大学英语四级讲座议论.ppt

大学英语四级 讲座 CET 4 写作篇 主讲 周 辉 v评分标准 v命题特点 v写作类型 v写作过程 l评分原则 1.CET 作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法 。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（reward scores），而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 2. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。要 考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，是否用 英语清楚而合适的表达思想。 3. 避免趋中现象，该给高分给高分，包括满分；该 给低分给低分，包括零分。 l评分等级 五等：2分，5分，8分，11分和14分，根据样 卷评分，根据优劣，上下浮动一分。 0分-白卷，作文与题目无关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表 达思想。 2分-条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有 错误，且多数为严重错误。 （一塌糊涂） 5分-基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重 语言错误。（糊里糊涂） 8分-基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字 勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重 错误。（马马虎虎） 11分-切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语 言错误。（像模像样） 14分-切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺， 连贯好，基 本上没有语言错误，仅有个别小错误。（漂漂亮 亮） l字数要求 2002年以后均要求至少120词，字数不足 酌情扣分。 注意：如题目中给出主题句、祈使句、结 尾句，均不得计入所写字数。 l文章结构 三部分论 Introduction（点题） Topic sentence Main Body Supporting sentences （切题） Examples Conclusion （首尾呼应） v文章结构：总、分、总 l注意事项 1.遵循要求 2.卷面整洁 3.字数达标 4.文体统一 5.主题突出 （各段主题句应紧紧围绕文章主题写，各段 扩展句也应围绕段落主题句来组织。） 6.文字连贯性（段与段之间过渡句；句与句 连接词 u表层进 first, firstly，to begin with, second, secondly, to start with, third, thirdly, whats more, also, and then, and equally important, besides, in addition, further, in the first place, still, furthermore, last but not the least, moreover, finally, in the first place, in the past, at last, lately, meanwhile, since, so far, subsequently(后来, 随 后) u表举例 for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, after all u表解释 as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namely(即, 也就是), in other words u 表总结 in summary, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, to conclude, in fact, in short, in other words, of course, it is true, specially, all in all, that is to say, summarize, on the whole, therefore u表强调 of course, indeed, above all, certainly, in fact u 表让步 still, nevertheless(然而, 不过), in spite of, all the same, even so, after all, u 表比较 in comparison, likewise(同样地, 照 样地), similarly, equally, however, in the same way 。 u表转折 by contrast, although, in contrast, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise regardless of, though, yet, despite, even though, for all that(虽然如此), however, in spite of, instead u表时间 after a while, and then, as long as, at last, at length(最后, 详细地 ), at that time, before, eventually, finally, formerly） 7.文章切题 8.词语多样 9.句式多样 （阅卷人喜欢的句式有以下两种：一是 插入语；二是倒装。 u插入语 所谓插入语，英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗 号之间引起的成分称之为插入语；第二种是有两 个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。 如下所示（黑体划线处）： Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city. Other people may give us instrumental support financial aid, material resources, and needed services-that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 插入语的作用主要有两个，一个是突出主语，比如 说：He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student.第二个作用是解释说明，比如说： People, especially students, should work hard. u倒装 倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套， 但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的 倒装形式有以下几种： Only + 时间状语 Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future. Only + 介词词组 Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and make achievements. Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps. 否定词位于句首 （hardly when; never; not only-,but also-; seldom） 在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人 Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man. 地点方位名词位于句首 In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games. v修辞 无论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其 实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例 地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等 等。 这里仅举一个比喻例子，拿“重要的”来举 例。试比较： The bicycle is important for us. The bicycle is of importance for us. The bicycle plays an important role in our life. The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life. The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life. 10.首尾呼应 11.检查到位 命题特点 l常考题材 l常考体裁 l出题方式 1.提纲式文字作文 2.提纲式图表作文 3.“情景提纲”式应用文 写作类型 提纲式文字命题作文和提纲图表命题作文主要可分 为： 1.现象解释型（要求对一种现象产生的原因或其影 响进行解释说明并加以评论） 2.问题解决型（要求针对某一问题提供解决方案） 3.对比选择型（要求对两种事物或观点进行对比并 作出选择；这类作文的标志十分明显，非常容易 识别，其要求比较明确，富有针对性，即要求考 生比较两种观点或做法，进而表明自己对问题或 事物的态度或观点，也就是作出选择） 4.观点论证型（论证观点的正确性） 5.记叙文（叙述一件事情的经过） 应用文以各类书信为主，有时也会涉及 到海报演说词等。 材料的组织方法 v 题题型 文章线线索 组组材方法 现现象解释释 现现象存在的合理 性 描述现现象阐阐述 原因表明观观点 问题问题 解决 兼顾问题顾问题 涉及的 各方面，圆满圆满 解 决问题问题 提出问题问题 分析 问题问题 解决问问 题题 对对比选择选择 权权衡两种不同方 法或观观点的利弊 1）分析观观点一的利弊 观观点二的利弊 做 出最佳选择选择 2）两观观点各自的优优点 各自的不足做出选选 择择 观观点论证论证 证证明观观点的正确 性 表明观观点 论论 证观证观 点 得出 结论结论 四级作文段落 题题型 第一段 第二段 第三段 现现象解释释 描述现现象 说说明现现象产产 生的原因 表明个人的观观 点态态度或阐阐述 个人的做法 问题问题 解决 指出问题问题 的 危害或解决 问题的迫切 性 分析问题问题 ， 给给出解决方 案 表明个人的 观观点态态度或 阐阐述个人的 做法 对对比选择选择 对对要评论评论 的 事物或现现象 进进行整体介 绍绍 然后陈陈述两 种不同的观观 点或做法 表明个人的观观 点或阐阐述个人 的做法 观观点论证论证 提出论论点根据提纲结纲结 构例证论证论 点 得出结论结论 /表明 个人看法/做法 现象阐释型 题目多是社会问题 提出：现象（What) 要求：分析 (Why) 结论：解决 (How) v第一段 1）引话题 2）承上启下 v第二段 1）主题句 2）原因+举例 v第三段 总结 v（2003.1）It Pays to Be Honest v1. 当前社会上存在许 多 不诚实的现象 2. 诚实利人利已，做人 应该诚实 v第一段 陈述现象（不诚实）+举例 v第二段 分析现象 1）不诚实的坏处 2）诚实的好处 3）小结句(诚实有回 报) v第三段 1）总结（做人应该诚实） vAlthough honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake products to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams. vDishonest people are short- sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at the beginning, but customers wont buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. vBy contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell the truth or keep promise not only make others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Since they are trustable and respectable, everyone would be eager to make friends with them, so they are sure to have a lot of friends. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job vGenerally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest would be paid back later. In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. Therefore it is important that we should be honest . v写作模板： vA vNowadays _ is a common phenomenon in society. For example,_. _ do more (good) than (harm) to us. vFor one thing, _ . For another, _ . vIn summary, / In a word, it is more valuable _ . vB vRecently _ has aroused public concern. It has both _ and _._ do more (good) than (harm) to us. vOn the one hand,_ . vOn the other hand, _ . vFrom what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that _ . 现象解释十二句作文模板一 v1.Recently,_. 描述现象，引出话题。 v2.What amaze us most is_. 表现较典型的一 个方面。 v3.It is true that _. 对现象做出评论。 v4.There are many reasons is _. 承上启下， 解释这一现象的原因。 v5.The main reason is _. 说明原因一。 v6.What is more,_. 原因二。 v7.Thirdly ,_. 原因三。 v8.As a result _. 讲述导致的结果。 v9.Considering all these ,_. 作者的态度。 v10.For one thing ,_. 观点一。 v11.For another ,_. 观点二。 v12.In conclusion ,_. 总结全文。 现象解释十二句作文模板二 1.As is known to all,_. 摆明现象 2._seems to get accustomed to _. 讲明事实，空格内填入people等 3.In fact ,_. 说明发生的实质变化 4.The reasons of _lie in several aspects. 引起下 文，讲明原因 5.Firstly ,_. 原因一 6.Secondly,_. 原因二 7.Thirdly ,_. 原因三 8.Finally ,_ . 原因四 9.As a matter of fact ,_. 说明作者的观点 10.On the one hand , _. 支持着一观点的理由一 11.On the other hand ,_. 支持理由二 12.Therefore ,_. 得出结论 现象解释十二句作文模板三 1.Nowadays ,_. 说明现象 2.For one thing ,_. 支持这一道理的一个方面 3.For another ,_. 另一方面 4.It is obvious _. 说明现象具有典型的一方面 5.Many remarkable factor contribute to_. 表 明原因，引起下文 6.First of the all ,_. 产生这一现象的原因 7.In addition ,_. 原因二 8.Thirdly ,_. 原因三 9.As to me ,_. 作者的观点 10.as we know ,_, 支持这一观点的理由一 11.Besides ,_. 支持这一观点理由二 12.In a word ,_. 结论。 vUseful sentences: vNever in history has the issue of been more visible than vNowhere in the world has the problem of been as evident as vNow there is a growing awareness / recognition of the necessity of vNow, people in growing number are beginning / coming to realize that vRecently the problem / issue / question of has been brought to public attention vRecently the problem / issue / question of has caused/ aroused worldwide concern vhas become a hot topic, and heated debates are right on their way. v演练题目 v Restore Our Traditional Festivals v现在有很多年轻人更喜欢过西方节日 v这种现象的原因是 v我们对待西方节日的态度是 vFast Food v1. 快餐在中国十分流行，它是现代快节奏社会的最佳反映 。 v2. a. 快餐受欢迎有两条原因 v b. 然而，从营养角度来讲，快餐却差强人意 v3. 对快餐还是以偶尔品尝为宜。 vOnline Education v1.目前网络教育形成热潮 v2.我认为这股热潮的的原因是 v3.我对网络教育的评价 问题对策型 v题目社会问题或大学生面临的实际问 题 v(1). 阐述问题/提出问题 v(2). 问题形成的原因/解决问题的办法 v(3). 我的看法/做法 v（1997.6）Getting to Know the world Outside the Campus v1.大学生了解社会的必要性。 v2.了解社会的途径（大众媒介，社 会服务等）。 v3.我打算怎么做。 v第一段 1)引出话题（必要性） 2）支持句 （必要性原因） v第二段 1）主题句 （途径） 2）一二三原则 v第三段 解决段（自己做法） Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus With our society developing at an unprecedented speed, getting to know the world outside the campus has become an indispensable part for college students. On the one hand, it will keep the students informed with the updated information beyond the books and classes; on the other hand, it will enable the students to adapt to the society more easily after graduation. vStudents can gain access to the world outside the campus through the following means. Firstly, communication with seniors and friends, including parents, relatives, teachers etc. Secondly, various media such as radio, TV, newspapers and most importantly, the Internet. Last but not the least, taking part-time jobs or acting as voluntary workers. vAs for me, a student who is about to graduate from college soon, I will commit myself to broadening my horizon through the media, especially the Internet, and communication with people from all walks of life. In addition, I will grasp every opportunity to practice my professional skills for my future career. v写作模板 vA. vSometimes we find there are really many problems / difficulties in _. Then how can we manage to overcome all these step by step? Firstly, _. Secondly, _. Thirdly, _ . Last, _ _. After a period of painstaking efforts, I feel that _ . vB. vThese days we often hear that _ . vThere are some possible reasons for that. In the first place, _. In the second place, _. vTo solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth trying. We should do something such as _ to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future. vUseful sentences: vNow people are increasingly aware / conscious of . vRecently the problem of has been in the limelight. vGenerally speaking, the major reasons for can be listed as follows, . vObviously / Apparently, several reasons contribute to / account for vIt is high time that quick / necessary action / steps / measures should be taken to vWe should try every means to vMany things can contribute to solving the problem, but the following ones may be most effective. v演练题目: vOn Power Failure v1.很多城市严重缺电 v2.分析原因 v3.提出解决办法 vGreen Olympics v1. 2008年中国要举办一次绿色奥运会 v2. 为什么要提倡“绿色奥运” v3. 如何为绿色奥运做准备 On Power Failure v Recently, every morning when I wake up, I find my air -conditioner automatically turned off . I didnt understand why at first , but soon I learned that there was a great shortage of electricity supply in our city my air- conditioner turned off because of a power failure midnight. v With the rapidly developing industry and the ever- increasing population, demand for electricity supply is soaring. Besides, summers in recent years are much hotter than before , so most working places and households are air-conditioned , which consumes additional electricity. v Facing with such a hard nut , we have to find ways to crack it . Above all , in western areas China , there is surplus of electricity supply. So , cities that are thirsty for electricity may ask for remote help. Then ,when we have electricity , we should remember to save it . Set your air- conditioners at 27C and you wont feel less comfortable than when they are at 26C . In fact , some factories already shift their working hours to avoid the peak time of electricity consuming. My parents dont work from Monday to Friday as before they work form Saturday to Wednesday and have the following two days off instead. This is also a way out , isnt it? 对比选择型 v题目权衡两种不同方法或观点的利弊 v(1). 一些人对待某一事物的观点是 v(2). 另外一些人对待该事物的态度是 v(3). 我的看法 1分析观点一的利弊分析观点二的利弊 做出选择 2分析两种观点各自的优点分析两种观点 各自的不足做出选择 （95.1.）Can Money Buy Happiness? v有人认为金钱是幸福之本 (source of happiness) 2. 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源 (root of all evil) 3. 我的看法 vCan money buy happiness? Various people have various answers. Some people think that money is the source of happiness. With money, one can buy whatever he enjoys. With money, one can do whatever he likes. So, in their minds, money can bring comfort, security, and so on. Money, as they think, is the source of happiness. vBut there are still a lot of others who think that money is the root of all evils. Money drives people to steal, to rob, and to break the law. A lot of people became criminals just because they were in search of money. And in the Western countries, there is nothing that cant be bought by money. Many people lose their own lives when hunting it. vI think that money is essential to life and we cannot do without money. But even though money is necessary to life, it cant buy happiness. Happiness is not something that can be measured by money. It is a state of mind. One can have plenty of money, with which he can buy whatever he wants, and at the same time he is not happy because he is never satisfied or he is troubled by various kinds of problems. Therefore, although money is necessary for a happy life, it cant buy happiness. v写作模板： vA. vPeoples opinions about _ vary from person to person. Some people are inclined to _ for the following reasons. Firstly,_ . Secondly, _. vOther people, however, take a different attitude that _. On the one hand,_ . On the other hand, _. vMy own point of view is that _ , because _. Also,_. So _. vB. v_ has become a hot topic among people, and heated debates are right on their way. Quite a few people think _. It sounds good because _. vOn the contrary, there is a universally acknowledged saying that _.To them, _ v In my opinion, _. For one thing， _. For another, _ . Hence, _. vUseful sentences: vDifferent people hold different opinions about Some take it for granted that But others take an opposite idea that vPeoples views about vary from person to person. Some people say that While others think that vIn the face of Some people take the position that . Some people come to believe that vThere is no consensus（一致） of opinions among people as to the view of . Some people suggest that While some others argue that . vAs far as I am concerned, vWhen it comes to me, vThere are two main reasons why I am opposed to / in favor of the first/second view. vThrough the discussion mentioned above, we may draw the conclusion that v演练题目： vShould Private Cars Be Encouraged? v1.私人购车已成为一种时尚，很多人认为应该鼓 励人们购买私家车 v2.也有很多人认为不应鼓励私人购车 v3.我的看法 vWhat Should College Students Do？ v1.很多人认为大学生应多参加校内外活动，锻炼 各种能力最重要，学习只要能达到基本要求就行 。 v2.也有很多人认为大学生的首要任务就是学习， 就业后再锻炼能力也不晚。 v3. 你给大学生的建议是 观点论证/论说反驳型 v论证观点的正确性 v表明观点-论证观点-得出结论 (1). 阐述观点 (2). 举例证明 (3). 重述主题 （97.1）Practice Makes Perfect 1. 怎样理解“熟能生巧”？ 2. 例如：在英语学习中 3. 又如 Practice Makes Perfect vThe famous saying “Practice makes perfect” is widely accepted today. It means if we practice unfamiliar things again and again, well be able to perform it perfectly. vThe practice of learning English is a good example. We are not living in an English-speaking country. So, in order to learn it well, we need extra practice, such as reading English books, going to English corners, or communicating with foreigners. Only sitting at the desk cannot lead to the mastery of English. vAs another example, if we want to be skilled in using the computer, we also need to practice using it. Some children become little experts in computer, just because they play with it everyday. On the contrary, if we just stick to books, we will still feel confused when using computers. vJudging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that practice makes perfect. v写作模板： vA famous old saying goes that_ . It means that_ . vI have had such experiences for many times._ is a good example. _. Another case in point is _. vWhatever you do, please remember_ . If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, youll necessarily benefit a lot from it. v演练题目: vNothing is Impossible v1.中国有句老话, “世上无难事，只怕有心人”. v2.举例证明 v3.事情的成功往往取决于人的态度 vOn Responsibility v1.每个人都有自己的责任 v2.我们一生当中肩负着许多责任，并举例说明 v3.重申观点，发表个人意见 On Responsibility We Chinese place a high value on responsibility. In all ages, everyone has his/her own responsibility. Adults or children, rich people or poor beggars, men or womenall of them have the responsibility that can not be given up. We have many responsibilities during our life. Basically, it is a traditional deal for us Chinese to take care of our parents.Next, as loyal Chinese citizens, we must have a strong sense of responsibility to our country. It is our duty to keep China strong in the world. Finally, we must remember that we have a responsibility to the world we live in, and it is our duty to protect the only earth. Responsibility is everything. Everyone has his/her own responsibility which can not be given up or shirked！If everyone is willing to fullfil his/her own responsibility,then people can conquer everythi