语法精典讲解(介词).ppt

语法精典讲解 词法部分 （介词）（介词） 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 介词是种虚词介词是种虚词, ,在句用来表明名词与句中其他词的关系在句用来表明名词与句中其他词的关系, ,不能单独使用不能单独使用. .考点常常考点常常 包括一些固定搭配和一些近义词包括一些固定搭配和一些近义词. . 固定搭配固定搭配: :on on ones ones way way home,help.with,send home,help.with,send for,be for,be interested interested in.,be in.,be late late for,be angry with,be good atfor,be angry with,be good at等等. . 这需要你好好记忆这需要你好好记忆! ! 一、常用介词解析及用法比较一、常用介词解析及用法比较: : 1 1、at,on at,on 和和 in:in: atat表示点表示点, ,onon表示线表示线, ,inin表示面表示面. . 也就是说它们表达的范围逐渐增大也就是说它们表达的范围逐渐增大. . a a）atat表示时刻或时间的点以及年龄表示时刻或时间的点以及年龄: : at six oclock, at noon, at the age of sixteenat six oclock, at noon, at the age of sixteen等等. . b b）onon具体到一周中的各天具体到一周中的各天, ,日期及某特定的一天早上日期及某特定的一天早上, ,下午下午, ,晚上晚上: : on Saturday, on July 1th, on my birthday, on a spring afternoon.on Saturday, on July 1th, on my birthday, on a spring afternoon. on the morning of July 16th on the morning of July 16th等等. . c c）inin表达的范围更大一些表达的范围更大一些. .与世纪、年代、季节、月份以及早上、上午、晚上与世纪、年代、季节、月份以及早上、上午、晚上 等等 连用连用: : in the seventh century, in 1950s, in 2000, in the morningin the seventh century, in 1950s, in 2000, in the morning等等. . 2 2、for for 和和 since:since: forfor表示多长时间表示多长时间. . sincesince后接时间起点后接时间起点, ,其终点往往为现在其终点往往为现在, ,常与完成时连用常与完成时连用. . 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 3 3、after after 和和 in :in : 这两个介词都可以表示时间这两个介词都可以表示时间“ “在以后在以后” ”的意思的意思. .其区别是其区别是: : a a）after after 以过去为起点以过去为起点, ,表示过去一段时间之后表示过去一段时间之后, ,常用于过去时态的句子常用于过去时态的句子; ; b b）in in 以现在为起点以现在为起点, ,表示将来一段时间以后表示将来一段时间以后, ,常用于将来时态的句子常用于将来时态的句子. . 4 4、by,with by,with 和和 in:in: a a）byby表示表示“ “以以. .的方式的方式, ,方法方法, ,手段手段” ”和和“ “乘某种交通工具乘某种交通工具”;”; b b）withwith指指“ “借助于具体的手段或工具借助于具体的手段或工具”;”; c c）in in 表示表示“ “以以. .方式方式, ,用语言用语言, ,文字等媒介文字等媒介”. ”. 5 5、for for 和和 of:of: 试比较试比较: : Its impossible for me to watch TV after eleven oclock.Its impossible for me to watch TV after eleven oclock. Its kind of you to help me. Its kind of you to help me. 两句中介词的选择依据其前形容词而定两句中介词的选择依据其前形容词而定, ,一般来说一般来说, ,ofof之前的形容词往往是用于之前的形容词往往是用于 描写人的品质的好坏描写人的品质的好坏, ,人自身的特点人自身的特点, ,如聪明与否如聪明与否, ,细心与粗心等细心与粗心等; ; forfor之前的形容词用于描写事物的特点之前的形容词用于描写事物的特点, ,如可能性如可能性, ,必然性必然性, ,难易程度等难易程度等. . 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 二、介词用法口诀二、介词用法口诀: : 1 1、早、午、晚要用早、午、晚要用in.in. in the morning in the morning 在早上在早上 in the evening in the evening 在晚上在晚上 in the afternoon in the afternoon 在下午在下午 in the day in the day 在白天在白天 2 2、atat黎明、午、夜、点与分黎明、午、夜、点与分. . at dawn, at daybreakat dawn, at daybreak在黎明时候在黎明时候 at noon at noon 在中午在中午 at night at night 在夜间在夜间 at midnight at midnight 在午夜在午夜 以上短语都不用冠词以上短语都不用冠词 at six oclock at six oclock 在在6 6点钟点钟 at half past eleven at half past eleven 在在1111点半点半 at 7:30 at 7:30 （seven thirtyseven thirty）在在7 7点半点半 at a quarter to two 1at a quarter to two 1点点4545分分 at nine fifteen at nine fifteen 在在9 9点点1515分分 at the weekend at the weekend 在周末在周末 at ten thirty A. m. at ten thirty A. m. 在上午在上午1010点点3030分分 seven to five 5seven to five 5点差点差7 7分（半小时以上）分（半小时以上） 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 3 3、年、月、年月、季节、周年、月、年月、季节、周. . 即在即在“ “来年来年”, ”,在在“ “某月某月”, ”,在在“ “某年某月某年某月” ” （但在某年某月某日则用（但在某年某月某日则用onon）, ,在四季在四季, ,在在 第几周等都要用第几周等都要用in. in. in 1986 in 1986 在在19861986年年 in spring in spring 在春季在春季 in 1927 in 1927 在在19271927年年 in summer in summer 在夏季在夏季 in April in April 在四月在四月 in autumn in autumn 在秋季在秋季 in March in March 在三月在三月 in winter in winter 在冬季在冬季 in July l983 1983in July l983 1983年年7 7月月 in the third week in the third week 在第三周在第三周 in December 1986 1986in December 1986 1986年年1212月月 in the fist week of this semesterin the fist week of this semester这学期的第一周这学期的第一周 4 4、将来时态、将来时态in.in.以后以后. . They will come back in 10 days. They will come back in 10 days. 他们将他们将1010天以后回来天以后回来 I Ill ll come round in a day or two. come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来我一两天就回来 WeWell ll be back in no time. be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来我们一会儿就回来 Come and see me in two days time. Come and see me in two days time. 两天后来看我两天后来看我. .（从现在开始）（从现在开始） after. after. （是从过去开始）是从过去开始） 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 5 5、阳光、灯、影、衣、冒、阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in.in. 即在阳光下即在阳光下, ,在灯下在灯下, ,在树阴下在树阴下, ,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in.in. in the bright sunlight in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下在明亮的阳光下in brown shoes in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋穿着棕色鞋 in uniform in uniform 穿着制服穿着制服a prisoner in irons a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯带着镣铐的囚犯 in mourning in mourning 穿着丧服穿着丧服a merchant in disguise a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人乔装的商人 Dont read in dim light. Dont read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书 They are sitting in the shade of a tree. They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉他们坐在树阴下乘凉. . He went in the rain to meet me at the station. He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我他冒雨到车站去接我. . The poor dressed The poor dressed （clothedclothed） in rags in old society. in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛. . the woman in white the woman in white （black, red, yellowblack, red, yellow）穿白（黑、红、黄）色衣服的妇女穿白（黑、红、黄）色衣服的妇女. . 6 6、小处小处atat大处大处in.in. Im in Im in LiaoningLiaoning, at , at AnshanAnshan. . 我住在辽宁省鞍山市我住在辽宁省鞍山市. . I I live live in in a a great/big great/big city, city, my my sister sister lives lives at at a a small small town town while while my my parents parents live live at at a village. a village. 我住在大城市我住在大城市, ,我姐姐住在一个小城镇我姐姐住在一个小城镇, ,而我的父母则住在农村而我的父母则住在农村. . 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 7 7、有形有形withwith无形无形by,by,语言语言 、单位、材料、单位、材料in.in. The workers are paving a road with stone. The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路（有形）工人们正用石子铺路（有形） The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文（有形）这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文（有形） “Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy”is a good opera. “Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy”is a good opera. 智取威虎山是智取威虎山是- -出好戏（无形）出好戏（无形） The product is separated by The product is separated by distilationdistilation into gasoline and gas oil. into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油（表示方式、手段、方法这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油（表示方式、手段、方法- -无形）无形） I really cant express my idea in English freely in-deed I really cant express my idea in English freely in-deed 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想（表示某种语言用我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想（表示某种语言用inin） I wrote a novel in Russian. I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说（同上）我用俄语写了一本小说（同上） The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system 公里是米制中最长的长度单位（表示度、量、衡单位的用公里是米制中最长的长度单位（表示度、量、衡单位的用in in ） The length is measured in meter, The length is measured in meter, kilometrekilometre, and , and centimetrecentimetre. . 长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的（同上）长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的（同上） This board was cast in bronze not in gold. This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的这个牌匾是铜铸的, ,不是金铸的（表示材料的用不是金铸的（表示材料的用in in ） 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 8 8、特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in.in. （1 1）特征或状态）特征或状态: : The Democratic Party was then in power. The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政那时民主党执政 They found the patient in a coma. They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态他们发现病人处于昏迷状态 He has not been in good health for some years. He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好他几年来身体一直不好 Her clothes were in rags. Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣服穿破了她的衣服穿破了 His shoes were in holes. His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了他的鞋穿出窟窿了 She spoke in grief rather than in anger. She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤与其说她讲得很气愤, ,不如说她讲得很伤心不如说她讲得很伤心 还有一些短语也用还有一些短语也用inin in jest in jest 诙谐地诙谐地 in fairness in fairness 公正地公正地 in sorrow in sorrow 伤心地等伤心地等. . in joke in joke 开玩笑地开玩笑地 in revenge in revenge 报复报复in low ebb in low ebb 情绪低落地情绪低落地 in spite in spite 恶意地恶意地 in mercy in mercy 宽大宽大 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） （2 2）方面）方面: : we accepted the item in principle. we accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款我们在原则上接受了这个条款 They are never backward in giving their views. They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见他们从来不怕发表自己的意见 A good teacher must be an example in study. A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范一个好的教师必须是学习的模范 The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给 （3 3）方式）方式: : All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了所有报告都用速记记录下来了 The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism.The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） （4 4）成语）成语 : : in all in all 总计总计 in alarm in alarm 惊慌、担心惊慌、担心 in hopes of in hopes of 怀着怀着希望希望 in advance in advance 事前事前 in word in word 口头上口头上 in connection with in connection with 和和有关有关 in the meantime in the meantime 与此同时与此同时 in a word in a word 总之总之 in contact with in contact with 和和联系联系 in place in place 适当地适当地 in vain in vain 无益地无益地, , 白白地白白地 in conflict with in conflict with 和和冲突冲突 in addition to in addition to 除除以外以外 in case in case 如果如果, ,万一万一, ,以防以防 in funin fun/ / jestjest/ / joke joke 玩笑地玩笑地 in the least in the least 一点一点, ,丝毫丝毫 in detail in detail 详细地详细地 in the long run in the long run 从长远说来从长远说来 in force in force 有效的有效的, ,大批大批 in haste in haste 急急忙忙地急急忙忙地 in ones opinion in ones opinion 在在看来看来 in depth in depth 彻底地彻底地 in conclusion in conclusion 总之总之 in retrospect in retrospect 回顾回顾, ,一想起一想起 in regard to in regard to 关于关于 in return in return 作为回报作为回报 in other words. in other words. 换句话说换句话说 in spite of in spite of 尽管尽管 in doubt in doubt 怀疑怀疑 in the name of in the name of 以以名义名义 in case of in case of 倘若倘若, ,万一万一 in love in love 恋爱中恋爱中 be confident in be confident in 对对有信心有信心 in behalf of in behalf of 代表代表利益利益 in debt in debt 负债负债 be interested in be interested in 对对感兴趣感兴趣 in the opinion of in the opinion of 据据见解见解 in wonder in wonder 在惊奇中在惊奇中 in publicin public/ /secret secret 公开地公开地/ /秘密地秘密地 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 9 9、介词、介词atat、toto表方向表方向. . 介词介词atat和和toto都可以表示方向都可以表示方向, ,但有但有“ “攻击、位置、善、恶之分攻击、位置、善、恶之分”:”: 用用atat表示方向时表示方向时, ,侧重于攻击的目标侧重于攻击的目标, ,往往表示恶意往往表示恶意; ; 用用toto表示方向时表示方向时, ,突出运动的位置或动作的对象突出运动的位置或动作的对象, ,侧重表示善意侧重表示善意. . 试比较下列各句试比较下列各句: : 1. 1. She came at me. She came at me. 她向我扑过来她向我扑过来 She came to me. She came to me. 她向我走过来她向我走过来 2. 2. Jake ran at John. Jake ran at John. 杰克向约翰扑过去杰克向约翰扑过去 Jake ran to John. Jake ran to John. 杰克朝约翰跑去杰克朝约翰跑去 3. 3. He shouted at the old man. He shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人他大声喝斥那老人 He shouted to the old man. He shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说他大声向那老人说 4. 4. She talked at you just now. She talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢她刚才还说你坏话呢 She talked to you just now. She talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢她刚才还同你谈话呢 5. 5. She threw a bone at the dog. She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗她用一块骨头砸狗 She threw a bone to the dog. She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃她把一块骨头扔给狗吃 6. 6. He presented a pistol at me. He presented a pistol at me. 他用手枪对着我他用手枪对着我 He presented a pistol to me. He presented a pistol to me. 他赠送我一支手枪他赠送我一支手枪 7. 7. He rushed at the woman with a sword. He rushed at the woman with a sword.他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去 He rushed to the woman with a sword. He rushed to the woman with a sword.他带着剑向那妇女跑过去他带着剑向那妇女跑过去 8. 8. I heard her muttering at I heard her muttering at XiaoXiao Li. Li.我听见她在抱怨小李我听见她在抱怨小李 I heard her muttering to I heard her muttering to XiaoXiao Li. Li.我听见她在同小李低声说话我听见她在同小李低声说话 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 1010、日子、日期、年月日日子、日期、年月日, ,星期加上早午晚星期加上早午晚; ; 以下皆用以下皆用on.on. on October the first 1949 1949on October the first 1949 1949年年1010月月1 1日日 on the second of January second 1on the second of January second 1月月2 2日日 on February the thirteenth l893 1893on February the thirteenth l893 1893年年2 2月月1313日日 on May the first 5on May the first 5月月1 1日日 on December 12th 1950 l950on December 12th 1950 l950年年1212月月1212日日 on the first 1on the first 1号号 on New Years Day on New Years Day 在元旦在元旦 on the sixteenth 16on the sixteenth 16号号 on May Day on May Day 在在“ “五五 一一” ”节节 on my birthday on my birthday 在我的生日在我的生日 on a summer evening on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚在夏天的一个夜晚 on Sundayon Sunday/ /Monday Monday 在星期天在星期天/ /星期一星期一 on winter day on winter day 在冬天在冬天 on Tuesday morning on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨星期二早晨 on Friday evening on Friday evening 星期五晚上星期五晚上 on Saturday afternoon on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午星期六下午 以下情况要注意用以下情况要注意用inin 或或atat及特殊性及特殊性: : in the Christmas holidays in the Christmas holidays 在圣诞节假期在圣诞节假期; ; in the eighteenth century in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪在十八世纪; ; in ancient times in ancient times 在古代在古代; ; in earlier times in earlier times 在早期在早期; ; in modern times in modern times 在现代在现代. . at the present time at the present time现在现在; ; at the present day at the present day当今当今. . last night last night 昨夜昨夜; ; in the evening in the evening在晚上在晚上; ; on time on time准时准时; ; in time in time及时及时. . 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 1111、年月日、年月日, ,加早午晚加早午晚, ,ofof之前之前onon代代in.in. on the morning of 18th 18on the morning of 18th 18日早晨日早晨 on the evening of 4th 4on the evening of 4th 4日晚上日晚上 on the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet. on the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet. 他们在临行前夕举行了一次告别宴会他们在临行前夕举行了一次告别宴会. . 1212、收音、农场、值日收音、农场、值日on.on. talk over the radio talk over the radio 由无线电播音由无线电播音 on TV on TV 从电视里从电视里. . Did your supervisor like the story over/on the radio last night?Did your supervisor like the story over/on the radio last night? 您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗? ? I heard the news over/on the radio. I heard the news over/on the radio. 我从收音机里听到了这一条消息我从收音机里听到了这一条消息. . hear something on the wireless hear something on the wireless 在无线电里听到在无线电里听到 My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一个军垦农场工作我哥哥在一个军垦农场工作. . The students are working on a school farm. The students are working on a school farm. 学生们正在校办农场劳动学生们正在校办农场劳动 This is a farmers house on a farm. This is a farmers house on a farm. 这是农场的农舍这是农场的农舍 Who is on duty, today? Who is on duty, today? 今天谁值日今天谁值日? ? We go on duty at 8 A. m. We go on duty at 8 A. m. 我们上午我们上午8 8点钟上班点钟上班. . 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 1313、关于、基础、靠、著论关于、基础、靠、著论on.on. This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告 You are wrong on all these issues. You are wrong on all these issues. 在这些问题上你的看法都错了在这些问题上你的看法都错了 The belief is based on practical experience. The belief is based on practical experience. 这种信念是以实际经验为基础的这种信念是以实际经验为基础的 Theory must be based on practice. Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础理论必须以实践为基础 The people in the south live on rice. The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米南方人主食大米. .（靠）（靠） The citizens live on their salaries. The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活城市人靠薪金生活. . Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food. Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food. 她用精饲料喂养她心爱的狗她用精饲料喂养她心爱的狗. . He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people. He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people. 他正是一个小偷他正是一个小偷, ,专靠损害别人过日子专靠损害别人过日子. . on the Peoples Democratic Dictatorship on the Peoples Democratic Dictatorship 论人民民主专政论人民民主专政 “ “on Coalition Government” on Coalition Government” 论联合政府论联合政府 onon后接后接thethe加上一个作名词的动词其意义与现在分词所表达的相近加上一个作名词的动词其意义与现在分词所表达的相近. . Keep the kettle on the boil. Keep the kettle on the boil. （=boiling=boiling） 让水壶的水一直开着让水壶的水一直开着. . The enemy are on the run. The enemy are on the run. （=running=running） 敌人在逃跑敌人在逃跑 . . on the march on the march 在行军中在行军中 on the mend on the mend 在好转中在好转中 on the move on the move 活动中活动中 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 1414、着火着火, , 罢工罢工, , 出售出售, , 出差出差, , 公务公务, , 休假休假, , 故意故意, , 支付支付, , 相反相反, , 准时准时on.on. The house next to mine was on fire. The house next to mine was on fire. 我邻居的房子着火了我邻居的房子着火了. . The workers of the railway station were on strike. The workers of the railway station were on strike. 铁路工人罢工了铁路工人罢工了. . Grapes and big water melons are on sale on a large sale. Grapes and big water melons are on sale on a large sale. 葡萄和西瓜大量上市了葡萄和西瓜大量上市了. . I Iveve come here on business. come here on business. 我是有公事来的我是有公事来的. . They went to Bern on a mission. They went to Bern on a mission. 他们到伯尔尼去执行一项使命他们到伯尔尼去执行一项使命. . I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的我是公出去上海的, ,不是不告面别不是不告面别. . They has been away on a long trip. They has been away on a long trip. 他们出去做一次长途旅行他们出去做一次长途旅行. . I Ill ll go home on leave next month. go home on leave next month. 下月我将休假回家下月我将休假回家. . She came to see you on purpose. She came to see you on purpose. 她是专程来看你的她是专程来看你的. . He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到这来是要与你讨论这件事的他到这来是要与你讨论这件事的. . This lunch is on me.“No. lets go Dutch.” “ This lunch is on me.“No. lets go Dutch.” “这顿午饭我付钱这顿午饭我付钱.” “.” “不不, ,还是各付各的还是各付各的”. ”. On the contrary, it was very easy to understand. On the contrary, it was very easy to understand. 相反相反, ,这事儿很容易理解这事儿很容易理解. . P1ease come on time. P1ease come on time. （on scheduleon schedule）. . 请准时来请准时来. . 注注: :in timein time是是“ “及时及时” ”的意思的意思. . The train arrived on schedule. The train arrived on schedule. 火车准时到达火车准时到达 . . 0909介词的用法介词的用法 【介词的用法】（讲解1） 151