得分会高得多的，只是他太懒惰了。 It was snowing heavily or we could have got there on time. 那天正值天降大雪，不然我们本来可以按时到达的。 With more capital, I would have succeeded. 假如有更多的资本，我可能会取得成功。 The same thing, happening in a crowded place, would have brought a great disas