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Chapter1v The two main islands of the British Isles are Great Britain_ and Ireland_.v The longest river of Britain, the_Severn River_, originates in Mid-Wals_.v Among the four parts of the UK, Northern Ireland_ is the smallest.v The River Thames_, the second largest and the most important river in Britain.v _London_ is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, _Edinburgh_ is the capital of Scotland, _Cardiff_ is the capital of Wales and _Belfast_ is the capital of Northern Ireland.v According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of over _60_ million. Almost a quarter of the population of the UK lives in _England_s prosperous and fertile _southeast_.v The majority of the UKs population are descendents of the _Anglo-Saxons_, a _Germanic_ people from _Europe_ who went to England between the 5th and 7th centuries.v Most people in Wales, Scotland and Ireland are descendents of the _Celtic People_ who were the earlist known inhabitants of Britain.v English belongs to the _Germanic _ group of Indo-European_ family of language.v The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of _Latin and Greek_ words to English.v English changed into what is described as Modern English from the late _15th_ century.v Samuel Johnsons dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of _spelling_.v Standard English is based on the speech of the _upper_ class of _southeastern_ England. It is also called _Queen_s English or _BBC_ English. Standard English is codified to the extent that the _grammar_ and _vocabulary_ of English are much the same everywhere in the world where English is used.v At present, nearly _a quarter_ of the words population communicate in English.Chapter2v The British history before _ is basically undocumented.v The Celts inhabited the island and_ became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.v The name of Britain came from a _Celtic teibe_-the Britons.v The _Germanic barbarians_ attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.v By the late 7th century, _Roman Christianity_became the dominant religion in England.v _The Vikings_ began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.v Westminster Abbey was built by _Edward the Confessor_ in 1052.v The _Norman Conquest of England_ marked the establishment of feudalism in England. v _The Magna Carta_ lay the foundation of the British Constitution today.v _The House of Commons_ and _the House of Lords_ are the two components of the British Parliament.v The Hundred Years War(1337-1453) was a series of wars between England and _France_ for trade and territory.v The end of the Wars of the Roses(1445-1485) led to the rule of _.v Under _, England became a national state with an efficient centralized government, and started changing from a medieval to modern country.v The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King _s effort to declare his supreme power over the church.v The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between _the Cavaliers_ and _Roundheads_.v _Bill of Rights_ was passed after the Glorious Revolution.v Parliament succeeded in establishing a system known as constitutional monarchy in the _Glorious_Revolution.v By the middle of _19th_ century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain.v By the beginning of the _20th_ century, Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance.Chapter3v The British Constitution is made up of three main parts: _Statutory Law_, _Common Law_, _Conventions_.v As a parliamentary democracy, the British government is characterized by a division of powers among the _legislature_, the _executive_, and the _judiciary_.v _Parliament_ is the law-making body of Britain.v The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on public attitude_.v The house of Lords consists of the _Loeds Spiritual_ and the _Lords Temporal_.v The Prime Minister is the leader of the _maiority_ party in Parliament.v The _Cabinet_ is at the center of the British political system. It is the supreme decision-making body in the British government.v In Britain, the parliamentary election is held every _five_ years.v _Scotland_ has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.v Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a _two-party_ system.v The three political parties in Britain are _the Conservative Party_, _the Labor Party_ and _the Liberal Democrats_.v The policies of the Conservative Party are charaterized by pragmatism and a belief in _individualism_.v The headquarters and the standing bodies of the Commonwealth of Nations are all located in _London_.Chapter4v By the _1880s_, the British economy had achieved global dominance.v After _World War II_, British economy declined.v In _1946_, Parliament passed two very importand acts to establish a welfare state.v Britain has devoted _74%_ of its land area to agriculture, with two thirds of it for _Stock raising_.v Coal mining industry in Britain provides _a quarter_ of the energy consumed in the country.v Besides coal, the other major sources of energy in Britain are _nuclear power_ and _Oil_.Chapter5v Compulsory Education in Britain has been a fundamental policy since _1944_.v In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the _1960s_.v National Curriculum was introduced in _1988_.v Education in Britain is divided into four stages:_primary_, _secondary_, _further _education_ and _higher education_.v About _6%_ of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.v When children finished their secondary schooling at 16, they are required to take a national exam, _the General Certificate of Secondary Education_.v Admittance to universities depends largely on _A-level_ results.v _Backingham University_ is only privately-financed university in Britain.v _The observer_, first appeared in 1791, is the worlds oldest national newspaper.v _The Times_, first published in 1785, is the Britains oldest daily newspaper.v _The Times _, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are referred to as Britains “Big Three”.v _British sky Broadcasting Group plc_ is Britains top pay television provider.v The Queens official birthday is celebrated with “_Trooping the Color_” on the 2nd Saturday in June.Chapter6v The most famous work in the Old English period is the epic _Beowulf_.v The most significant Middle English author is the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, whose masterpiece is _Canterbury Tales_.v The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is _drama_.v _Hamlet_ is regarded as a milestone in Shakespeares dramatic development. v _Alexander Pope_ was the first English poet who could live off the sales of his works alone.v “Preface to _Lyrical Ballads_” is viewed as Romantic poetrys “Declaration of Independence”.v Of Dickens novels, _David Copperfield_ is considered autobiographical.Chapter8v The United States has _50_ states.v The state _Alaska_ is the largest in area of all the states.v On the mainland of the U.S.A _Texas_ is the largest state.v The longest river in North America is the _Mississippi_ River.v Some of the world famous universities like Havard, Yale and MIT are located in _New England_.v _Niagara_Falls is located on the U.S.-Canadian border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.v In the U.S.A. the state _Alaska _ is known as a world full of glaciers, waterfalls and lakes.v Chinatown in _San Francisco_ is the largest and oldest Chinese settlement in the U.S.v The world famous Hollywood and Disneyland are located in the city _Los Angles_.v The largest minority in the United States is the _black_, which holds about 12% of Americas population.Chapter9v The first successful English colony was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in _1607_.v Pilgrim Fathers are a group of _Puritans_who came to what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts to avoidpercecution in 1620.v In 1775, the first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in _Lexington_.v In May 1775, the _Second_ Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government.v The Declaration of Independence, which the Congress adopted on July 4, 1776, drafted by _Thomas Jefferson_. v With the signing of the _Treaty of Paris_in 1783, the US. won its independence. v The president _Lincoln_ issued Emancipation Proclamation to grant freedom to all slaves.v In 1933 President _Franklin D.Poosevelt_ rallied the people to the banner of his program, known as the “New Deal,” which helped the country get out of the Great Depression.v President _Nixon_ achieved two diplomatic breakthroughs: reestablishing U.S. relations with China and the former Soviet Union.v President _Reagan_was the oldest person ever elected as US President in 1980. At the end of his administration, the nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity without a recession or depression. v The United Nations was established in April, _1945_.v President Truman declared the “_Truman Doctrine_”, aiming at expanding American sphere of influence, which marked the beginning of the cold war period.Chapter10v The U.S. Constitution came into effect in _1789_.v According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be natural born American citizen of at least _35_years old and at least a _14_ years resident of the U.S.v ThroughoutAmericanhistory Franklin D.Poosevelt_ was the only President who served more than two successive terms.v _Congress_ is the law-making and the supreme legislative body of the U.S. v The U.S. Congress consists of two houses: the _Senate_ and the _House of Pepresentatives_.v In U.S. Congress, the Senate has _100_ voting members. v In U.S. Congress, the House of Representatives has 435_ voting members plus a non-voting representative from Puerto Rico, Guma and the District of Columbia respectively. v The terms for a Senator and Representative are _six_ and _two_years respectively.v _The Supreme Court_ is the highest court of the U.S.v The Supreme Court of the U.S. is composed of _nine_ justices.v Two major parties in America are the _Democratic Party_ and the _Republican Party_.v In the U.S. the symbol of the Democratic Party is a _donkey_, and an _elephant_ represents the Republican Party. v The _President_ is the chief of the executive branch in the U.S.v The _Cabinet_ is a nucleus of leadership under the President in the administrative branch, which is the major surce of advice and assistance to the President in the U.S.v _The White House_, located in Washington D.C., is the official presidential residence.v The _Capital_ is the official building of U.S. Congress.v Chapter12v Formal education in the U.S. consists of elementary_, secondary and higher education.v Higher education in the U.S. began with the founding of _Harvard College_ College in 1636.v _Yale_ University, the third oldest institution of higher education in the U.S., is located in New Haven, Connecticut. v _The New York Times_was established in 1851, consistantly ranking number one for editorial quality and news coverage in the U.S. It is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class. v _The Washington Post_, established in 1877, is the second largest newspaper in the U.S. .v _Voice of American_ is the most famous radio station in the U.S. for the propaganda to foreign countries. It sends news to the whole world in over 40 languages 24 hours a day. v Thanksgiving is celebrated in the U.S. on the _fourth Thursday in November_ _. v The national day of the U.S. falls on _the 4th of July_.Chapter13v Benjamin Franklins most famous work is his _Autobiography_, which records his rise from poverty and obscurity.v _Washington Irving_ is regarded as “the father of American literature”.v James Fennimore Cooper devoted two great figures to American mythology: the brave _frontiersman_ and the bold _Indian_. v _Ralph Waldo Emerson_ is acclaimed as the chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. v Nathaniel Hawthornes most famous novel is _The Scarlet letter_.v _Moby Dick_ is considered Herma