英语翻译主语的确定.ppt

1 I.英汉语汉语主语语的差异 II. 汉译汉译英时时确定主语语的思路 2 1.现代英语除省略句（祈使句）外，每个句子都必须有主语。 英语是通过“主语语 谓语谓语”的句型结构组织简单句的。而现 代汉语在表达思想时，往往突出主题题而忽略主语，经常通 过“主题题 评论评论”的句型结构组织简单句。 例:（1）家里的事情，你不用管，你干你的正经经事去。 （2）这这袋米三个人吃。 （3）会议议室里正在开会。 （4）有一种方言这间这间屋子里的每个语语言学家都懂得。 （5）我们们的事业业从胜胜利走向胜胜利。 We have won one victory after another for our cause. （6）1978年，改革开放开始了。 3 4 就句子结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是 人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着,总要呆板 地求句子形式的一律, 人治的用得着就用,用不着就 不用,只要能使人听懂说话人的意思,就算了。 5 2. 汉语句子习惯用人来做主语，而英语句子用物或抽 象概念做主语的比例远远超过汉语。 例：It rained heavily yesterday. It is easy to answer this question. The year 2010 witnessed great changes in Shanghai. 一、以原文主语语作为译为译文主语语； 二、重新确定主语语； 三、增补补主语语 6 英语句子的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或名 词性的词语。当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该 主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以把 原文主语作为译文主语。 （1）如果不适当处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废 气就会造成城市空气污染。 Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. 7 8 （2）如果说，词汇词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么句子便 是文章的“基本部件”。 If vocabulary is the “building materials” for a language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings. （3）中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话 算数。 China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words. 在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语，以 保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、语言自然地道，发挥 与原文相似的作用。用来替换原主语的，可以是句子 中的其他成分，也可以是句子以外的词语。 （1）他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌 肤呈着紫檀色。 He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood. 9 10 (2) 鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨， 这是殖民地半殖民地人民最宝贵的性格。 Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples. (3) 树缝里也漏着一两点路灯光，没精打采的，是瞌睡 人的眼。 Here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eyes of one who is dozing. 汉语中，主语隐含不见或无主语的情况较常见。译成英语时，必须 依照英语的行文习惯，将主语补出。增补主语的原则，一是要推敲语境 ，二是要考虑英语语法规则和行文需求。 （1） 到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得 更为有趣。 When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south. （by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang） When he reached Tsinanfu and entered the city gate, the houses with their springs and the courtyards with their weeping willows seemed to him even more attractive than the scenery of Chiangnan. (by Harold Shadick) 11 12 （2）沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中 灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence! （3）不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。不要摆官架子。钻进 去，几个月，一年两年，三年五年，总可以学会的。 We must not pretend to know when we do not know. We must not put on bureaucratic airs. If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or two, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it. 13 (4) 出了院门，四顾一望，并无二色，远远的是青松翠竹，自 己却似装在玻璃盆内一般。于是走至山坡之下，顺着山脚刚转 过去，已闻得一股寒香扑鼻，回头一看，却是妙玉那边栊翠庵 中有十数枝红梅，如胭脂一般，映着雪色，分外显得精神，好 不有趣。 Once outside his own gate, he gazed around. All was white except for some green pines and emerald bamboos in the distance, so that he had the sensation of being in a crystal bowl. As he rounded the foot of the slope, he smelt a cold fragrance and, looking over his shoulder, saw a dozen or so crimson plum trees in Green Lattice Nunnery where Miaoyu lived, their blossom, red as rouge, reflected in the snow and remarkably vivid against it. 1） 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 a. The turn of the century finds China most attractive on the diplomatic arena. b. At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. 2） 一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世 界大为震惊。 a. Chinas first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. b. In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly. 14 3） 胎又瘪了。 a. Weve got another flat tire. b. Our tire is flat again. 4)）人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 a. It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. b. We can