高中英语重要语法汇总.docVIP

1. 定语从句定义：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句就是定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词就是先行词。引导定语从句的 关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as关系副词：where，when,why关系代词：that,指代人或物，在从句中做主语，宾语，表语 Which,指代物或句子，在从句中做主语，宾语 Who,指代人，在从句中做主语，宾语 Whom, 指代人，在从句中做宾语 Whose,指代人或物，在从句中只能做定语，后加名词 As,指代句子，用于非限制性定语从句，as在从句中可做主语，宾语或表语关系副词：地点where，时间when，原因why关系代词which ,that的选用通常只能用that的情况：1. 先行词是 anything，something，nothing，everything，all ,much, little, none等不定代词2. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰3. 先行词既有人又有物，关系代词用that4. 关系代词在从句中做表语定语从句的主谓一致 one of +复数 the only one of 复数Condition，case，situation，point，stage 等用where做先行词例题解析：1.If a book is in English, means slow progress for you.A. which B. that C. as D. what2.Is this room he lived in last year? Is this the room he lived in last year?A .that, that B. the one, the oneC. that, the one D. the one, that2 .the present continuous tense 现在进行时用法：1. 表示目前正在发生或进行的动作。如：They are planting trees on the mountain. 他们在山上植树。Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 母亲在厨房做晚饭。2. 有些非持续性动词的进行时可以表示动作即将进行或发生，或表示动作的重复。如：He is joining the army. 他要参军了。They are buying the house. 他们要买那座房子。3. 当现在进行时中有always, forever, constantly, continually修饰时，表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情。如:Why is the baby always crying? 为什么那个老是在哭。They are always helping us. 他们总是帮助我们。Will do /be going to do 的区别；1.时间来看 Be going to do 近期，眼下 will do 则相对时间要远一些2.be going to do 表示有计划，有安排 高三从句讲解21. 语法部分表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用一个句子做表语，说明主语是什么或怎么样。The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.His suggestion is that we should stay calm.He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.系动词：(1.1) 表示状态的连系动词am, is, are, appear, seem, keep, remain, stay etc.(1.2) 表示感觉的连系动词look, feel, smell, sound, taste etc.(1.3)表示转变的连系动词become, fall, turn, go etc.例:It is growing warm. Maple trees turn red in autumn. I fell asleep during my Chinese class.表语从句知识点：(1.)表语从句一定要用陈述语序。例：False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.(2.)不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句（as if 例外）。False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.Right: It looked as if he had understood this question. (3.)不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.The question is why he cried yesterday.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在主句中做宾语的复合从句例：Tom said that he was reading a book.He told me where our classroom is.宾语从句知识点：（1）引导词的选用句子类型引导词陈述句that一般疑问句If/Whether特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（2）时态的处理主句时态从句时态一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时根据句意的需要，用任何一种时态一般过去时与原句相对应的过去时态客观事实，真理，自然现象，谚语等一般现在时 主语从句定义：复合句在主句中充当主语。（1）主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。例：1. Whose watch was lost is unknown.2Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.3. Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（2）为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常用it做形式主语，放在句首，把真正的主语放在句末。例：It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation. It seems that he has seen the film.It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）用it做形式主语的情况1. It is 名词从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 2. it is 形容词从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 3. it 不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 4. it is过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 高三从句讲解三1. 语法部分(1) 同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。可用于同位语从句的名词有advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word等。例如： The news that we won the game makes us cheerful.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人欢呼。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 They expressed the hope that they would go and visit Taiwan again. 他们表达了自己的希望，希望能够再次参观台湾。有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。(2) 状语从句状语从句：由一个从句充当状语的部分，叫做状语从句。分为条件状语从句，地点状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，比较状语从句，原因状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句等. 也可以分作真实条件从句与非真实条件从句（虚拟）。条件状语从句，主将从现原则。1条件状语从句1.1条件状语从句：状语从句表示条件，“假如”例：If you often take exercise, you will enjoy a good health.Unless it rains, the game will be played.I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep it to yourself.Supposing anything should go wrong, what would you do then ?He will sign the contract provided we offer more favorable terms.So long as you are happy, it doesnt matter what you do.You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.Take your umbrella in case it rains.1.2.If从句还可以表示虚拟，此时要用虚拟语气例：If I were you, I would invite him to the party.I would have arrived much earlier, if I had not been caught in the traffic.1.3.有些句子虽然没有出现引导条件状语从句的词，但也可以是条件状语从句。此类条件状语从句常常用虚拟语气，表示条件是虚拟的，与事实相反。But for the rain, we should have a pleasant journey.But for your help, we should not have finished in time.2. 时间状语从句2.1时间状语从句：状语从句表示时间，主句和从句的时态通常需要保持一致。例：When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.Strike while the iron is hot.Our headmaster laughed as she spoke. It will be four days before they come back. After you think it over, please let me know your decision. I didnt go to bed until (till) my father came back. The moment I heard the news, I went home immediately. As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up.2.2 hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时间状语从句主句应用倒装语序。例：He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。 3. 方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导例：Always do to the others as you would be done by.He talks as if/though he is drunk.Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.句型 A is to B what C is to D如：Water is to fish what air is to man.4. 地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、 方位， 这类从句通常由where引导。例：Where there is a will, there is a way. They will go where they are happy. 地点状语从句与定语从句的区别Go back where you came from. Go back to the village where you came from.5.原因状语从句原因状语从句表示原因I cant get to sleep because of the noise outside.I do it because I like it.He could not have seen me, for I was not there.I went to bed early, as I was exhausted.Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.Now (that) you are grown up, you should have your own idea.Considering (that) everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. (现在分词)6. 目的状语从句目的状语从句由连词that, so that, sothat , in order that 引导。Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me.We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.7.结果状语从句结果状语从句由连词( so )that, sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导。The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited. Its such a nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.8.让步状语从句表示让步的状语从句。由连词 though, although引导.8.1 though, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用，但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用.Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.（3）强调句强调句用于强调句子的某一成分，去掉it is （was） that (who).,句子依然完整。It is I who/that am an English teacher.It was on Sunday that I played table tennis.试比较：It is strange that they didnt come yesterday.It is you and Tom that didnt come yesterday.高中语法之非谓语语法部分定义：非谓语动词，不做句子谓语，但仍具有除谓语外的其他语法功能的动词。分类：不定式，动名词，现在分词，动词过去时1.不定式1.1 做主语To learn a foreign language is not easy.Its dangerous to drive very fast.1.2 做表语My idea is to ring him up at once.All I did was wait here.如果主语部分含实义动词do，且作表语的动词又是“do”的内容，这时表语不定式的“to”可以省略。1.3 做宾语I found it difficult to stop him.1.4做定语I have a lot of books to read.1.5 做状语 -表示目的，原因，结果等They ran over to welcome the foreign guests.注意：1. 动词hear, see, feel, watch, notice, look at, listen to等后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不能带to, 即常见的形式为: hear sb do sth等Many people like to watch others play games. 许多人喜欢看别人玩游戏.2. let, make, have后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语, 也不能带to; help后面的动词不定式作宾语补足语, to可有可无She let us meet her at the station, but she didnt come. 3. 两种情况下的动词不定式在改被动语态句子时,必须将省略的to还原,也就是说,动词后需跟带to的动词不定式.We heard him sing every day. - He was heard to sing every day. 4. 常可接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：agree(同意), hope(希望), decide(决定), need(需要), mean(打算), wish(希望), fail(失败), want(想要), begin(开始), would like(想要)等5. 跟带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词还有: ask, beg, leave, like, love, hate, prefer, order, teach, tell, believe, find, know, want, think, understand, would like等形式为: ask sb. to do sth.Would you like me to visit him? 要不要我拜访他?I would prefer you not to come tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天不要来.6. 不定式的特殊句型Why not Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不? 干吗不? 例如： Why not take a holiday?2. 动名词2.1动名词做主语Its no use talking about it.Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.2.2 做宾语Would you mind closing the window?2.3 做表语His great pleasure is traveling.2.4 做定语There is a swimming pool in the garden.2.5 做状语动名词做状语，表示进行一个动作的同时所进行的另一个动作，他对谓语动词起修饰和配村的作用。动名词做状语可以表示时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，方式，伴随等。Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden. (时间)Being ill, He couldnt go to school. (原因)Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. （条件）Travelling by train, we visited a number of cities. (方式)Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴随)My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (结果)注意：接动名词的动词有admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, excuse, mind, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, give up, mention, keep, miss, pardon, permit, practice, prevent, put off, prohibit, risk, understand, suggest分词的独立主格结构：如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，需用一个独立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个with/without引导的介词短语表达。Time permitting; well do another two exercises.His work finished, he prepared to go home.With his work finished, he prepared to go home.3过去分词3.1 做定语a repaired cara question discussed yesterday3.2 做宾语补足语I heard him hit by his father yesterday.When I got to the station, I found the train gone/left.不及物动词只有gone, come, arrived, risen, fallen, left等少数几个动词可以用来作宾语补足语, 并且和逻辑主语之间是主动关系，动作已完成。 3.3 做表语The glass is broken.3.4 做状语Not written interestingly, the book doesnt sell well. （原因）Repaired, the car runs very well. （作时间状语）He came into the room, followed by his students. (作伴随状语)Given more time, I can do it better. (作条件状语)Warned many times, he didnt pay enough attention to it. (作让步状语)注意：通常只能用主动形式表被动的含义，说明主语的性质、状态、特征等。常见的有下列动词：sell, wash , write, read, tear, wear, open, close, shut, lock, begin, start, stop, last, translate, , belong to, iron, smoke, eat, smell, taste, look, fell, sound, appear, turn out, prove, 等。 主谓一致语法部分主谓一致：语法形式一致原则，逻辑意义一致原则，就近一致原则1. 语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语，动名词短语，以及从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。To start smoking is quite easy, but to give it up needs courage. 由and 或both and 来连接并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。 注意：1.由and连接，但表示同一个人，谓语用单数。 The manager and secretary was absent at the meeting.2.虽然用and 连接，但可以看做一套时，谓语用单数。如：fish and chips, fork and knife, bread and butter, coffee and water 等3. 主语是no/each/every+单数名词+and (no/each/every)+单数名词时，谓语动词用单数。 Each boy and each girl has got a seat. many a +单数名词，more than one +单数名词，尽管意义表示的是不止一人，谓语动词用单数。 More than one student is interested in the book.如果主语是单数（复数），尽管后面跟有（together） with, along with, with, as well as, as much as ,like, but, except, besides, including, no less than, rather than, more than, in addition to 等短语，谓语动词用单数（复数）An English teacher together with some students has climbed to the top of the mountain. No one except my close friends knows anything about this matter.主语是anything, something, everything, nothing, someone, everyone, anyone, nobody, each 等不定代词时，谓语动词用单数Everyone is here.none of，a lot of /lots of, plenty of, the rest/ majority of, x percent of, some/many/most/ all of + 名词，谓语动词与of 后面的名词的数保持一致。Most of the students in our class are league.Most of the food tastes delicious.如果主语由“a kind of, this/that kind of, a series/a species of, a pair of，”修饰的名词，谓语用单数。注意：“名词+of this kind”,以及与kind 意义接近的词，type, sort 等，谓语动词与前面的名词的数保持一致。Apples of this kind are highly priced.2. 逻辑意义一致原则，即谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的意义的单复数。表示总称意义的名词people, cattle, police，等词做主语时，谓语动词用复数。Cattle are farmers friends.The trousers are not expensive.主语是：family, class, army, enemy, crew, public, team, group, crowd, audience, government 等名词时，如果是作为整体，谓语动词用单数；如果作为其中一个个的成员，谓语动词用复数。My family is very large.His family are waiting for him. clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，scenery(景色)，jewelry(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等不可数的集合名词用作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。Furniture is chiefly made of wood. Poetry was blooming in China in the Tang dynasty. 主语是：时间，距离，价格, 重量，长度等名词，即使是复数形式，谓语动词只用单数。Three years passes quickly.Two meters is not long enough.以s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式，如news, physics等No news is good news. Physics is very popular in our class. clothes, glasses, trousers, shoes, socks, gloves 等名词时，谓语动词用复数。主语是the number of+名词复数时，表示的数目，谓语动词用单数。但是主语是a number of+名词复数时，表示许多，谓语动词用复数。The number of students in our school is large.A number of students in our school are from America.the +形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。he poor are very happy, but the rich are sad. one and a half+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。One and a half oranges has been left on the table.3. 就近一致原则there be 句型There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate. eitheror, neither nor, not onlybut also, notbut., or, whether or, Neither you nor I am a stranger here.Not his parents but he doesnt want to go.在倒装句中，如果一个句子由 there或here引导，而主语又不止一个，谓语动词用就近原则高考之虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气：用于表达一种假设情况、主观愿望、请求建议等，即所说内容与事实相反，或者实现的可能性极小，或者是假想虑拟的情况。前提条件句(if)主句1.与现在事实相反 did( be-were)should/would/could/might +do2.与过去事实相反had doneshould/would/could/might +have done3.与将来事实相反(1)did( be-were)should/would/could/might +do(2)should do(3) were to do4.省略if倒装结构Had, should, were提前同上Had he recognized me,he would have come over.Were I you, I would go.Should it happen,what would you do?5.含蓄虚拟条件标志词：With, without, but for, but, but that, or, otherwise ,under等I am really busy, otherwise I would certainly go with you.Without your help， we could not have succeeded.But for electricity, there would be no modern industry.6.主从句错综时间If she hadnt trained so hard,She wouldnt be able to run so fast .If I were you,I would have taken his advice.If you had not watched TV so late last night,You would not be so sleepy now.考点聚焦1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be动词的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。 如： If I were a boy, I would join the army. If they had time, she should go with you.（2）表示与过去的事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词”。如：If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition.（3）表示与将来事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/could might + 动词原形。如；If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.（4）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在)2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句（1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是就好了”等。I wish it were spring all the year round.I wish I had known the answer.I wish I could fly like a bird.在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。如：She suggested we (should)leave here at once.The doctor ordered she should be operated.（2）虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should） + 动词原形”。如：His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful.My idea is that they (should) pay 100 dollars.注意：“It is /was (high)time (that) Its time that I picked up my daughter. Its high time we were going.（3）虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如：If only I were a bird. If only I had taken his advice.（4）虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。如：It would be better for you not to stay up too late. Would you be kind enough to close the door?其他注意项：1.在except, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定式或疑问式后面的宾语从句中也可用虚拟语气形式，表示惊奇、怀疑和不满等。形式为should do/should have doneI never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.I never expected that the problem should have been solved that way.2.在表示感谢、意志等的that从句中也可用虚拟语气，意思为“竟然.，居然.”,形式为(should) doI am surprised that you (should) speak in such a way.我很惊奇，你居然用这样的一种语气说话。I am glad that your novel should have won the first prize.3should/would/could/might+do是一种表示礼貌，使口气显得委婉，谦虚的方式，与过去时毫不相干，因此在回答时，如需保留情态动词，一般要换成现在式。Would you help us? Yes, Iwill.I wonder if you could look after my child while I am away.常用虚拟语气的动词：记忆口诀：一个“坚持”(insist), 两个“命令（order, command）”, 三个 “建议(suggest, advise, propose)”，四个“要求(demand, ask, request, require)”常用虚拟语气的名词：duty , pity, no surprise , regret, no wonder , shame, advice，decision , preference, demand ,proposal, desire, recommendation, idea , request, requirement , ne