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纯电动迷你巴士驱动桥设计[3张CAD图纸和文档资料]

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纯电动迷你巴士(驱动桥设计)

摘  要

    驱动桥存在于传动系最后端,它的最基本的作用就是增距、降速,作用到它上面的力均来自于路面和车架或车身中间。它的性能的好坏直接决定车辆性能的好与坏,特别是对纯电动迷你巴士更应该注意这一点,这次所做的设计有部分参数是已经给定的,和大多数的设计者一样,我主要是参照了一些传统的方法,此外,还详细查找了相类似的车型,基本了解和掌握了大量数据之后我们开始动手进行设计,但是设计之前主减速器,差速器,半轴和桥壳结构和类别还是得先确定下来的。然后进行齿轮和轴的强度校核,针对的主要是相应轴承的寿命,和各个齿轮的强度以及它们的安装要求。整个设计我们所选择的任何东西都是有理有据的,所以,我们才敢那么肯定的说我们设计的驱动桥是合理有效的,是符合实际生产使用要求的。为了确保设计出来的东西维修保养更为方便、快捷,各个零件的设计都应该都必须具有四化:标准化,通用化,系列化,产品化。

关键字:微型客车,驱动桥,主减速器,差速器,半轴              PURE ELECTRIC MINI BUS

ABSTRACT

   The drive axle is at the end of the power transmission system, and its basic function is to improve the torque and deceleration,the acting force acting between the pavement and the frame or the body. Its performance has a direct impact on the performance of the whole vehicle, and is particularly important for the bus. The main components of the drive axle are the main reducer, the differential, the axle shaft, and other drive and drive axle housing, etc. This design according to the given parameters, according to the traditional design method and reference the same type of car to determine the main reducer, differential, axle and axle housing structure type. Finally, design parameters and check the strength and life of the main main reducer, a driven gear, axle shaft gear and planetary gear. Drive bridge in the design process the basic guarantee of reasonable structure, in line with the practical application, the assembly and parts design as much as possible to meet the standardization of parts and components of the general and product series and auto deformation, convenience of repair and maintenance, parts of the process and easy manufacture. 

KEY WORDS:   mini-bus ,drive axle ,main reducer  

           differential ,half axle


目录

前言 1

第一章  驱动桥结构方案分析 2

第二章  主减速器设计 3

  2.1  主减速器的结构形式 3

   2.1.1  主减速器的齿轮类型 3

   2.1.2  主减速器的减速形式 3

   2.1.3  主减速器主,从动锥齿轮的支承形式 3

  2.2  主减速器的基本参数选择与设计计算 4

   2.2.1  主减速器计算载荷的确定 4

   2.2.2  主减速器基本参数的选择 5

   2.2.3  主减速器圆弧锥齿轮的几何尺寸计算 7

   2.2.4  主减速器圆弧锥齿轮的强度计算 9

   2.2.5  主减速器齿轮的材料及热处理 13

   2.2.6  主减速器轴承的计算 14

第三章  差速器设计 21

  3.1  对称式圆锥行星齿轮差速器的差速原理 21

  3.2  对称式圆锥行星齿轮差速器的结构 21

  3.3  对称式圆锥行星齿轮差速器的设计 22

   3.3.1  差速器齿轮的基本参数的选择 22

   3.3.2  差速器齿轮的几何计算 24

   3.3.3  差速器齿轮的强度计算 26

第四章  驱动半轴的设计 28

  4.1  全浮式半轴计算载荷的确定 28

  4.2  全浮式半轴的杆部直径的初选 29

  4.3  全浮式半轴的强度计算 29

  4.4  半轴花键的强度计算 29

第五章  驱动桥壳的设计 31

  5.1  铸造整体式桥壳的结构 31

  5.2  桥壳的受力分析与强度计算 32

   5.2.1  汽车以最大牵引力行驶时的桥壳强度计算 32

   5.2.2  汽车紧急制动时的桥壳强度计算 35

结论 38

参考文献 39

致谢 40

附录 41


前言

   驱动桥位于车辆的传动系统最终,它的众多功能中的基本功能是增加扭矩,降低转动速度,并改变力的传递方向,换句话说就是增大直接或间接由变速器传递过来的转矩,并将它合理的分配到驱动车轮的左右轮;此外,还有很多其他形式的力作用到驱动桥上,垂直力、横向力和径向力就作用到驱动桥上,此外还受到制动力矩和反作用力矩等等作用。驱动桥的构造很是复杂,不过我们只研究主要的几个结构,也就是主减速器,差速器,半轴和桥壳等几个部分。

   在设计驱动桥的整个过程中我们一定要时刻牢记以下几点:

主减速比是首先也是最重要的考虑的问题,在一定的情况下必须具有要求的燃料经济性和车辆运转的动力性。

外形尺寸尽量小,以确保汽车具有一定的离地间隙,用来达到通过性的要求。

齿轮及其他传动件工作稳定,发出的声音较小。

在不同的载荷和转速条件下下具有很高的传动效率。

有足够的强度和硬度以至于不管在什么情况下都能很好的承载力与力矩;在此情况下,削减重量从而减小冲击载荷,进而增强车辆运行的平顺性。

导向机构和转向机构两个看似好像与驱动桥毫无关联的机构在这里必须能够和驱动桥协调转动起来。

桥体的加工过程必须简单,并且选料便宜,最最重要的是如果出现故障必须保证维修简便。


第一章  驱动桥结构方案分析

   我们可以见到的驱动桥的形式有很多种,在车辆驱动桥设计过程中如果选用断开式驱动桥,则悬架就采用独立悬架,然而,要是我们使用非断开式驱动桥,则就应该采用非独立悬架。由于非断开式驱动桥制造工艺简单、制造材料便宜而且工作状态比较可靠,经过对比国内外的相关纯电动迷你巴士的相关车型的设计,我们决定使用非断开式驱动桥。

第二章  主减速器设计

2.1  主减速器的结构形式

   常遇到的主减速器其实总类还不是太多的,但是分类比较复杂,一般情况下是根据它是何种类型的齿轮,主动齿轮和从动齿轮的配置方法和减速形式的不同进行分类的。

2.1.1  主减速器的齿轮类型

   主减速器齿轮的形式也是不尽相同的,设计过程中常会遇到的也是使用最为广泛的就是以下几种类型:弧齿锥齿轮,双曲面齿轮,圆柱齿轮和蜗轮蜗杆等。考虑到种种原因这次设计我选用的是弧齿锥齿轮,它所具有的特点大致有以下几点:各个齿轮的轴线相互垂直,此外它们还相交于一个点。这种齿轮能够承受很大的载荷,原因也有好多,其中值得一提的就是:齿轮端面有很大的重合与交叉,因此第一时间参加啮合的齿轮数会增多,此外,它的轮齿的啮合过度很平缓,是由齿的一端慢慢的向另一端过度的,以至于它的工况良好;但是弧齿锥齿轮也存在一些不好的地方,值得一说的就是它对啮合精度的要求比较敏感,锥齿轮的安装稍微不精确就会使轮齿运转环境迅速变差,从而加剧齿轮的磨损并且使其产生更大的噪声。


内容简介:
外文资料译文Driving Axlel automobile driving axleThe driving axle is one of cross bars supporting a vehicle, on which the driving wheels turn .The driving axle includes a housing ,an axle drive ,a differential , tow axle shafts (half axles ),and final drives (if any ) .The axle .or main, drive is a drive-line unit that increases the torque delivered by the transmission and transmits it to the driving wheels, via the differential. In automobiles, the axle drive shaft, usually called the propeller shaft.The axle drive may be a Single or a double-stage type, the former comprising a pair of gears and the latter .tow pairs of gear. Drive pinion I may be made integral with its shaft, or it may be detachable from the shaft. Driving gears and are usually made in the form of detachable gear rings that are bolted or riveted to the differential case .Alex drive bevel pinions and gears are made with helical teeth in order to reduce noise in operation.The tow-stage axle drive consists of a pair of bevel gears and a pair of spur gears. Drive bevel pinion drives bevel gear that is fixed to the flange of the intermediate shaft made integral with 2nd stage driving spur gear .Gears meshes with driven spur gear which is fastened to the case rotates in taper roller bearings installed in the differential carrier that makes part of the driving axle housing.The differential is a drive-line unit that divides the torque applied to it between the tow axle shafts and allows one driving wheel to turn at a different speed from the other.The differential consists of case, cross or spider pinion .and side gears, also known as axle gears .the differential pinions are freely mounted on the cylindrical arms of the spider, which is held in the differential case, and remain in constant mesh with the differential side gears.When the automobile is moving down a straight and even road, both driving wheels meet with one and the same rolling resistance. In this case, axle driven gear, or differential ring gear, causes the differential case to rotate .when the differential case rotates pinions and their spider arms move around in a circle with tow differential side gears are meshed with the pinions, the side gears must rotate, causing the axle shafts and their associated driving wheels to turn. With equal resistance applied to each wheel, the differential pinions do not rotate. They apply equal torque to the side gears and therefore both driving wheels rotate at one and the same speed is unequal ,the differential pinions rotate on their spider arms as well as drive round with the differential case .supposing that one of the axle shaft is prevented from rotating ,the differential pinions would have to walk around the stationary side gear ,causing the other side gear to rotate at twice its normal speed .You can now see how the differential can allow one driving wheel to turn faster than the other .Whenever the automobile goes around a turn ,the outer driving wheel travels a greater distance than the inner drive wheel .the inner wheel speeds up proportionately ,thanks to the differential pinions that rotate on their spider arms and ,rolling around the slower side gear send more rotary motion to the outside wheel. The differential side gears are splined on to the inner ends of the axle shafts .The other ends of the shafts are attached to the driving wheel hubs by means of flanges .Trucks use full floating axle shafts .Such axle shafts are acted upon by torque only .All the other loads acting on the driving wheels are taken by the driving axle housing, because the wheel hubs are supported by bearings mounted on the housing.l Driving axle of general-purpose wheeled tractorGeneral-purpose wheeled tractors are a four-wheel drive type, they have tow driving axles-front and rear .Both axles are similar in construction, expect for the housing. Each driving axle consist if a housing, an axle drive ,a differential ,and final drives .The front and rear-axles drives are interchangeable and comprise a pair of spiral bevel gears . The axle drive pinion is made integral with a shaft that is supported by tow taper roller bearings installed in axle drive pinion carrier .The latter is accommodated in differential carrier and is fixed to it by bolts. The flange of the axle drive pinion carrier is provided with threaded holes to fit puller screws that are used to remove the axle drive pinion carrier from the differential carrier .The position of the drive pinion relative to the centerline of the axle is adjust by means of a pack of shims placed under the flange of the drive pinion carrier Shims palace under the cone of the front bearing are used to adjust the preload on the drive pinion bearings. Splined to adjust the preload on the drive pinion shaft is universal-joint flange .The axle drive gear is bolted to the differential case flange.THE DIFFERENTIAL consists of case, four pinions, and tow side gears .The differential case comprise tow halves that are bolted together and supported by taper roller bearings installed in the differential carrier .Screwed in the bearings housing from the outside are nuts used to adjust the backlash between the ring gear and drive pinion teeth and the side bearing preload.Welded to the top of the driving axle housing at both its ends are spring pads .The housing of both its ends are spring axels are provided with filler ,overflow ,and drain holes closed by plugs .Both housing also have vents ,The rotating components of the driving axles are lubricated with transmission oil .As distinct from the automobiles considered in this text, all tractors include final drives in their power trains .The final drives of general-purpose wheel tractors are referred to as wheel-hub reduction gears.While transmitting power to the driving wheels, wheel-hub reduction can increase their torque .These are planetary reduction gear sets consist of sun gear ,or wheel ,three planet ,or pinion ,gears ,planet or pinion ,carrier .stationary internal ,or ring ,gear ,and housing.The sun gear is splined to the outer end of the axle shaft is splined to the differential side gear .The cylindrical planet gears are in constant mesh with both the sun gear and the ring gear and are free to rotate on roller bearings mounted on shafts that are attached to the planet carrier .The planet carrier is fasted to the reduction gear housing by means of studs and nuts .The flange of housing ,driving wheel brake drum 13,and wheel hub are clamped together by bolts .The planet carrier and reduction gear housing form the driven part of the planetary gear set and rotate with the driving wheel of the tractor .The driving gear hub is supported by taper roller bearings mounted on axle shaft housing ,or axle sleeve .The axle sleeve is connected to the stationary ring gear by means of adapter hub that has internal splines and external teeth . The splines are meshed with matching splines on the axle sleeve, and the teeth are meshed with internal teeth ring gear.Wheels and its maintainModern wheeled tractors and automobiles use pneumatic-tired disc wheels. As a result of the driving wheel tires gripping the road, the rotary motion of the wheels is transformed into the translational motion of the tractor or automobile.According to their purpose, wheels are classified as driving .driven steerable, and combination types.Trucks and general-purpose wheeled tractors have all their wheels of one and the same size .Row-crop tractors have their rear wheels larger than the front wheels .The rear wheels carry the major proportion of the load due to the weight of the tractor .The front wheels are loaded lighter and this makes them easier to turn and provide good directional steering stability, which is essential for row-crop work.A TRUCK WHEEL consists of disc and flat base rim that is made integral with it, while the other flange is formed by detachable side ring that is held to the rim by split lock ring on the rim .which doubles as a side ring and a lock ring.The wheel disc is provided with holes for mounting the wheel on the wheel mounting bolts ,or wheel studs ,on the wheel hub ,where it is fixed by nuts .Both the holes and the nuts are tapered to ensure exact location of the wheel on its hub .The rear driving axles of trucks carry tow wheels at each end .The inner wheels are held to the hubs by cap nuts that are threaded both on the inside and on the outside .and the outer wheels are mounted on the cap nuts and fixed in place by taper nuts screwed on the nuts .The wheel nuts on the right side of truck have right-hand threads, whereas the nuts on the left side of the truck are threaded left-hand .The reason is to tighten the nuts, not loosen them, and thus prevent them from working loose on acceleration and braking.An automobile pneumatic tire consists of casing, inner tube, and flap .The tire casing comprises tread, side walls, and beads .Tires for good roads use small tread patterns, while those for bad roads or cross country service large tread patterns.The inner tube is made in the form of a hollow elastic rubber doughnut that is inflated with air after it is installed inside the tire and the tire is put on the wheel rim .The inner tube is inflated through tire valve that consists of housing 11,valve inside ,and cap .The valve housing is made of brass in the dorm of a flanged tube that is mounted in the inner tube by means of a washer and a nut and sticks out through a hole in the wheel .Some tire valve housing are of comprise construction :the upper part is made of brass and the lower part ,of rubber that is vulcanized on to the inner tube .The valve inside is a check valve that opens to let air in the inner tube when an air closed ,spring pressure and air pressure inside the tube hold the valve .When the valve is closed ,spring pressure and air pressure inside the tube hold the valve in its seat .It includes core with a rubber ring ,a plunger pin ,and a spring .The valve inside is Screwed in the tire valve housing and is closed by the cap Screwed on the housing.To the construction of the driving and steerable wheels, each wheel comprises hub , disc with rim ,and tire with inner tube .The rim is welded to the disc and the disc is bolted to the hub .The driving wheel tires are of low-pressure type and have heavy tread bars for better traction. The driving wheel hub is keyed to axle shaft and is fixed in place by means of bolted-on insert with worm whose threads mesh with the rack teeth cut in the half axle .By turning the worm one can change the position of the wheel on the axle shaft to obtain the desired track width .Before doing this ,it is necessary to jack up the rear part of the tractor to clear the wheels of the ground and loosen the bolts that hold the inserts to the wheels hubs .Should this adjustment prove insufficient ,the track width can further be increased by placing the wheels with the concaves of their discs facing inwards.On some row-crop tractors ,the rear wheel discs are bolts to lugs welded on the wheel rims .In this case ,the crack width can be changed by bolts the discs in alternative positions to the lugs .Also the concave wheel discs may be used either with the concave facing inwards or outwards.Trouble-free operation of automobiles and wheeled tractors largely depends on the condition of the tires. Therefore, during operation, one should adhere to following rules.Prevent fuel and, or oil from getting onto the tires. Cleans the tires regularly from dirt and remove all foreign articles, such as stones, form the treads. Do not apply brakes sharply, never start away form rest with a jerk, and avoid making sharp turns, for all this causes uneven wear of the tires. Do not allow excessive slipping of the driving wheels. When preparing your tractor or automobile for a long-term storage, jack up the wheels and put trestles under the axles or frame to relieve the tires.The service life of tires is expressed in terms of their mileage. For most bias (ordinary) truck tires, the guaranteed mileage amounts to 50000 km. Observing the above rules will help prolong the useful service life of tires.驱动桥汽车的驱动桥驱动桥是一个支撑车辆的十字交叉的轴,它可以驱动车轮运动。驱动桥包括:驱动桥壳、主减速器传动轴、差速器、两个半轴和末端传动装置。主减速器在传动中的功用是增大变速器传来的转矩,凭借差速器把它传递给驱动车轮。在汽车中主减速器传动轴把转矩按正确的方向传给驱动轮,通常被叫做推进器。主减速器有单级和双级两种形式,前者包含一对齿轮,后者包含两对齿轮。主动小齿轮可以和轴做成一个整体,也可以做成分开的。从动齿轮常做成齿圈形式,差速器壳可以用螺栓或铆钉连接在齿圈上,主减速器的小齿轮和大齿轮可以做成螺旋齿,这样可以在啮合时减少噪音。双级主减速器包含一对锥齿轮和一对圆柱齿轮,主动齿轮带动从动锥齿轮旋转而从动锥齿轮和小圆柱齿轮通过中间轴连在一起从而使小圆柱齿轮转动,它与差速器壳固定在一起的大圆柱齿轮啮合,差速器壳的旋转带动差速器运动并和轴承装设构成桥壳的一部分。差速器在传动系中将转矩分开分别驱动两侧半轴,并且允许一侧驱动轮和另一侧驱动轮以不同的角速度运动。差速器包括差速器壳、行星齿轮轴(十字轴),行星齿轮,侧面齿轮即半轴齿轮。行星齿轮可以安装在卡在差速器壳上的圆柱形十字轴上,并且保持与半轴齿轮的不断啮合。当汽车直线行驶和在水平路面上运动时,两侧驱动轮将会遇到相同的滚动阻力。在这种情况下,主减速器从动齿轮带动差速器壳旋转。当差速器壳旋转时差速器行星齿轮和十字轴也旋转运动,因为半轴齿轮差速器行星齿轮啮合,半轴齿轮必须旋转,导致半轴与两侧车轮也运动。当每一个车轮承受的阻力相等时,差速器小齿轮不再旋转,它们给半轴齿轮提供相等的转矩且两侧车轮以一个相同的角速度旋转。当然,当阻力不相等时,差速器行星齿轮既绕着差速器壳公转又绕十字轴自转,如果一侧半轴不旋转时,行星齿轮不会绕着固定不动的半轴齿轮运动,使另一侧半轴齿轮以平常两倍的速度旋转。这样你就明白差速器是怎么使一侧齿轮转速大于另一侧的。无论什么时候汽车转弯行驶时,外侧车轮总比内侧的车轮移过的距离大。内侧车轮会慢下来,而外侧车轮则成比例地加速,由于差速器在十字轴上自转,且在速度慢的一侧的半轴齿轮上滚动,它将使外侧车轮移动的快一些。半轴内端用花键与差速器半轴齿轮连接,外端用凸缘与驱动轮轮毂相连。载货汽车采用全浮式半轴。这样的半轴只承受转矩作用。其余的负载由桥壳承担,因为轮毂由安装在桥壳上的轴支撑的。轮式拖拉机的驱动桥一般的轮式拖拉机采用四轮驱动的形式,它有两个驱动桥前驱动桥和后驱动桥。除了桥壳之外,两个桥的构造很相似。每个驱动桥都包括桥壳,主减速器,差速器和末端传动装置。前后驱动桥可以互换,且都包含一对螺旋锥齿轮。主减速器的主动锥齿轮与轴做成一体,并由两对圆锥滚子轴承支撑,并用螺栓与差速器壳联接。主动锥齿轮凸缘外有螺纹孔与配套的螺钉,用于防止主动锥齿轮在差速器壳作用下运动。关系到车轴中心线的主动锥齿轮的位置是由装在主动锥齿轮后的调整垫片来调整的,装在圆锥滚子轴承内座圈的调整垫片用来调试安装在主动锥齿轮上的轴承的预紧力。齿轮轴的轴径末端的凸缘采用一般的花键联接。从动锥齿轮用螺栓与差速器壳凸缘固定在一起。差速器包括差速器壳、四个小行星齿轮,两侧半轴齿轮。差速器壳由两部分构成,它们用螺栓连接在一起,并由圆锥滚子轴承装置支撑。轴承套外面的螺母用来避免齿圈和主动锥齿轮发生运动干涉,使它们正确啮合,并调整轴承的预紧力。焊在桥壳两端顶部的是弹簧缓冲器,每个桥壳上都有注油孔,并用油塞塞住。每个桥壳都有一个通风孔。桥壳内的旋转运动部件都涂有润滑剂。在本书之中所有靠末端传动提供动力的拖拉机与汽车考虑的地方有所不同。靠末端传动的一般用途的轮式拖拉机有的装有轮边减速器。当传来的转矩驱动车轮运动时,轮边减速器也可以增大扭矩。这些像行星般运动的减速齿轮装置包括太阳轮、行星齿轮、行星架、齿圈和减速器壳。太阳轮用花键联结在半轴外侧的末端并且用锁紧螺母拧紧固定。半轴的另一端则用花键联结着半轴齿轮。圆柱行星齿轮分别与太阳轮和齿圈啮合,且绕装在行星齿轮轴上的滚子轴承自转,行星齿轮轴安装在行星架上,行星架用螺栓和螺母固定在减速器壳上。减速器壳上的凸缘,制
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