级写作技巧(综合版).ppt

CET-4CET-4 Writing Writing CET-4 CET-4 写作考写作考试试试试常常识识识识 1. 命题题范围围 2. 大纲纲要求 3. 评评分标标准 4. 写作体裁 命题题范围围 现实现实 性：大学生的学习习、工作及课课余生活或涉及当前 社会的变变化、发发展及进进步，或者一般的科普性的话题话题 。总总之，四级级写作的题题材不会出现现偏题题、怪题题等现现象 ，也不会让让学生写一些不熟悉的社会现现象或者与学生生 活缺乏联联系的科技题题材的题题目。 近年真题题回顾顾 2011.6 Online Shopping (adv My dear David, Dearest David, My dearest David, My dearest, Darling David, My darling, My very own darling等。 有头衔头衔 的可把头衔缩头衔缩 写放在名字前，如 Prof. Wang, Dr. Liu, 等 信的正文 称呼下方隔一二行处处开始写正文。写信与写文章一样样， 要分段写，每段有一个中心思想，内容表达清楚，语语言简单简单 明了 ，态态度诚恳诚恳 礼貌。给亲给亲 友的信还应该亲还应该亲 切热热情。 书书信格式 结结束语语 结结束语语是写信人对对收信人的谦谦称，写在正文下面二三行处处，从中 间间写起，第一个词词的开头头字母要大写，末尾用逗号。 给给机关团团体或不相识识的人可用： Yours truly或Truly yours Yours faithfully或Faithfully yours Yours sincerely或Sincerely yours 给给上级级或长长者的信可用： Yours respectfully或Respectfully yours Yours obediently或Obediently yours Yours gratefully或Gratefully yours 给给一般熟人或朋友的信可用： Yours, Yours ever, Ever yours, Yours as ever, 或 Yours sincerely 给亲给亲 属或挚挚友的信可用： Yours affectionately, Lovingly yours, Your loving son (child, sister.), 或Yours devoted friend 签签名 即写信人署名，写在结结束语语下面偏右处处。 书书信格式 Dear Mr. President, Im very lucky to attend this world-famous university, but Im afraid Im not content with the canteen service on campus. Firstly, the quality of the dishes should be improved. Undoubtedly, there are a lot of delicious dishes, but all the year round, they are the same. More and more students are complaining about eating the same food each day. So I think the most urgent problem is variety. Secondly, the price is a bit too high. Many of us hope that the canteen can provide us with not only delicious but also cheaper food. Finally, the environment is so noisy that we cant enjoy our meals in good mood. I suggest that there be some soft music to help us relax. These suggestions are not just of my own, but also of many other students. We hope our respectable president will pay attention to our suggestions. By the way, the canteen workers are very patient and always smiling. So I think if our university offers them better conditions, they will offer us better service. Best wishes, Li Ming 模 板 Cet-4 写作应试应试 技巧 一、写作的几个基本步骤骤 二高分作文技巧 布局谋谋篇 遣词词造句 写作的几个基本步骤骤 1、审题审题 。 （以2011.6为为例） 2构思。 在草稿纸纸上写下所能想到的 观观点和关键词键词 ，然后认认真筛选筛选 。 3. 选择选择 合适的框架之后动动笔行文 4检查检查 修改。 审题审题 （2011.6） Online Shopping 1. 现现在网上购购物已成为为一种时时尚 2. 网上购购物有好多好处处，但也有不少问题问题 3. 我的建议议 第一段，现现象阐释阐释 。（简练简练 ） 第二段，从利弊两方面讨论讨论 网购购。 写作模式：网购优购优 点（主题题句+支撑句） +网购购缺点（ 转转折句+支撑句）+总结总结 句 第三段，从网购还购还 存在的问题问题 考虑虑提出建议议。 （网购购不能看到实实物，法律规规范网上购购物欺骗骗行为为等方 面给给建议议） 检查检查 修改 （1）单词单词 拼写和句式表达是否正确 （2）字母大小写和标标点符号是否正确。 （3）主谓谓是否一致以及名词词与其限定语语的单单复数一致性 如何。 （4）指代使用是否准确 （5）动词动词 形式，涉及时态时态 、语态语态 、语语气等。 （6）避免词词性混用，包括形容词词与副词词、名词词与动词动词 、 形容词词与动词动词 等。 （7）句式是否有变变化。 （8）每一段话话是否都紧紧扣文章的主题题，是否都得到了充 分的展开。 （9）文章是否连贯连贯 ，是否使用了过过渡性词语词语 ，句子之间间 和段落之间间是否都具有逻辑逻辑 性和条理性。 高分作文技巧-布局谋谋篇 1）整洁洁的卷面和漂亮的书书写。 2）字数要达到最低要求。作文字数控制在 120150词词。不要认为认为 写得越长长，分数就越高 。有时时候甚至会适得其反。 3）结结构要完整，脉胳要清晰。四级级作文要写 出一个清楚的三段式。如果写一段最多得到4 5分，如果写了2段最多也只能得到67分。所 以作文的框架和书书写是让让老师给师给 你一个不错错分 值值段的关键键之关键键。 4）避免低级错误级错误 。 高分作文技巧 段落特征 1段落的一致性 它要求一个段落只能阐阐述一个主 题题思想。换换主题题或讨论讨论 、阐阐述问题问题 的另一方面时时，必须须另起 一段。段落的一致性主要在于段落主题题句和扩扩展句在意义义上的 统统一，段落中所有内容必须须与段落主题题思想有关，段内各句都 必须须支持、发发展或服务务于段落的中心思想，任何与主题题无关的 句子，哪怕是美妙的句式结结构、名言绝绝句也必须须舍弃，否则则会 破坏段落的一致性。 2段落的连贯连贯 性 段落的连贯连贯 性指的是段落中的句 子安排要符合一定的条理和逻辑顺逻辑顺 序，而且句子与句子之间衔间衔 接要紧紧密，过过渡要自然、流畅畅，只有这样这样 ，读读者才能跟上作者 的思路，明白作者在说说什么。反之，如果条理不清、思维维紊乱 ，则则会破坏段落的连贯连贯 性。获获得段落的连贯连贯 性的方法主要有两 种：1）按照一定的逻辑顺逻辑顺 序来安排细节细节 （主要有按时间顺时间顺 序 、空间顺间顺 序、一般与具体顺顺序、重要与非重要顺顺序四种）；2 ）使用恰当的连连接手段。 一个段落在结结构上有三个主要的组组成部分：1.主题题句 2. 扩扩展句（支持句）3.总结总结 句（结结尾句）。 高分作文技巧 1. 写好主题题句的要点 1）主题题句必须须是一个完整的句子，而不是短语语 . A) Worries about population pressure. (残缺句) B) Worries about population pressure are far from new. （完整句） How to drive a car. ( X ) Anyone can learn how to drive a car. ( ) A) Five easy steps in changing a tire. ( X ) B) There are five easy steps in changing a tire. ( ) 高分作文技巧 1.写好主题题句的要点 2）主题题句必须紧须紧 扣文章的主题题。 POLLUTION 1. Pollution is becoming more serious all over the world. Part of this problem is the worlds exploding population. A growing population undoubtedly means more factories polluting the air. Besides, land and water pollution has also increased. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our health, our happiness, and our very civilization. 2. People are now showing a real concern over this problem. Scientists are urging that drastic solution be worked out before it is too late, and the public are demanding that government take firm action against polluters. The earth is our home and we must take care of it-for ourselves and for the next generation. 3. Fortunately, measures have been taken to cope with the situation. First, many countries are making efforts to bring down the birth rate. Also, new laws have been passed to exercise strict controls over industrial pollutants. In addition, more sewage treatment plants are being built, and new pollution-control devices developed. Doing all this will enable us to have a cleaner world. 高分作文技巧 1.写好主题题句的要点 3）主题题句要内容具体 主题题句若概括面太宽宽，则则会使段落主题题含糊不清以致 很难难用一段话讲话讲 清楚。因此，主题题句一定要考虑虑段落所能阐阐述 的限度，做到主题题突出。如：Taken in moderation, alcohol is rather harmless and is even beneficial in relieving feelings of stress. 该该句具体，表达了如果喝酒适量，那么它并不有害， 相反，有时时甚至有利于减轻压轻压 力。若将 taken in moderation 去掉的话话，涵盖的面也略显显得大了一点。 主题题句不能含糊其词词，令读读者费费解，产产生误误解。如 “The emphasis(?) has not always been the same. ” 这这个句子 就不适合做主题题句，因为为它没有表达一个清楚的主题题思想。但 我们们如果将这这句话话改为为The emphasis on producing wealth and maintaining a high standard of living has not always been the same. 高分作文技巧 1. 主题题句的写作技巧 1. 表示人的名词词或代词词做主语语的句子 College students should take part in social practice and get to know the world. People take part in recreational activities because of several reasons. We benefit a lot from doing part time jobs. Young people today are badly influenced by TV. 2. 表示物的名词词做主语语的句子 Information plays an indispensable role in modern life. Diligence is a key factor to success. Sports benefit people in many ways. Recreational activities fall into two major types. 3. 用动动名词词短语语来表达主题题，做主语语 Owning a private car is very convenient. Keeping pets can lead to some problems. Studying abroad benefits students in many aspects. 4. 用“There +be + 名词词”句型来写主题题句 There are several reasons why we should develop the industry of private cars. There are innumerable advantages of keeping pets. There are diverse solutions to the housing problem in big cities. There are effective measures that we can adopt to deal with the issue of rising crime rate. 5. 用It is + Adj. +for sb. to do sth. 句型 It is beneficial for college students to take part in various social activities. It is necessary for us to get to know about the society. It is desirable/ advisable for young people to go abroad to study. 2. 扩扩展句特点 扩扩展句是段落主题题句的延伸和发发展，对对主题题句 的中心思想或者举举例说说明，或者解释释或论证论证 。 具体特点如下： 清晰详实详实 扩扩展句不可言之无物，而要具说说 服力，绝绝不可只考篇幅、凑足字数草草了事。 条理分明 必须须条理分明、脉络络清晰，先说说 什么，后说说什么，应应有个合理的安排, 一步步地论论 证证叙述主题题。在文章写作时时，扩扩展句要长长短适中， 就学生写作而言，每句话话的平均长长度应应最好控制在 10-15个词为词为 宜。 高分作文技巧 2.写好扩扩展句的要点 、避免写出与主题题句不相关的句子，以免走题题。 主题题句通常带带有一些关键词键词 ，这这些关键词对键词对 全段内容起着主导导作 用，而一个段落中的扩扩展句都必须紧紧围绕这须紧紧围绕这 些关键词对该键词对该 段的 主题题内容进进行扩扩展，切忌写一些与主题题内容毫不相关的句子，破 坏段落意义义的统统一。 例如： Here are the directions to get to my house from yours. You walk two blocks north and then turn right on Adams Street. Walk another two blocks to Third Street. My sister, who got married last year, lives at the corner of Adams and Third. Then, turn left on Third Street and walk until you see a dirt road with a yellow house on the corner. That is my house. My sister, who got married last year, lives at the corner of Adams and Third 这这一句显显然与主题题内容毫不相关，应该删应该删 掉。 高分作文技巧 2.写好扩扩展句的要点 、用举举例或者例证证的方法来扩扩展主题题句。 例如：若以“My parents look and behave like each other”为为主题题句，下列哪些 句子可以用作例证证来说说明主题题句？ 1) They both like nature and the outdoors and are fond of walking, gardening, and swimming. 2)My father is eight years older than my mother and taller and thinner. 3)They never get tired of listening to China opera. 4) Both of my parents have dark hair and black eyes and both have low voices and gentle personalities. 5)They both believe in giving their children love and responsibility, and neither one believes in punishing a child physically. 6) My mother is quieter than my father and talks much less than he does. 7) They are both interested in reading and music. 8)Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children. 由于主题题句是“My parents look and behave like each other“，扩扩展句应该应该 从 “长长相（look）“和“行为举为举 止（behave）“这这两个方面通过过例证证来说说明我的父母是“ 很相似（like each other）“的, 而句子和却列举举出了我父母的“不同“之处处，背 离了“like each other“的主题题，所以应该删应该删 去。 高分作文技巧 2.写好扩扩展句的要点 、段落里的句式应应多样样化, 避免全用简单简单 句，应应交替使用简单简单 句、并列 句和复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多样样。这样这样 能够够使文章语语言流畅畅， 富有特色，不至于显显得句子结结构千篇一律，单调单调 乏味，缺乏生气。 例如： I will never drive a car again. I had an accident today. I was driving up Fourth Avenue. I saw a bright yellow car. It was driven by a little old lady. She obviously did not see the stop sign. I could not stop in time. She ran right into me. 尽管该该段落中的每个句子意思都对对，而且没有任何语语言错误错误 ，但是由 于全部用简单简单 句组组成，读读后令人乏味，称不上一个好段落。如果我们们把它 改为为 I will never drive a car again. I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue. I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by little old lady. She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I could not stop in time. She ran right into me. 这样这样 一改，使全段变变成了“简单简单 句复合句复合句并列句简单简单 句 简单简单 句“的结结构，各句的联联系密切多了, 读读后效果也好多了。 高分作文技巧 2.写好扩扩展句的要点 、扩扩展句的排列必须须符合事物发发生时间时间 的先后顺顺序 。 下面这这段的句子顺顺序混乱，需重新排列： Then we turned left. To get to the museum, we started off by taking the subway to 79th Street. Suddenly, right in front of us was the beautiful building we were looking for! When we got off the subway, we walked four blocks up Lexington Avenue. After turning left, we walked what seemed to be an endless distance. 经过经过 按时间时间 的先后顺顺序重新组组合句子后，全段就通顺顺易懂了 ： To get to the museum, we started off by taking the subway to 79th Street. When we got off the subway, we walked four blocks up Lexington Avenue. Then we turned left. After turning left, we walked what seemed to be an endless distance. Suddenly, right in front of us was the beautiful building we were looking for. 高分作文技巧 2.写好扩扩展句的要点 、正确使用过过渡词词。 过过渡词词的作用是衔衔接句子和句子（或者段和段），用以表示上下 句（段）之间间的关系和语语气。如果句子和句子之间间不使用过过渡词词 ，就使上下句之间间的关系显显得不明确，意思不连贯连贯 ，读读后令人感 到别别扭。请请看下面两个句子： 1. He forgot there was a test today. He failed. 2. He ate a whole pie. He got sick. He went to see a doctor. 如果我们们加上适当的过过渡词词，上下句的意思就通顺顺得多了： 1. He forgot there was a test toady. Consequently he failed. 2. He got sick because he ate a whole pie. As a result, he went to see a doctor. more 表示举举例说说明的过过渡语语 For example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point, Lets take as an example. Take for example. is a typical example of is a typical/proper case in point. 表示递进递进 关系的过过渡语语 In addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, also, whats more Not only, but also, similarly, is also a factor. 表示比较较和对对比的过过渡语语 Similarly, in the same way, unlike, like, likewise, equally important; In contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, in comparison, on the contrary, contrary to, whereas, while, conversely, differ/vary greatly/vastly from different from 表示因果关系的过过渡语语 Because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reason Therefore, so, as a result, consequently, in consequence, accordingly, hence, thus The reasons why/for are/lie in results in result from 表示结论结论 的过过渡语语 To sum up, to conclude, to summarize In sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in brief So, therefore, thus We can come to the conclusion that A conclusion can be reached that 表示转转折的过过渡语语 Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even though/ even if Lets look at the other side of the coin. As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin. Just as there are two sides of a coin, the negative aspect of cannot be overlooked. 2. 扩扩展句的写作方法 1）例证证法(exemplification) There is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong will. There is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong will. A task, no matter how difficult, can be accomplished if a person makes up his mind to do it. Take Rome as an example. It is known that Rome was not built in a day. Before she was built, her founders had suffered a great deal of severe hardship, but they never lost their faith and eventually succeeded in their efforts. Columbus, who discovered America, is another example of strong determination. In spite of defeat and affliction, he went forward and succeeded because of his singleness of purpose and perseverance. 表示例证证的方法 for example, for instance, as an example, for a typical example, such as, so on. Lets illustrate, show, prove with the following example. Lets take as an example an example, an instance, a (typical) case in point more 2. 扩扩展句的写作方法 2）列举举法(listing) Attending schools abroad has many advantages. In the first place, students can learn advanced knowledge of science and technology from the advanced countries. In the second place, schools abroad can provide students with a better circumstance to learn foreign languages and make them grasp them more quickly. Furthermore, while studying abroad, young students can learn to become independent and develop all-round ability in order to adapt to the reality of society. more 表示列举举的方法 First of all/Above all, secondly, moreover In the first place, in the second place, furthermore/whats more To begin (start) with, secondly, in addition For one thing, for another thing, for still another thing 3. 结结尾句 结尾句可以是对该段落主题思想的再认识和肯定。一 个段落中，主题句是伏笔，扩展句是具体的叙述和说明 ，而结尾句则进一步加强和证实该 段的主题思想，以 引起读者的重视。 1重申主题句法 2总结（结论）法 3发表个人看法，总结全文 4反问结尾法 5引言结论法 6提倡议号召（喊口号）法 高分作文技巧 In my opinion Personally, I think /believe I take the position that I hold/take the attitude that As far as I am concerned Were it left to me to decide more more more In conclusion/To conclude/In all/All things considered/ To sum up/ Having taken all the factors into consideration, Dont you think it is necessary for us to ? Dont you think it is high/about time that we did sth? Dont you agree with my idea/opinion that ? Lets join in the efforts to do Lets spare no efforts to do Lets take effective measures to do Lets take immediate actions to do Lets take practical steps to do more 遣词词造句-句子写作原则则 一、要写完整的句子 1避免残缺句 1）误误用非谓语动词谓语动词 的残缺句 a. Bill working as if his life depended on that theme. (x) b. Bill had been working as if his life depended on that theme. () 2) 独立从句的残缺句 a. There is still some likelihood of not succeeding in passing the exam. Although he tries very hard. (x) b. There is still some likelihood of not succeeding in passing the exam although he tries very hard. () 3) 举举例说说明的残缺句 a. I look forward to holidays. For example, Thanksgiving and Christmas. (x). b. I look forward to holidays, for example, Thanksgiving and Christmas. () 4) 以who, that 和 which引起的从句残缺。 a. There are some people. Who think that one should not hesitate to say no. (x) b. There are some people who think that one should not hesitate to say no. () 高分作文技巧 遣词词造句-句子写作原则则 2 避免错误错误 的省略 不能随意省略一些属于固定搭配的或有助于理解句意的词词 。省略会出现现句子不完整的现现象，影响读读者理解。 错误错误 地省略部分谓语谓语 ，会使句子结结构失去平衡。 a. There are not sufficient brands for students to choose. (x) b. There are not sufficient brands for students to choose from. () a. The suggestion you made is more feasible than Mary made. (x) b. The suggestion you made is more feasible than the one Mary made. () 高分作文技巧 遣词词造句-句子写作原则则 3.避免连连写句 当两个或两个以上的独立句子被错误错误 地用逗号隔开或根本就没有标标点符号相连时连时 ， 就 形成了连连写句（有的也称为为融合句）。改正这这种句子可以用以下五种方法： 1) 中间间用句号使各句子独立。 a. There are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, we should not read them. (x) b.There are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind. We should not read them. () 2) 如果两个句子意思联联系紧紧密，也可用分号分开，分号后用小写字母开头头。 a. The exam was postponed, the class was cancelled as well. (x) b. The exam was postponed; the class was cancelled as well. () 3）两个句子若同等重要，也可用并列连词连词 and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so 等连连成并列句 。 a. Tom decided to stop smoking, he didnt want to die of cancer. (x) b. Tom decided to stop smoking, for he didnt want to die of cancer. () 4)可根据句子内容将其中的一部分用主从连词连词 because, when, while, since, even though, as soon as , but, while 和 if等变变成从句。 a. Andy forgot the time he missed the final exam. (x) b. Because Andy forgot the time, he missed the final exam./ Andy missed the final exam because he forgot the time. () 5) 根据句子内容，可以用分号再加上consequently, therefore, likewise, furthermore, nevertheless 或moreover 等连连接词词和逗号。 a. The house is too small for a family of four, it is in a bad condition. (x) b. The house is too small for a family of four; furthermore, it is in a bad condition. (). 高分作文技巧 遣词词造句-句子写作原则则 二、 句子要符合规规范 1. 要注意英汉汉两种语语言的差异性。首先要将主谓语谓语 确立下来，不管多么复杂杂的句子 ，只要把它们们的位置固定了，其他的成分就会按关系就位，要打破原来汉语汉语 的语语 序. 2. 句子的一致性关系.句子的标标志是具有主谓结谓结 构，而主谓谓必须须保持一致。充当谓语谓语 的动词总动词总 是无一例外地表现现出人称、数、时态时态 、语态语态 、语语气五个特点。 a. Somebody hold that one should read selectively. (x) b. Somebody holds that one should read selectively. () a. Many students complained that the canteen service is terribly awful. (x) b. Many students complained that the canteen service was terribly awful. () a. The computer is reported in the newspaper to have developed since its advent. (x) b. The computer is reported in the newspaper to have been developed since its advent. () a. No conclusions have arrived at so far. (x) b. No conclusions have been arrived at so far. () a. It is high time that the government takes effective measures to protect our environment. (x) b. It is high time that the government took effective measures to protect our environment. () 高分作文技巧 遣词词造句-句子写作原则则 3. 主次分明，从属得当 重要的思想一般放在主句中表达，次要的思想由从句表达，或由其 它修饰结饰结 构或伴随状语语来表达；同等重要的思想出现现在相同的语语 法结结构中，否则则会主次不分，内容混乱。 a. The meeting having been brought to a close, no further discussion arose. (x) (该该句的因果关系不合逻辑逻辑 ) b. No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought to a close. () a. The proposal being regard