条件状语从句和虚拟语气——毕业论文

条件状语从句和虚拟语气一、导论在英文中，条件是指某一件事情实现之后（状语从句中的动作），其它事情（主句中的动作）才能发生，通常译作“假如”。虚拟语气是一项比较难掌握的语法形式,因为它主要是以动词形式的变化来表达句义“通过虚拟语气的用法,把语义逻辑及结构特点等语法问题与语用结合”通过语用分析,了解语言环境是制约虚拟语气在应用中的一个因素,提出虚拟结构的语用功能。二、条件状语从句和虚拟语气的概念（一）条件状语从句的概念在复合句中，由从句表示的状语叫做状语从句。它可以用来修饰主语中的动词.形容词.副词等。根据它表达的意思，状语从句可以分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语从句和让步状语从句等。由连接词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。（注意：在含有条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是一般将来时态，从句要用一般现在时主将从现原则)（二）虚拟语气的概念虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，虚拟语气是“用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，或与事实相反的假设”，即用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 三、条件状语从句的分类 （一）真实条件句 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。 时态关系： （1）当主句为一般将来时，条件从句用一般现在时表示一般将来的动作。 如：We shall go outing when you finish your holiday homework. （2）当主句为过去将来时，从句用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。 如：I would not go with you if it rained the next day. (3)现在进行时可在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。 如：Wake me up if Iam still sleeping at 7. (4)当主句为一般将来时，由as soon as,after,before,till/untill,when,if等引出的状语从句常用现在完成体表示将来完成的动作。 如：I will help you as soon asI have finished my homework. 句型： 条件从句 主句 一般现在时shall/will + 动词原形 If he comes, he will bring his violin. 注意： 1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will. (错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (对) If you leave now, you will never regret it. 2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。 （二）虚拟条件句虚拟条件句往往指不能实现或纯假想的情况，可以对过去、现在或将来进行假想。虚拟语气的本质就是对根本不可能的情况发生假设。我们可以记住这样一个原则，即把时态向过去推一格。 一般虚拟条件句1、对现在情况的虚拟 条件从句中谓语动词用一般过去式，主句用“would/should/might/could+动词原形”形式，表示对现在不可能实现情况的假想。 If I were you,I would choose to work in a small town. 如果我是你，我会选择在小城镇工作。（事实上我不是你） If I had a map now,we could easily get out of the forest. 如果现在有地图，我们能很容易地走出森林。（事实上是现在没有地图） 注意：在条件从句中，如果谓语动词是be的形式，不管主语是单数还是复数，书面语中用were,而口语中如果是单数，也可以用was,不过在if I were.中一般用were. If the world were perfect,how could we enjoy the pleasure and comfort of being successful? 世界若完美，我们如何能尝到创造成功的快慰？ 2、对过去情况的虚拟 条件从句中谓语动词用过去完成式，主语用“would/could/should/might+have+动词的过去分词”形式。 If it had not been for your help yesterday,I could not have caught the bus. 如果昨天没有你的帮助，我不会赶上公交车。（事实是你昨天已经帮助了我，所以我赶上了车) 3、对将来情况的虚拟 在表示与将来事实相反的条件从句中，谓语动词可用should do,were to do或动词的过去式三种形式表示，但意义略有不同。should表示的可能性最大，动词过去式的可能性次之，were to do 的可能性最小。 If things were to be twice，all would be wise. 假如凡事都可以重新做一次，人人皆可成为聪明人。（事实是并不是所有的事都可以重新做一次) 其他虚拟条件句1、错综时间条件句 有些条件句的主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作在时间上并不一致，这类句子称为错综时间条件句。 If you had taken my advice then,you would not be in trouble now. 如果当时听我的劝，你现在就不会有麻烦了。(if 条件句是对过去的虚拟，故用过去完成时，而主句是对现在的虚拟，故用“would+动词原形”形式） 2、含蓄条件句 有些句子虽不含条件从句，但意思和条件句相差不多，这种句子称为“含蓄条件句”，这种句子有时候会用虚拟语气。 Without electricity,the world would be dark.(=If there were no electricity ,the world would be dark.) 如果没有电，世界将会一片黑暗。四、条件状语从句引导词的用法1、引导条件状语从句的从属连词通常是if和unless。例如：I shall go if he asks me. 如果他请我，我就去。We will come to see you tomorrow unless it rains.除非下雨，否则我们明天就来看你。2、条件状语从句的其他引导词还有as/so long as(只要), in case(假使), on condition that(在的条件下)等。例如： You can do anything well so long as you put your heart on it. 只要你全力以赴，什么事都能干好。 In case I work hard，Im sure I can catch up with the others. 如果我努力学习，我肯定能赶上别人。You can watch TV for an hour on condition that you finish your homework first.你可以看一个小时的电视，条件是先做完作业。五、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法（一）虚拟语气在时态中的用法一、虚拟语气现在时： 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况句子结构：动词过去式(be多用were)，Would/should/could/might + 动词原形，例如： If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.如果不是他们的帮忙，我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地。二、 虚拟语气过去式： 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设句子结构：had + 过去分词，would/should/could/might + have +过去分词例如：If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.如果我们早一点动身的话，就不会误车了。三、虚拟语气将来式： 表与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情.句子结构：动词过去式或should +动词原形或were to +动词原形would/should/could/might +动词原形，例如：If there should be no air, there would be no living things. 如果没有空气，就不会有生物。注意：书面语中,上述三种时态的虚拟句中,如果从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词,则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词.情态动词.be或have放在句首形成部分倒装.（二）虚拟语气在条件句中的分类(一)、真实的条件句虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多，条件句可分为真实条件句和非真实条件句，真实条件状语从句用于陈述语气。连接词主要有 if, unless, provided (that) 等。例如：As long as youre happy, it doesnt matter what you do.只要你幸福，你做什么都无关.I will come provided (that) I am well enough.只要身体好，我一定来.I will do it on condition that you help me.只要你肯帮助我，我就愿做此事.unless = if not 例如：Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. =If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk.如果不太累我们就出去散步。You will be late unless you leave immediately.= If you are not leave immediately, you will be late.除非你立即走，否则你就会迟到的。(二)、非真实的条件句1. 与现在事实相反条件从句用过去时（be动词的过去式一律用were），主句用would （should/ might / could）+动词原形”。如：If I were you, I would accept the invitation to the party.如果我是你的话，我将接受去舞会的邀请。If I knew her well, I would tell you about her.如果我很了解她的话，我将告诉你关于她的事情。2. 与过去事实相反条件从句用过去完成时，主句用“would /should/ might / could + have +过去分词”, 如：If you had been there last night, nothing would have happened.如果你昨天晚上在那儿的话，就没有什么事情发生了。If I had got up earlier, I would have caught the first bus.如果我起得更早一些的话，就赶上头班车了。3与将来事实相反条件从句用过去时或者“were to + 动词原形”或者“should+ 动词原形”，主句用“would （should/ might / could）+动词原形”, 如：If it were Saturday tomorrow, we wouldnt have an exam.如果明天是周六的话，我们就不考试了。If you were to visit the school tomorrow, you would see Professor Smith.如果你明天去参观学校的话，你就会看到史密斯教授。If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off until next Friday.如果明天下雨的话，运动会将被推迟到下周五举行。六、虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法（一）用于宾语从句中 1、用在动词wish之后在动词wish后的宾语从句中，从句动词用过去时表示与现在事实相反的愿望；从句动词用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望；从句中用 “would/could+动词原形”则表示将来难以实现的愿望。I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是会操作这台机器该多好啊。We wish you had come to our English evening.我们真希望你来参加了我们的英语晚会。I wish I would try again.我真希望能再试一次。注意：wish与hope的区别wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，而hope后的宾语从句要用陈述语气I hope youll be better soon.我希望你能很快好起来。2、用在would rather/would sooner后的宾语从句中would rather和would sooner可以后接一个有自己的主语的宾语从句，从句内容是宁愿他人做什么或宁愿某物怎么样。这种宾语从句中用过去时表示现在和将来的虚拟内容，用过去完成时表示过去的虚拟内容。I wish I had seen you yesterday. 我希望昨天能见到你。Id rather you went home now.我倒宁愿你现在回家。I would rather you came tomorrow.我倒宁愿你明天来。I would rather you had stayed at home last night.我倒宁愿你昨天晚上呆在家里。3、用在表示命令、建议等意义的动词后的宾语从句中在表示提议、要求、命令、意愿、决定等意义的动词 (如suggest, decide, require, request, demand, propose, insist, order, prefer等)后的宾语从句中，常用 should+动词原形，should常被省略。-The experiment has failed.实验失败了。-I suggest you try again. 我建议你再试一次。Almost all his friends suggested that he visit Mr. Johnson at once.几乎他所有的朋友都建议他去拜访约翰逊先生。Janes pale face suggested that she was ill, and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination.詹脸色苍白，表明她病了。她父母建议她做一次体格检查。I insist that a doctor be sent for immediately.我坚持立即请医生。巧记10个虚拟动词1、“一、二、三、四”法。一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求。一个“坚持(insist)”；两个“命令(order，command)”；三个“建议(suggest, propose, advise)”；四个“要求(demand, require, request, ask)”。2.“Discrop(无收获)”法。由这个词的每一个字母联想一个词或两个词:demand，insist，suggest，command, request，require，order，propose。3.用句联想法。由句子“I drop cars”的每一个字母联想一个或两个动词:insist，demand，request，order，propose，command，advise，ask ,require，suggest.（二）用于主语从句中 1、It +be+形容词+主语从句“It +is +形容词+that引导的主语从句”句型，用动词原形或“should+动词原形”虚拟语气。常用于本句型的形容词有:necessary, important,impossible等；还有与表示提议、要求、命令等动词同源的形容词词，如 desirable(desire), urgent(urge), advisable(advise), preferable(prefer)等。It is necessary that he listen to the radio frequently.她很有必要常听收音机。It is strange that he (should) have so many friends. 真奇怪，他居然有这么多的朋友。2、It+be+过去分词+主语从句“It +is +过去分词+that引导的主语从句”，可用“（should） +动词原形”。常用于这一句型的过去分词有：suggested, required, requested, demanded, urged, ordered, proposed, desired, advised, etc. It is ordered that we (should) go at once. 命令我们立刻出发。It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off. 已决定推迟会议。（三）用于定语从句中 在It is (high, about)time(that)句型中，that引导的定语从句中的谓语常用一般过去时来构成虚拟语气。例：Its about time that we put an end to this controversy.现在该是我们停止这场争论的时候了。例：It is time we went to bed.我们该去睡觉了。（四）用于同位语从句和表语从句中 在proposal, suggestion, order, requirement, desire, decision, advice, plan, necessity等表示提议、要求、命令等名词的后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，可用“动词原形”或“should +动词原形”虚拟语气。His suggestion is that the meeting be put off. 他的建议是推迟开会。He made the suggestion that we go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。 （五）用于其他状语从句中 1、虚拟语气在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中的用法虚拟语气用在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词用过去时(be用 were)或had+ 过去分词 形式。When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.如果把铅笔的部分放在盛水玻璃杯中，铅笔看上去好像断了。The two strangers talked as if they had been friends for years.那两个陌生人走在一起，好像是多年的朋友。It seems as if it were spring already.现在仿佛已是春天了。He spoke as though he had known it.他说起话来，好像他知道了似的。2、虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的用法再for fear that, in order that, so that, lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用should(could, might)+动词原形表达虚拟语气，lest引导得从句用should+动词原形,should 可以省略。I obeyed her lest she should be angry. 我得顺着她，免得她生气。Be careful lest you fall from that tree.要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。In order that she could catch the train, she hurried through her work. 为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。I will not make a noise for fear that I might disturb you.我不会做声的，以免打扰你。七、虚拟语气在简单句中的用