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中文3005字 弗吉尼亚 花生 作物 机械化 收获 收成 中文

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弗吉尼亚花生作物的机械化收获【中文3005字】,中文3005字,弗吉尼亚,花生,作物,机械化,收获,收成,中文

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弗吉尼亚花生作物的机械化收获G. B. DukeASAE会员1958年，12的全国花生作物来自弗吉尼亚州，占地106,000英亩，平均每英亩产量为2150磅。弗吉尼亚州的大部分花生作物是用一排，地面驱动的拉式花生挖掘机挖掘的。挖掘后，带有果实的花生藤被堆放在农田的杆子上进行固化和干燥。堆积的花生通常在田间暴露4-6周时达到8至10的水分平衡。然后使用固定采摘器将花生与花生藤分开。几年来，几种不同品牌的固定式花生采摘器一直在整个州使用。堆垛收获方法每英亩需要30至36个工时，而目前正在研究的收获的收获方法仅需要大约六分之一的劳动力。鉴于联合收割机在其他领域得到广泛接受，这种收获方法在弗吉尼亚州引入。美国农业部，弗吉尼亚农业试验站和工业界的合作农业机械研究开始用于开发和改进花生挖掘机，振动筛和联合收割机，用于从堆垛中收获弗吉尼亚花生。花生挖掘机早期开发工作改进的双排花生挖掘机在一次操作中挖掘，振动和收集。两排设备采用三点悬挂设计，可通过拖拉机动力输出轴进行操作。机器挖出并将两个花生排放在一个松散蓬松的堆垛中。由于其增加的容量和在各种条件下运行的能力，它正在逐步取代目前在整个地区使用的单排地面驱动挖掘机。改进的挖掘机如图1所示。图 1改进的双排花生挖掘机- 振动筛-三点悬挂。花生振动筛为了从植物和坚果中去除额外的土壤并加速田间干燥的速度，在挖掘后将堆垛翻转并松散两到三天。这种转动操作是用花生振动-割晒机完成的。尽管可以使用商业生产的拉式花生振动筛，但是开发了具有三点悬挂的振动筛以便于在行的末端进行转动。1958年生产并销售了数百台这种升降式振动筛。最近开发的设备是双料割晒机（图2）。它在一次操作中振动四个花生行（两个堆垛），并将振动时间减少一半花生联合收割机专门为其他地区使用而开发的早期型花生联合收割机并未很好地适应弗吉尼亚州的条件。它们动力不足，容量低。结合使用时的机器损失，脱壳损坏和异物高于使用固定式拾取器进行堆垛和拣选的实践。早期型号组合配备了装袋附件;因此需要额外的人来挑拣花生。从田间到干燥设施处理袋中的花生也需要额外的劳动力。最近的花生联合收割机通过包括以下一项或多项功能得到改进：扩大动力装置，增加拣选筛网的开口，扩大拣选油缸，为更大的开口提供凹槽，以及配备散装处理设施。已经产生了更好的设备，更大的容量，更高的拣选效率和更好的处理方法。从收获方法方面使用最新型号联合收割机收获的产量与使用固定拣选机堆垛和拣选获得的产量进行比较。这些数据显示在表1中。比较的实验程序包括具有五种不同植物种群处理和四次随机重复的设计。1958年联合收割机的平均回收率高于堆积，这与1957年两种方法的结果相反。这些差异可能归因于两季联合收割机设计的变化。 表1.来自两种采集方法的花生收获产量对花生分级数据的分析表明，由于采用任何一种花生的收获方法，外来物质和成熟籽粒的百分比始终不同。松散带壳果实的百分比在两年和两个品种的联合收割机中显着高于5的水平。限定的比较研究上个季节显示，最近开发的1958年型号联合收割机从花生藤中回收更多的花生，并且比上述测试中使用的联合收割机更少的花生。从该州的几个联合用户收集的数据显示，改进的1958年型号联合收割机提供了与堆垛相当的效能等级。花生的处理通过安装容量为10至12袋的散装式收集箱，省去了用于在联合收割机上捣碎花生的劳动力。液压操作箱被设计成能够在距离地面大约9英尺的排放点处直接装卸到干燥高侧货车上。使用联合收割机上的收集箱批量处理花生的方法受到种植者的青睐。1958年，至少有三家大规模生产的产品与收集箱结合在一起。图3显示了一个散装式收集箱。图 2（左）新型的双料割晒机，用于在一次操作中振动两个料堆。图 3（右）1958型花生联合收割机，配有液压操作的散装式收集箱。花生干燥弗吉尼亚花生通常在10月10日左右收获，期间天气可能是凉爽和潮湿的。当挖掘时，作物含有超过50的水分，并且合并被推迟直到作物干燥至20至30。尽管1958年的秋季异常干燥，但在田间暴露30天的试验田花的暴露量从未达到低于14的水分。因此，所有堆垛收获的花生必须在储存或销售前人工干燥。由于该州没有商业化的花生干燥设施，因此在农场用特殊类型的收集箱或货车干燥收获的花生。该州使用的干燥车每个容量为70至80袋。用于处理花生联合收割机平均产量所需的最小干燥设施包括至少8个货车或1000平方英尺的箱区域和风扇，在1英寸静压下每分钟容量为30,000立方英尺。当使用推荐的空气速率和温度升高时，干燥收获的花生（水分约为30）至10的水分所需的时间是环境空气湿度和温度的函数。然而，在弗吉尼亚州的天气条件下，通常需要三到四天的时间来干燥箱子或货车中的花生，其中种植者使用的深度为5到6英尺。建议空气输送率为每立方英尺每分钟10至15立方英尺的空气，温度比环境温度高10至15度，足以干燥和保持花生的质量。 缓慢的干燥速度对于保持坚果的质量至关重要。结论弗吉尼亚超过90的花生作物是用一排挖掘机挖出来的，堆放在杆子上并用固定的采摘器挑选。为了使收获的堆垛方法适应弗吉尼亚州的条件，需要对花生挖掘机，振动筛和联合收割机进行改进。收获花生的堆垛方法类似于先前在其他领域中采用的方法。该作物用两排挖掘机挖掘，在挖掘后2至3天再用振动筛 -割晒机翻转并且在挖掘后用花生组合收割6至8天。最近的花生联合收割机比先前测试的模型显示出容量和拣选效率的改进。散装处理花生需要较少的劳动力和成本，并且优选在袋中处理。来自联合收割机的回收率与从堆积获得的回收率相比是有利的。新鲜的弗吉尼亚花生通常含有50以上的水分，在挖掘后6至8天，水分含量减少到20至30。所有堆垛收获的花生必须在储存或销售前人工固化和干燥。弗吉尼亚州只有六到八个种植者在1957年使用花生联合收割机; 1958年，至少有16家种植者使用联合收割机。限制在弗吉尼亚州收获花生的收获方法的因素是：（a）购买挖掘机，振动筛，联合收割机，干燥机，干燥箱或货车，布线所需的综合高资本支出，燃料，电力和水分测试仪（b）收获期间经常出现的雨季偶尔会导致拣选延迟，从而导致由于破碎造成的损失，以及壳和谷粒的变色和天气损坏。参考文献1 Baker，V。H.花生收获和干燥研究。弗吉尼亚州公报439，1950年。2 Baker，V。H.，Cannon，B。M.和Stanley，J。M.花生的连续干燥过程。农业工程33：351-356,1952。3 Blackstone，J。H.，Ward，H。S.，Butt，J。L.，Reed，I。F.和McCreery，W。F.影响转轮花生萌发的因素。阿拉巴马州公报289，1954年。4 Cannon，B。M.关于花生收获的进展报告。北卡罗来纳州1055号通告。5 Duke，G。B.收获弗吉尼亚型花生的进展报告。 AGR。 RES。服务，ARS 42-11，1957年7月。6 Kenny，W。D.和Shepherd，J。L. Georgia C.P.E.S.年度报告，公报49：11-17,1950。7 Langley，B.C和Sorenson，J。W.在德克萨斯州收获和干燥花生。 Tex。进展报告1124,1948。8 Langley，B.C，Sorenson，J。W.，Jr.，et al。生长在西南部的花生手册。结合德克萨斯农业实验站公告727和俄克拉荷马州农业实验站公告361,1950。9 Reed，I。F.和Brown，O。A.花生收获设备的发展。农业工程25：125-126,1944。10 Rice，C。E.和Ford，J。H. Georgia-USDA花生收获机。农业工程35：168-170,1954。11 Shepherd，J.L。Peanut机械化。佐治亚州的油印传单，1955年。12 Sorenson，J。W.，Jr。德克萨斯州花生生产机械化。农业工程33：561-562,1952。13 Stokes，C。M.和Reed，I。F.阿拉巴马州花生收获的机械化。农业工程31：175-177,1950。14 Teter，N.C和Givens，R。L.弗吉尼亚型花生的农场固化。花生杂志和坚果世界，1956年4月。15 Teter，N.C和Givens，R。L.关于治疗弗吉尼亚型花生的技术进展报告，1952-56。 AGR。 RES。服务，ARS 42 - 12，1957年7月。16 Williamson，A。C，Magee，A。C和Rogers，R。1950年West Cross Timbers地区与花生生产机械化有关的劳动力储蓄。德克萨斯州进展报告1410,1951。Mechanized Harvesting of Virginia Peanut Crop G. B. Duke MEMBER ASAE D URING 1958, twelve percent of the national peanut crop was pro duced in Virginia on 106,000 acres with an average yield of 2150 lb per acre. Most of Virginias peanut crop is dug with one-row, ground-driven, pull-type peanut diggers. After digging, the vines with nuts attached are stacked on poles in the field to cure and dry. Stacked peanuts normally reach moisture equi librium at 8 to 10 percent with 4 to 6 weeks exposure in the field. Stationary pickers are then used to separate the peanuts from the vines. Several differ ent makes of stationary-type peanut pickers have been in general use throughout the state for a number of years. The stack pole method of har vesting requires 30 to 36 man-hours per acre, whereas the windrow method of harvesting, which is currently under investigation, requires only about one- sixth as much labor. In view of the wide acceptance of combines in other areas, this method of harvesting was introduced in Virginia. Cooperative farm machinery studies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Sta tion, and industry were initiated to de velop and improve peanut diggers, shakers, and combines for harvesting Virginia peanuts from the windrow. Peanut Diggers Early development work led to an improved two-row peanut digger which digs, shakes, and windrows in one op eration. The two-row equipment was designed with a three-point hitch and operates from the tractor power-take- off shaft. The machine digs and places two peanut rows in one loose, fluffy windrow. Because of its increased ca pacity and ability to operate under a wide range of conditions, it is gradu ally replacing the one-row, ground- driven digger currently in use through out the area. The improved digger is shown in Fig. 1. Peanut Shakers In order to remove additional soil from the plants and nuts and to ac celerate the rate of field drying, the windrow is turned and fluffed two to three days after digging. This turning operation is accomplished with a pea nut shaker-windrower. Although corn- Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers at Ithaca, N.Y., June 1959, on a program arranged by the Power and Machinery Division. The authorG. B. DUKEis agricultural en gineer, (AERD, ARS) USDA, Holland, Va. T38 FIG. 1 Improved two-row peanut digger- shaker-windrower with three-point hitch. mercially produced pull-type peanut shakers were available, a shaker with a three-point hitch was developed to facilitate turning at the end of the rows. Several hundred of these lift- type shakers were produced and sold in 1958. The most recently developed item of equipment is the double windrower (Fig. 2). It shakes four peanut rows (two windrows) in one operation and re duces shaking time by one-half. Peanut Combines Early model peanut combines de veloped exclusively for use in other areas were not well adapted to Virginia conditions. They were inadequately powered and had low capacity. The machine loss, shelling damage, and for eign material were higher from combin ing than from the practice of stacking and picking with a stationary picker. Early model combines were equipped with bagging attachments; thus an ex tra man was needed for sacking the peanuts. Handling the peanuts in bags from the field to the drying installation also required additional labor. Recent peanut combines have been improved by including one or more of the following features: enlarging power units, combining picking cylinders with carding principles, increasing openings in picker screens, enlarging picking cylinders, supplying concaves with larger openings, and equipping with bulk-handling facilities. Better equip ment of greater capacity, higher pick ing efficiency, and improved methods of handling have resulted. Harvested yields from the windrow method of harvesting using the latest model combine were compared with yields obtained from stacking and pick ing with a stationary picker. These data are shown in Table 1. The experimental procedure for the comparison consisted of a split plot design having five differ ent plant population treatments with four randomized replications. The aver age recovery yields from combining were higher in 1958 than those from stacking, which is the opposite of the results obtained from the two methods in 1957. These differences may be at tributed to changes incorporated in the design of the combine picking mecha nism between the two seasons. TABLE 1. PEANUT HARVESTED YIELD FROM TWO HARVESTING METHODS Variety 1957 1958 Yield in pounds per acre Stacked Com bined Stacked Com bined Runner 56-R Bunch 46-2 3032 3385* 3064 3283 3253 3442 3203 3676t * Statistically significant at 5 percent. t Statistically significant at 1 percent. An analysis of peanut-grading data showed the percentage of neither for eign material nor sound mature kernels was consistently different due to har vesting method with either variety pea nut. Percentage of loose shelled kernels was significantly higher at the 5 per cent level from combining for both years and with both varieties. Limited comparative studies made last season show that the recently de veloped 1958 model combines recover more peanuts from the vines and shell fewer peanuts than the combine used in the above tests. Data collected from several combine users in the state showed that improved 1958 model combines gave commercial grades comparable to stacking. Handling of Peanuts Labor used to sack peanuts on com bines was eliminated by installation of a bulk-type collection bin with a ca pacity of 10 to 12 bags. The hydraulic- ally operated bin was designed to en able unloading directly into drying wag ons with high sides at a point of dis charge approximately 9 ft from the ground. The method of bulk handling peanuts using a bin on the combine was favorably accepted by growers. At least three manufacturers mass-produced combines with bins in 1958. A bulk- type collecting bin is shown in Fig. 3. Peanut Drying Virginia peanuts are normally har vested around October 10 during a pe riod likely to be cool and wet. When dug, the crop contains over 50 percent moisture and combining is delayed until the crop dries to 20 to 30 percent. Al though the fall of 1958 was exception- TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE 1960 FIG. 2 (Left) New double windrower for shaking two windrows in one operation. equipped with a hydraulically operated bulk-type collecting bin. FIG. 3 (Right) A 1958 model peanut combine ally dry, experimental plots of wind- rowed peanuts left exposed 30 days in the field never reached moistures be low 14 percent. Therefore, all wind row-harvested peanuts must be artifici ally dried before storing or marketing. Since no commercial peanut-drying facilities are available in the state, windrow-harvested peanuts are dried on the farm in special type bins or wagons. Drying wagons used in the state have capacities of 70 to 80 bags each. Minimum drying facilities re quired to take care of the average out put of a peanut combine consist of at least eight wagons or 1,000 sq ft of bin area and fans with a capacity of 30,000 cu ft of air per minute at 1 in. static pressure. The time required to dry windrow-harvested peanuts (with mois tures of approximately 30 percent) to 10 percent moisture, when using recom mended air rates and temperature rise, is a function of the humidity and tem perature of the ambient air. However, under Virginia conditions three to four days are usually required for drying peanuts in bins or wagons where grow ers are using depths of 5 to 6 ft. Rec ommended air-delivery rates of 10 to 15 cu ft of air per cubic foot of peanuts per minute with a temperature rise of 10 to 15 deg above ambient have been found adequate for drying and main taining peanut quality. A slow drying rate is essential to retain the quality of the nuts. Conclusions Over 90 percent of Virginias peanut crop is dug with one-row diggers, stacked on poles and picked with sta tionary pickers. In adapting the wind row method of harvesting to Virginia conditions, improvements were needed and made on peanut diggers, shakers, and combines. The windrow method of harvesting peanuts is similar to methods previously adapted in other areas. The crop is dug with two-row diggers, turned and fluffed again with a shaker- windrower 2 to 3 days after digging, and harvested with a peanut combine as few as 6 to 8 days after digging. Recent model peanut combines showed improvements in capacity and picking efficiency over previously tested models. Handling peanuts in bulk re quires less labor and cost and is pre ferred to handling in bags. Recovery yields from combining compare favor ably with recovery yields obtained from stacking. Freshly dug Virginia peanuts norm ally contain over 50 percent moisture and when combined 6 to 8 days after digging the moisture content has been reduced to 20 to 30 percent. All wind row-harvested peanuts must be arti ficially cured and dried before storing or marketing. Only six to eight growers in Virginia used peanut combines in 1957; at least sixteen growers used combines in 1958. Factors limiting the acceptance of the windrow method of harvesting peanuts in Virginia are (a) the combined high capital outlay required for purchase of diggers, shakers, combines, driers, dry ing bins or wagons, wiring, fuel, elec tricity, and moisture tester, and (b) fre quent rainy seasons during harvest oc casionally cause a delay in picking re sulting in losses due to shattering, and discoloration and weather damage of shells and kernels. References 1 Baker, V. H. Peanut harvesting and drying research. Virginia Bulletin 439, 1950. 2 Baker, V. H., Cannon, B. M., and Stanley, J. M. A continuous drying process for peanuts. Agricultural Engineering 33:351-356, 1952. 3 Blackstone, J. H., Ward, H. S., Butt, J. L., Reed, I. F., and McCreery, W. F. Factors af fecting germination of runner peanuts. Alabama Bulletin 289, 1954. 4 Cannon, B. M. A progress report on pea nut harvesting. North Carolina Circular 10, 1955. 5 Duke, G. B. Progress repo