高考推理判断阅读题答题指导.ppt

推理判断 2011，03 If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. 假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样完全 按事先的计划去规划和实施，那么，对管理层来说，期待 研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。 正话反说 作者的言外之意是，科学实验总有不可预测的现象，产生的结 果也难以预测，因此不能肯定有效益。 A“可能不像预料的那样有利可图”. The author implies that the results of scientific research _. A. may not be as profitable as they are expected B. can be measured in dollars and cents C. rely on conformity to a standard pattern D. are mostly underestimated by management 根据代词 Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.” It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics . A. benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge B. shed light on disciplined school management C. was brought about by privileged home training D. owed a lot to the technological development A. “它们很大程度上得益于数学”。 技工们有文化并且熟知算术、几何学、三角学”， 敏 锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这 个教育优势联系在一起。 通过从句和语法推理 Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissanbut it does not appear that consumers are being hurt. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that _. A. the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers B. WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs C. the costs of the globalization process are enormous D. the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition 目前难以预料，数家石油公司的合并是否会再次对竞争造成威胁。 100年前美国的标准石油联合公司(Standard Oil Trust)被解散，就是 因为当时人们担心它会对竞争构成威胁。 D “标准石油联合公司可能曾对竞争形成过威胁. might have threatened是虚拟语气，表示对过去的推测。 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. This developmentand its strong implication for US politics and economy in years aheadhas enthroned the South as Americas most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting. Altogether, the Us population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years. Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War , and the pattern still prevails. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s . A. enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history B. witnessed a southwestern shift of population C. underwent an unparalleled period of population growth D. brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War 运用数字推理 20世纪70年代，美国人口总共增长了2 320万从数字上看，这是 有纪录以来10年期人口增长的第三高峰。即使如此，人口总数也只 增加了11.4%，除了大萧条时期，这是美国年度记录最低的增长率 第二次世界大战以来，美国人不断移居西部和南部，现在这种趋势 依然存在 B选项是正确答案，而D选项与该段内容正好相反。 用类比的例子，进行推理演绎 There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when _. A. he has given up his smoking habit B. he has made great efforts in his work C. he is keen on learning anything new D. he has tried to determine where he is on his journey 本文指出看待人的成长有两个观点：一是视为结果，一是视为过 程。第一段具体讲到第一种观点的详细内容。它是大部分人都持 有的观点，看重外在结果因为其可以量化，可以通过具体事例反 映出来，如：工人得到升迁、学生成绩提高和外国人学会了一门 新的语言。第二段讲第二种观点的详细内容：成长是人在遇到新 的经历和意外险阻时表现出来的态度和情感，而不是实在的结果 。问的是根据第一种观点，以下哪一种是成长表现。 通过文中类比的例子可知只有A选项是实在的结果。 The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained . A. secretly and vigorously B. openly and enthusiastically C. easily and momentarily D. verbally and spiritually 与推理题在解题思路和方法上有许多相似之处，但是推理题偏重于 推理过程，而结论题偏重于归纳过程。可以通过首尾段、文章结构 、或归纳整理各段信息迅速了解主题。然后再通过主题与细节的关 系进行合乎理性的归纳。 结论题 该段谈到人们对雄心的攻击远多于对它的维护，因此本应是一种健 康公开的品质得不到很多支持。第四句和第五句指出了不公开表达 雄心带来的不良后果，由此可以推出人们不应该隐瞒自己的雄心。 此外，纵观全文，作者提倡的是正确对待雄心，坦言自己的抱负 B “公开而热情地”是作者提倡的对待雄心的正确态度。 写作意图、态度、观点 No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _. A. the process of specialisation and professionalisation B. the hardship of amateurs in scientific study C. the change of policies in scientific publications D. the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 前一段谈到，业余研究者进入专业领域很难的趋势在某些科学领域 尤为突出，英国地质学的发展就说明了这一问题。后一段通过对19 世纪英国地质学及其出版物的变化、研究方式的变化、非专业人员 研究过程的困难等的陈述，说明专业人员和业余人员之间的分化越 来越明显。 A “职业化和专业化形成的过程”。 作者的态度和观点主要有三种 1. 支持、赞同、乐观 2. 反对、批评、怀疑、悲观 3. 中立、客观 作者的态度常用一些形式表现出来： 1) 形容词、副词、和一些不确定意义的动词Impossible, strange, seem 2) 还通过举例来说明自己的观点和态度。 Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.” The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are _. A. impolite to new arrivals B. very conscious of their godlike role C. entitled to some privileges D. very busy even during lunch hours 根据全文的主旨以及作者的语气，从那个关于医生的笑话里推理医 生和上帝有相似的特点：医生无礼、傲慢，自以为像上帝一样。接 着再推测护士对医生的看法是：非常在乎自己上帝般的角色。这种 推理是一个比较复杂的过程。 B选项为正确答案。 If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. It can be inferred from the text that public services_. A. have benefited many people B. are the focus o