2000年1月北京地区研究生英语学位课统考试题.doc

2000年1月北京地区研究生英语学位课统考试题Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points) Section A ( 0.5 point each) 16. Johnsons exterior concealed a miserly and deceiving nature. A personality B appearance C disinterest D temper 17. The authorities have failed to react fast enough to popular discontent but told citizens that they will try their best to improve the living conditions. A disadvantage B disagreement C disbelief D dissatisfaction18. They urged the authorities to make an account for the manner in which their affairs are being conducted. A calculate B forgive C explain D demonstrate 19. The delegation of negotiation had been told to make a concession to their counterpart. A apology B compromise C substitution D permission 20. A two-year sting operation last week yielded charges of 58 American Airlines baggage handlers and food contract workers, as well as three law enforcement officials. A gave rise to B appealed to C gave up D fulfilled in 21. After the crash, the rescue workers worked feverishly to clean up the debris and tried very hard to find survivors . A ruins B trash C facilities D refuse22. They feared that slashing public spending and squeezing pensions would damage the “fundamental Social Democratic values” of social justice and equality. A blaming forcefully B attacking fiercely C reducing steeply D encouraging blindly 23. No one knew what to do when he had tried in vain to get himself across. A arrived B successful C finished D understood. 24. The government also expects that the new residential quarters will greatly facilitate the management of migrant workers. A offer a chance for B make easy C make possible for D strongly support to 25. America and North Korea reached an agreement that halted North Koreas production of the radioactive element-plutonium- with a view eventually to smashing its capacity to make the stuff. A destroying B demobilizing C assembling D diminishing Section B (0.5 point each) 26. Federal sentencing guidelines, in place for only two years, were _ because they were believed to have tied the hands of judges in federal drug cases. A tossed off B tossed aside C tossed up D tossed for 27. There is a popular view that the great scientific breakthroughs occur by _a little bit like someone looking down a test tube and saying “Aha”. A inspection B perception C legislation D inspiration 28. President Boris Yeltsins fitful rule is seen to be ever more designed to serve the interests of people _ A at a loss B at a stroke C at large D at hand. 29. At that time leukemia was almost inevitably _, but today, more than half of the people with leukemia get a cure. A lethal B poisonous C awesome D terrific30. More than half of all of the American prisoners are nonviolent offenders -usually small-time drug dealers who need help with their own _ A addiction B drunkenness B persecution D convention 31. The city is famous for its atmospheric _ of lofty towers and landscape. A claps B clatter C cluster D clamp 32. Even the undone building had been decorated- a lot of color bulbs and ribbons were put on the _ beam. A transitional B transverse C trifled D tumbled 33. In the newspaper they denounced the government for its _ spending of public funds. A reckless B reluctant C reciprocal D redundant 34. He _all control over the company to his elder son after he got seriously ill. A left over B snatched at C scrubbed out D lingered on 35. Some dictionaries are _ . They tell us how words ought to be used. A descriptive B prescriptive C intensive D creative Part III. Close Test ( 10 minutes, 15 points, 1 point each) Twenty years ago, when only the lowly tadpole had been cloned, ethicists raised the possibility that scientists might some day 36 the technology to include human beings as well. They wanted the issue discussed. But scientists assailed (攻击）the moralists concern as 37 . Let the research go forward, the scientists argued, 38 cloning human beings would serve no 39 scientific purpose. Now the cloning of humans is 40 reach, and society as a whole is caught with its 41 pants down. Today the sheep-tomorrow the shepherd? 42 the cloning of human beings can be ethically 43 is now firmly, perhaps permanently, 44 the nations moral agenda. President Clinton has given an advisory 45 of experts just 90 days to come 46 with proposals for government action. The government could prohibit the cloning of human beings 47 issue regulations limiting what researchers can do. But the government cant control the actions of individuals or private groups 48 to clone humans for whatever purpose. And science has a way of outdistancing (把。抛在脑后)all ethical 49 . “In science, the one 50 is that what can be done will be done.” Warns Rabbi Moses Tendler, professor of medical ethics at Yeshiva University in New York. 36. A advance B elevate C propel D assign. 37. A alarmist B thrilling C emotional D passionate 38. A otherwise B lest D because D unless 39. A sensational B discernible C destructive D exclusive 40. A for B on C in D within 41. A evil B ingenious C inherent D ethical 42. A How B Whether C Given D When 43. A verified B confirmed C testified D justified 44. A on B over C in D off 45. A panel B flock C crew D jury 46. A out B off C up D away 47. A about B for C from D or 48. A involved B dedicated C determined D committed49. A revenues B restraints C ridiculous D revenges 50. A motive B advice C rule D mode Part IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Passage One Only one in 100 British people, according to a recent opinion poll, believes that genetically modified food can bring any net benefits. To me, that means 99% of my countrymen are uneducated on this and temporarily determined to remain so. I wish the mainly American pioneers of GM foods had foreseen this undercurrent. Monsanto sneaked its scientific soybeans into the European food chain, hoping the locals would quietly accept them. They didnt. Now that loud lobbies have turned the public against GM foods, European supermarkets are advertising that their shelves contain fewer than their rivals. Because many processed foods use genetically modified soybeans or grains, Europes increasingly restrictive regulations could turn into another Euro-American trade battle. Why do Europeans clamor for medical biotech but reject agricultural biotech like a plague? Answer: Medical biotech is targeted at desperate consumers, while agricultural biotech is targeted at producers. European consumers see no great benefit in a scientific process that is potentially risky, does them little good, and could make the local Farmer Plod even less competitive. Might as well ban it. Rational debate about these subjects is becoming almost impossible, given Europes new willingness to find food frightening. British farmers, experimenting with animal feed in the 1980s, made some cows sick-the origins of “mad cow” disease. Fewer than a dozen people are proved to have had their lives shortened by eating these sick cows, but all British beef exports were banned. When a dozen Europeans got headaches from drinking Coca-Cola after an off day at a Belgian bottling plant, this generated something close to panic. The alleged impurity of “unnatural food” has become an obsession-and distrust of government assurances about the food supply a commonplace. My own guess is that genetic modification will bring great benefits. If Europe wants to stay on the outside looking in, that is its loss. The research and development of GM seeds will not stop just because European consumers have been scared witless. 51. Which of the following is true of the genetically modified food? A It is bringing enormous profit to the manufacture. B It has met the opposition of the majority of the British people. C The American manufacturers anticipated its increasing popularity. D Illiterate British consumers are ignorant of its nutritious value. 52. In European countries, the supermarkets are competing with each other by _ A declaring they are selling mostly natural food. B lobbying against the genetically modified food. C advertising various types of processed food. D setting up more restrictive regulations on food. 53. According to the passage, the “mad cow” disease _ A resulted from the experiments British farmers made with sick cows. B resulted in the deaths of fewer than a dozen cows. C led to the ban on the export of all British beef. D aroused the European traditional suspicion of unnatural food. 54. The author mentions Coca-Cola in paragraph 4 to show that _ A unnatural food is impure. B biotech can be dangerous. C drinks as well as food may cause panic. D many people are unreasonably frightened. 55. The author probably regards the British attitude towards GM food as _ A reasonable B absurd C over-sensitive D incomprehensible 56. The phrase “clamor for” in Paragraph 3 probably means _ A demanding loudly B criticizing continuously C producing reluctantly D banning completely Passage Two To grab the high-paid jobs of the future, workers will need the right skills. But given the pace of technological change, those skills are likely to have short shelf lives. Result: a huge need for on-the-job training. Some companies, such as Xerox, Corning and United Technologies, already invest heavily in training programs. But if the economic prophets are correct, and long-term job security will soon be a fading memory, those efforts may not make much business sense. Why spend millions of dollars training workers you may not need next year- or even next month? Why not recruit skilled employees away from your competitors? Economists call it the “free rider” problem: Because any one company can avoid the costs of paying for job training, it doesnt make sense for any company to pay for it. Unless that trap can be avoided, some analysts warn, employees wont get trained and crucial skills will remain in short supply. “We want to build skills, but its not good to have a situation where there is going to be a lot of turnover,” says Duponts Krol. But that particular problem may not be as severe as analysts fear. Some corporations are wrestling with the job-training issue with surprising results. Xerox is emerging as a leader in the field and now offers more than 120 training courses. The fastest-growing sector: Courses for high-end computer professionals, such as system designers and network administrators. “These are $ 20- and $30- and $40-an-hour jobs,” says Mitchell Fromstein, ECO of Manpower. Offering expensive training programs to temporary workers may not seem like a shrewd business decision, given the high employee turnover. But Fromstein says Manpower has learned to regard training as a two-way street: Teach workers the skills they need, and theyll keep coming back for more. “That doesnt mean that people never take our training and go elsewhere for more money,” Fromstein says. “But because we can deliver training on a very cost-effective basis, were still seeing a good return on our investment.” What role should government play? Federal job-training efforts have a spotty record. The 14-year-old Jobs Training Partnership Act, for example, has delivered only modest employment and wage gains for adults and virtually no benefits for youths, according to a study by the Urban Institute, a politically moderate research group. Another approach: Tax incentives. In 1978, Congress passed a law allowing firms to provide tax-free tuition to employees for job-related training. The program proved popular, and analysts gave it high marks. But Congress allowed the tax break to expire in 1998 in a budget-cutting move. 57. A great demand for on-the-job training is brought about by _ A labor turnover B the decline of job security C the rapid development of technology. D the high-paid jobs 58. Which of the following practices is economically reasonable according to the author? A To get skilled employees from the rival firms. B To invest in workers training. C To have high employee turnover. D To ignore the “free rider” problem 59. The “free rider” problem_ A encourages corporation to invest in employee training. B keeps employees away from job-training courses. C may lead to more job-training efforts. D can trap the companies into costly job training programs. 60. According to Fromstein, _ A it doesnt pay off to offer expensive training programs. B companies are to be well repaid for their job-training efforts. C people should not use the skills they have learned to earn money elsewhere. D training delivery should be on the basis of mutual benefits.61. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A Employees now pay tax-free tuition for job-related training. B The tax break came to an end in 1998. C Analysts thought highly of the tax break program. D Federal training efforts are irregularly good and bad. 62. The word “turnover” (Para 3) means _ A job-hoppers B job-hunters C the amount of business D rate of renewal Passage three When Dr. David Ho announced last year that he thought he might be able to eliminate the AIDS virus completely from the bodies of his patients by hitting it early and hard with a combination of powerful antiviral drugs, his startling prediction was couched in a big “if”. If it turned out that there were previously undiscovered pockets of viral particles in the body, all bets were off. The bets are off. Reporting in the journal science, two groups of investigators -one from Johns Hopkins Medical school in Baltimore, Md., the other from the University of California at San Diego- announced last week that they had found a hidden reservoir of HIV that seems perfectly capable of reactivating an infection. A third paper, which will appear in next weeks Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, comes to the same conclusion. All three studies determined that HIV hides in some of the so-called memory T cells of the immune system even after it has been cleared from the bloodstream. “I kind of expected this,” says Ho, director of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York City, who worked with the Hopkins groups. “It would have been nice not to have this to deal with, but its here and we have to handle it.” The memory cells turn out to be perfect hiding places for HIV. Like an extraordinarily detailed computer database, they keep track of every foreign particle or microbe that the body has ever come across. If they meet up with the same intruder at a later date, they can trigger an immediate immune response. Thats why you need to be vaccinated only once against such diseases as polio or smallpox. Until the memory cells are called into action, however, they exist for years and possibly decades in what is known as a resting phase, never making copies of themselves or any of the viruses that may have infected them. Unfortunately, combination therapy works only against actively reproducing viruses. So by lying low within a few memory cells, HIV can escape the pharmacological onslaught. Although disappointed by the latest results, AIDS researchers have not conceded defeat. They were pleased to discover that the HIV stored in the memory cells had not changed: the same collection of antiviral drugs should work on it whenever it comes out of hiding. “The bad news is we cant yet get rid of the virus,” says Dr. Robert Siliciano, who led the Hopkins team. “The good news is that as long as people infected with HIV keep taking the triple-drug cocktail, they have an excellent chance of surviving the infection for a long time.” Meanwhile, researchers are trying to figure out how to lure that virus out of hiding. If all the memory cells containing HIV could be stimulated, the viruses hiding within them could be destroyed by the right combination of drugs. Once again, its a big if. 63. The reports published in the journal Science have proved that _A Dr. David Hos assertion was right. B Dr. David Hos assertion was wrong. C it is unlikely for any AIDS patient to be cured. D Dr. David Ho felt good that he does not have to deal with the hidden HIV 64. The problem that AIDS researchers find difficult to solve is _ A when old AIDS viruses are got rid of, new ones will be found in the bodies of patients B memory T cells are turned into AIDS virus producing factories. C AIDS virus can hide in memory T cells and starts renewed infections. D the immune system doesnt work against AIDS virus. 65. The memory cells turn out to be perfect hiding places for AIDS virus because _ A AIDS virus can be produced in the memory cells. B even if some cells might have been infected, they may remain inactive for years or even decades. C They can start an immediate immune response. D they look like a very sophisticated computer database. 66. The patients infected with AIDS virus cant get rid of the disease because _ A memory cells are immune to antiviral drugs. B the patients bets are off. C memory cells have made copies of AIDS virus. D antiviral drugs have no effect on AIDS viruses in memory cells during the resting phase. 67. The good news to people infected with AIDS is