哈佛大学公开课《公正该如何做是好》第一课英文字幕.doc

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Funding for this program is provided by.Additional funding provided by.This is a course about justice and we begin with a story.Suppose youre the driver of a trolley car, and your trolley car is hurtling down the trackat miles an hour. And at the end of the track you notice five workers working on the track.You try to stop but you cant, your brakes dont work.You feel desperate because you know that if you crash into these five workers, they will all die.Lets assume you know that for sure.And so you feel helpless until you notice that there is, off to the right, a side track and at the endof that track, there is one worker working on the track.Your steering wheel works,so you can turn the trolley car,if you want to,onto the side trackkilling the one but sparing the five.Heres our first question:whats the right thing to do?What would you do?Lets take a poll.How many would turnthe trolley caronto the side track?Raise your hands.How many wouldnt?How many would go straight ahead?Keep your hands up those of youwho would go straight ahead.A handful of people would,the vast majority would turn.Lets hear first,now we need to beginto investigate the reasonswhy you thinkits the right thing to do.Lets begin with those in the majoritywho would turn to goonto the side track.Why would you do it?What would be your reason?Whos willing to volunteer a reason?Go ahead. Stand up.Because it cant be rightto kill five peoplewhen you can onlykill one person instead.It wouldnt be rightto kill five if you could killone person instead.Thats a good reason.Thats a good reason.Who else?Does everybody agreewith that reason? Go ahead.Well I was thinking its the same reasonon / with regardto the people who flew the planeinto the Pennsylvania fieldas heroes because they choseto kill the people on the planeand not kill more peoplein big buildings.So the principle therewas the same on /.Its a tragic circumstancebut better to kill oneso that five can live,is that the reasonmost of you had,those of youwho would turn? Yes?Lets hear nowfrom those in the minority,those who wouldnt turn. Yes.Well, I think thatsthe same type of mentalitythat justifies genocideand totalitarianism.In order to saveone type of race,you wipe out the other.So what would you doin this case?You would, to avoidthe horrors of genocide,you would crashinto the five and kill them?Presumably, yes.You would?-Yeah.Okay. Who else?Thats a brave answer.Thank you.Lets consideranother trolley car caseand see whether those of youin the majoritywant to adhereto the principlebetter that one should dieso that five should live.This time youre not the driverof the trolley car,youre an onlooker.Youre standing on a bridgeoverlooking a trolley car track.And down the track comesa trolley car,at the end of the trackare five workers,the brakes dont work,the trolley caris about to careeninto the five and kill them.And now, youre not the driver,you really feel helplessuntil you noticestanding next to you,leaning over the bridgeis a very fat man.And you couldgive him a shove.He would fall over the bridgeonto the track right in the wayof the trolley car.He would diebut he would spare the five.Now, how many would pushthe fat man over the bridge?Raise your hand.How many wouldnt?Most people wouldnt.Heres the obvious question.What became of the principlebetter to save five liveseven if it means sacrificing one?What became of the principlethat almost everyone endorsedin the first case?I need to hear from someonewho was in the majorityin both cases.How do you explainthe difference between the two? Yes.The second one, I guess,involves an active choiceof pushing a person downwhich I guess that person himselfwould otherwise not have beeninvolved in the situation at all.And so to choose on his behalf,I guess, to involve himin something that heotherwise would have escaped is,I guess, more than whatyou have in the first casewhere the three parties,the driver and the two sets of workers,are already, I guess,in the situation.But the guy working,the one on the trackoff to the side,he didnt chooseto sacrifice his life any morethan the fat man did, did he?Thats true, but he wason the tracks and.This guy was on the bridge.Go ahead, you can come backif you want. All right.Its a hard question. You did well.You did very well.Its a hard question.Who else can find a wayof reconciling the reactionof the majorityin these two cases? Yes.Well, I guess in the first casewhere you have the one workerand the five,its a choice between those twoand you have to makea certain choice and peopleare going to diebecause of the trolley car,not necessarily becauseof your direct actions.The trolley car is a runaway thingand youre making a split second choice.Whereas pushing the fat man overis an actual actof murder on your part.You have control over thatwhereas you may not have controlover the trolley car.So I think its a slightlydifferent situation.All right, who has a reply?Thats good. Who has a way?Who wants to reply?Is that a way out of this?I dont think thatsa very good reasonbecause you choose to-either way you have to choosewho dies because you eitherchoose to turn and kill the person,which is an actof conscious thought to turn,or you choose to pushthe fat man overwhich is also an active,conscious action.So either way,youre making a choice.Do you want to reply?Im not really surethat thats the case.It just still seemskind of different.The act of actually pushingsomeone over onto the tracksand killing him,you are actually killing him yourself.Youre pushing himwith your own hands.Youre pushing himand thats differentthan steering somethingthat is going to causedeath into another.You know, it doesnt really sound rightsaying it now.No, no. Its good. Its good.Whats your name?Andrew.Andrew.Let me ask you this question, Andrew.Yes.Suppose standing on the bridgenext to the fat man,I didnt have to push him,suppose he was standing overa trap door that I could openby turning a steering wheel like that.Would you turn?For some reason,that still just seems more wrong.Right?I mean, maybe if you accidentallylike leaned into the steering wheelor something like that.But. Or say thatthe car is hurtlingtowards a switchthat will drop the trap.Then I could agree with that.Thats all right. Fair enough.It still seems wrong in a waythat it doesnt seem wrongin the first case to turn, you say.And in another way, I mean,in the first situationyoure involved directlywith the situation.In the second one,youre an onlooker as well.All right. -So you have the choiceof becoming involved or notby pushing the fat man.All right. Lets forget for the momentabout this case.Thats good.Lets imagine a different case.This time youre a doctorin an emergency roomand six patientscome to you.Theyve been in a terribletrolley car wreck.Five of themsustain moderate injuries,one is severely injured,you could spend all daycaring for the oneseverely injured victimbut in that time,the five would die.Or you could look after the five,restore them to healthbut during that time,the one severely injured personwould die.How many would save the five?Now as the doctor,how many would save the one?Very few people,just a handful of people.Same reason, I assume.One life versus five?Now consider another doctor case.This time, youre a transplant surgeonand you have five patients,each in desperate needof an organ transplantin order to survive.One needs a heart,one a lung, one a kidney,one a liver,and the fifth a pancreas.And you have no organ donors.You are about to see them die.And then it occurs to youthat in the next roomtheres a healthy guywho came in for a check-up.And hes you like that and hes taking a nap,you could go in very quietly,yank out the five organs,that person would die,but you could save the five.How many would do it?Anyone? How many?Put your hands upif you would do it.Anyone in the balcony?I would.You would? Be careful,dont lean over too much.How many wouldnt?All right. What do you say?Speak up in the balcony,you who would yank outthe organs. Why?Id actually like to explore aslightly alternate possibilityof just taking the oneof the five who needs an organwho dies first and usingtheir four healthy organsto save the other four.Thats a pretty good idea.Thats a great ideaexcept for the factthat you just wreckedthe philosophical point.Lets step back from these storiesand these argumentsto notice a couple of thingsabout the way the argumentshave begun to unfold.Certain moral principleshave already begun to emergefrom the discussions weve had.And lets considerwhat those moral principles look like.The first moral principlethat emerged in the discussionsaid the right thing to do,the moral thing to dodepends on the consequencesthat will result from your action.At the end of the day,better that five should liveeven if one must die.Thats an exampleof consequentialist moral reasoning.Consequentialist moral reasoninglocates moralityin the consequences of an act,in the state of the worldthat will result from the thing you do.But then we went a little further,we considered those other casesand people werent so sureabout consequentialist moral