高一重点词汇及重要语法.doc

高一重点词汇及重要语法Unit 1 Good friends一、重点单词1. brave adj. 勇敢的 n. bravery 勇敢、鲜艳，华丽 adv. bravely 勇敢地i.e. Its brave of you to raise objections at the meeting = You are brave to raiseobjections at the meeting.你在会上提出反对意见，真勇敢。He is unrivaled in bravery. 他英勇无比。The girls are wearing their Sunday bravery. 姑娘们都穿上她们星期天穿的华丽衣服。stand bravely on the side of justice 英勇地站在正义的立场上2. loyal adj. 忠诚的, 忠实的 adv. loyally n. loyalty (u)be loyal to a cause 忠于事业 a loyal wife 忠贞的妻子She was a kind woman, loyal to her friend, intelligent and amusing.她是一个很好的女人，对朋友忠诚，聪明，有趣。This showed their love and their loyalty to the party.这表明他们对党的热爱和忠诚。3. handsome (主要指男人) 英俊的, 潇洒的He looked terrible tall, handsome and healthy.他看上去个子很高, 很英俊健康。good-looking 长相好的 ordinary-looking 相貌普通的4. argue 辩论 argue with somebody about something 和某人关于某事辩论They argued about / over who should pay the bill.他们在争论该谁付款。argue that 辩论说 He argued that she shouldnt go.他辩论说她不应该去。ague against 1)据理反对 He argued against the use of this medicine.2)证明是不能成立的 All the facts argued against the theory. 所有的事实都证明这理论是不能成立的。argue into doing / out of doing通过争论使(某人)(不)做某事She argued him out of his decision. 她争论要他放弃他的决定。n. (c) argument 辩论, 争论(表具体一场争论/辩论)；论点，论据They got into quite a heated argument. 他们开始了激烈的争论。The reader may grasp his argument, but I certainly do not.（u）We should settle this affair by argument not by fighting.我们应该通过争论而不是打架来解决事务。5. honest adj.1）诚实的; 正直的 honest beyond belief非常正直2）坦率的; 诚恳的; 真诚的; 可靠的I shall be quite honest with you. 我将和你完全坦诚相见。3）真的; 确实的; 真正的; 正当的 honest goods真货4）朴实的; 普通的5）令人尊敬的 an honest name令人尊敬的名字6）纯净的, 贞洁的honest poverty清贫adv. honestly 诚实地, 正当地, 说真话He got the money honestly. 他这笔钱是正当的。Honestly (speaking), I think you are too proud.老实说来, 你太骄傲了。n. honesty 诚实, 正直 Honesty is his best quality. 正直是他最好的品质。6. classical adj.1）古典的， 传统的， 古典文学的； 古希腊古罗马 的； 经典的2）人文科学的3）（=classic）第一流的， 最高等的4）庄严的； 历久不衰的classical music古典音乐classical school古典（经济） 学派a classical scholar精通古典文学艺术的学者She likes classical literature and music.她喜欢古典文学和古典音乐。Classical scientific ideas about light were changed by Einstein.爱因斯坦改变了传统的关于光的科学观点。Latin is a classical language.拉丁语是希腊语。The suit was a classic style. 这套衣服是古典风格。7. share n.1）一份, 部分, 份额, 分担量, 股份, 比重2）pl. 股票3）贡献; 参与He has some share of his fathers genius. 他继承了几分他父亲的天才。The company was formed with 2000 shares.该公司由两千股组成。I had no share in the matter.我未参与此事。The navy had a large share in bringing about the victory. 海军对于获胜有很大贡献。Ill take bear my share of the expenses. 我愿意承担我那一份费用。She did not take much share in the conversation.谈话时她说得很少。1）均分, 分派2）共有, 分享担share responsibility共同负责 share a room with sb. 与某人同居一室share the joys and hardships of the masses与群众同甘共苦1）分享担; 参与(in) share in the profits2）分享收益 share with sb. in distress与某人共患难8. sorrow n.1）悲痛; 忧伤; 遗憾; 惋惜; 悔恨2）不幸; 魔鬼 伤心事3）悲哀的原因; 伤心的原故cause much sorrow to使.非常伤心; 给.造成许多烦恼express ones sorrow for ones mistake对错误表示遗憾share ones joys and sorrows 与某人苦乐与共adj. sorrowful 悲伤的, 痛苦的 He felt sorrowful.他感到很悲伤。sorry 难过的，抱歉的，遗憾的9. cast (cast, cast) 扔，投，掷，撒（网）He cast a stone against the window. 他往窗子上投了块石头。The fisherman cast his net into the water. 渔夫把网撒进水里。The lamp cast a dim light. 这灯投射出暗淡的光。10.movie1）（美）电影 Theres a good movie on at the cinema. 电影院里上映一部很不错的电影。2）（复）电影院 Lets go to the movies.我们去看电影吧。11. speech1) 说话(能力) (u) Our thoughts are expressed by speech.我们的想法由言语来表达。2）讲话，演说(c) At the meeting Mr Smith made a long speech.在会上史密斯先生作了一个很长的讲话。12. adventure1）冒险(u) He is fond of adventure.他喜欢冒险。2）惊险的事，有危险的事/ 令人兴奋的经历（c）Have you read about the adventures of Marco Polo？你读过马可?波罗的冒险经历吗？13. desert v.遗弃; 抛弃; 离弃He is so selfish that all his friends have deserted him.他非常自私, 使得所有的朋友都抛弃了他。deserted adj. 无人的; 被抛弃的; 被遗弃的deserted island 荒岛; deserted street 空无一人的街道二、重点词组1. fond of “喜爱，爱好” 接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。例如：Hes fond of swimming. 他喜欢游泳。Are you fond of fresh vegetables. 你喜欢新鲜蔬菜吗?He is fond of his research work. 他喜爱他的研究工作。注意：like, enjoy, be fond of, love 都有“喜爱”、“喜欢”的意思，但在用法上和喜爱的程度上有所不同。like是一般用语，用得最广泛，后面的宾语可以是名词、不定式或动词-ing形式。enjoy 喜爱的程度比like稍强一点，后面只可以跟名词或-ing形式，而不跟不定式。Love在这三个词中表达喜爱的程度最大，语气最强，感情色彩最强烈，有“热爱”之意，后面的宾语可以是名词、不定式或动词-ing形式。be fond of（=like very much）,在喜 爱的程度上比like强，但比love弱，后面只可以跟名词或-ing形式。2. hunt for = look for寻找I have found the book I was hunting for.我找到了那本我在找的书。hunt for a job 找工作hunt down 追捕, 捕获 The police hunted down the escaped prisoner.警方追捕逃犯。hunt out 找出来 Ive got some pictures for you somewhere, but itll need hunting out.hunt up 找到, 找寻 Youll have to hunt up the word in the dictionary.3. in order to, so as to 这两个词组都可引导不定式作目的状语, in order to可放于句首, so as to则不能, 其否定形式为in order not to / so as not to. 如:He went to Beijing in order / so as to attend an important meeting.In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.为了让我们注意他, 他朝我们又是叫喊又是挥手。in order that， so that 两个短语都能引导目的状语从句。从句中常有情态动词。He opened the window in order that / so that fresh air might come in.We started early in order that / so that we might arrive before dark.4. care about1) 喜欢，对有兴趣 = care forShe doesnt care about money.她不喜欢钱。2）关心 = care forShe thinks only of herself. She doesnt care about other people.她只考虑自己。她不关心别人。3）在乎，在意（接从句或不接任何成分）These young people care nothing about what old people might say.这些年轻人根本不在乎老人说的话。care for除了有与care about同样的几个意思外，还可以表示“照料，照顾”Who is to care for me when Im old？我年纪老的时候谁照顾我?care to do 愿意(接近like，跟不定式, 主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句)If you care to hear it, I will tell you. 如果你愿意听的话，我告诉你。5. such as 意为“诸如”，“像”，是用来列举人或事物的。She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry.她教三门科目,像物理、化学。 注意：（1）such as前的名词要用复数；（2）such as后列举的人或物至少是两项， 但不能全部列出；（3）用了such as 就不再用others 或etc.such as 表示 “像这样的”, “诸如之类”, 一般可转换为such as或like介词短语。Such languages as Chinese, Russian, Japanese and German are difficult learn well. = Languages such as Chinese = Languages like Chinese 另外, such as 中的as 还可用作关系代词, 引导一个定语从句.Please take such things as you need.(as 作need的宾语) 拿你所需要的东西吧。Suchthat如此以致,引导的是结果状语从句。试比较：He is such a good student that he is often praised by the teacher. (状语从句)He is such a good student as is often praised by the teacher. (定语从句)6. drop sb a line 留下便条, 写封短信三、重点句型1“So + behave助动词情态动词主词”的结构。此结构中的语序是倒装的，“So”代替上句中的某个成分。如果上面一句是否定句，则使用“Neither/Nor+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语”的结构。例如 Hes tired，and so am I(I m also tired)You can swim，and so can I(I can also swim)She has had supper，and so can I(Ive had lunch，too)Tom speaks English，and so does his sister(His sister speaks English，too)A: I went to the park yesterdayB: So did I(I also went to the park yesterday)2“So +主语+behave助动词情态动词”结构中的主谓是正常语序，so相当于indeed,certainly,表示说话人对前面或对方所说情况的肯定、赞同或证实，语气较强，意思是“确实如此”。例如 A：It was cold yesterday昨天很冷。B：So it was的确如此。(Yes，it was) A：You seem to like sportsB：So I do(Yes，I do)A：It will be fine tomorrowB：So it will(Yes ，it will)3“主语+do/does/did + so”结构指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中do so代替上文中要求做的事，以免重复。My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I did so.(=I handed in my composition on time.) 语文老师叫我按时交作文, 我照办了。4So it is with或 It is the same with句型表示 “(的情况)也是如此。”当前面的句子中有几种不同形式的谓语时，要表示相同情况，必须使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒装句。She doesnt play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.四、语法直接引语和间接引语1. 直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。eg: “I broke your CD player.” (一般过去时改成过去完成时)He told me he had broken my CD player.Jenny said, “I have lost a book.” (现在完成时改成过去完成时)Jenny said she had lost a book.Mum said, “Ill go to see a friend.” (一般将来时改成过去将来时)Mum said she would go to see a friend.过去完成时保留原有的时态He said, “We hadnt finished our homework.”He said they hadnt finished their homework.注意 直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变。2 在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：Mary said, “My brother is an engineer.”Mary said her brother was and engineer. 3 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。如：He said, “Can you run, Mike?”He asked Mike whether/if he could run.4. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.”句型。如：“Pass me the water, please.”said he.He asked him to pass her the water.5. 直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动名词或从句”的结构。如：She said, “Lets go to the cinema.”She suggested going to the cinema.或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.五、聚焦高频考点1 倒装句型：前句为肯定句，后句用so+谓语+主语，意为“某人也”。如：She likes dogs. So do I.前句为否定句，后句用neither/nor+谓语+主语，意为“某人也不”。如：The girl has no brothers or sisters. Neither/Nor have I.2. lonely, alone和lone.alone=by oneself, without others.lonely=unhappy because one is always away from his family or friends，“孤独地”“寂寞的”，暗示主观上的“孤独”“寂寞”，渴望有伴。也可以表示“地方的荒凉”.lone也有“孤独的，孤零零的一个”，作定语。eg: Im alone but Im not lonely.I can see only one lone star in the cloudy sky.leave sth alone表示“不去理会，不要去管某事”。如：Leave me alone! 别理我！Let alone “更不用说”。 如：He cant speak Japanese, let alone write it.作形容词时，alone不能与very连用, 而与much连用，即说much alone或very much alone或all alone; 而lonely可与very连用：very lonely.3. treat sb. as把某人当作来对待The old man treated the orphan as his own son.“把某人看作”有以下几种说法：regard sb as=consider sb as=think of sb as“把误当作”: takefor 如：People sometimes take a rope for a snake.4. care about表示“关心，计较，在乎”，一般用于否定句。如：I dont care about going to the cinema.care for表示“关心，照料，喜欢”，如：She cared more for new clothes than for anything else.5. make friends with sb. 和人交朋友。如：We have made a lot of friends with the different people all over the world.6. hunt for “竭力寻找”，在很多情况下，look for与search for或hunt for互换。如：I hunted for the missing book everywhere.be after表示“搜寻”“寻找”的状态，不指具体的动作。如：Thats what I am after.7. such as用来列举同类人或事物中的几个例子，有时可与like互换，但such as用于列举时可分开使用。而for example一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首句中或句末。My brother likes collecting different kinds of things, such as coins, books.Unit2 The Olympic Games.Word study1. honest adj. ：(of a person) telling the truth; frank, sincere and direct 诚实的；正直的e.g. He was an honest boy. 他是一个诚实的男孩。Do you like our plan? Please be honest! 你喜欢我们的计划吗？请说实话！构词解析：honesty (n.) 诚实honestly (adv.) 诚实地常见搭配：earn/turn an honest penny: to earn money by working hard and fairly 以正当的手段凭努力工作挣钱 e.g. We should earn an honest penny. 我们应努力凭本事挣钱。to be honest (about it/with you): to tell you the truth老实说，说实话e.g. To be honest (with you), he doesnt work hard. 老实说，他工作不很勤奋。in all honestly: honestly 诚实地，实在地e.g. I cant in all honesty go there. 我确实不能去那里。2. ancient (adj.) belonging to times long past古代的；古老的e.g. He likes reading the world ancient history.他喜欢读世界古代史。There is an ancient tree in our village. 在我们村子里，有一颗非常古老的树。构词解析：ancient（古代的） medieval(中世纪的) modern（现代的）3. compete (vi.) to try to win sth. by defeating others who are trying to do the same比赛；竞争。e.g. This is the horse that has competed in the Grand National four times. 这就是那匹参加过四次“英国大马赛”的马。构词解析：competition n. 竞争，比赛competitor n. 比赛者competitive adj. 竞赛的常见搭配：compete for sth. 为得而竞争compete with/against sb. 与某人竞争compete to do sth. 竞争做某事compete in sth. 在方面竞争e.g. They found themselves competing with the foreign companies for a share of the market. 他们发现自己在和外国公司争市场份额。4. host ( n.) a person who receives and entertains one or more other people as guests 主人 e.g.The Smiths are such good hosts. 斯密斯一家人真是善于款待客人的主人。 (vt.) to act as host at (an event) or to (a person) 主办或主持（某活动）；作为主人招待（某人）e.g.In 2008 Beijing will host the Olympic Games. 2008年，北京将举办奥运会。构词解析：女性主人（主持人）用hostess常见搭配：act as host at the party 担当宴会的主人e.g.As Mr. Hill was away, Tom, the eldest son, acted as host at the dinner party.因席尔先生不在家，长子汤姆做那次宴会的主人。be/play host to sb （作为主人）招待或款待某人e.g.The college is (playing) host to a group of foreign scientists.这所学院接待了一批国外科学家。be/play host to a conference 担任会议的主持人e.g.I will play host to the class meeting. 我将担任班会的主持人。a host country (city) 主办国（城市）e.g.Athens was the host city of the 2004 Olympic Games. 雅典是2004年奥运会的主办城市。5. interview( n.) a meeting at which sb. is asked questions to find out if he is suitable 面试；面谈e.g.Ive got an interview with National Chemicals.我已经获得全国化学制品公司邀约面试。( vt.& vi.) to conduct an interview with sb.; (of a reporter) ask questions in an interview 面谈，面试；采访，访问。e.g. I am interviewing all this afternoon. 今天整个下午我都要进行面试。The manger has interviewed a lot of people for the job. 他已经面试了很多想得到这份工作的人。构词解析：interviewee (n.) person who is interviewed 接受面试者；被接见者；被采访者interviewer (n.) person who conducts an interview 主持面试者；接见者；采访者6. admit ( vt.& vi.) to allow (sb. or sth.) to enter; let in 许可（人或物）进入；让进入 The servant opened the door and admitted me into the house. 仆人开门让我进入屋里。 to acknowledge; confess 承认；供认 He admitted his mistake. 他承认了他的错误。 to have enough space for 可容纳 The theatre can admit 500 people. 该剧院能容纳五百人。构词解析：admitted (adj.) (attrib.)as one has admitted oneself to be （作定语）自己承认的 admittedly(adv.) (esp. in initial position) as is or must be admitted （尤用于句首）无可否认；诚然admittance (n.) admitting, being admitted 允许进入 常见搭配：admit doing sth. 承认做某事admit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事admit sth/sb. to be 承认某人（事）是特别提醒：admit后接动词的-ing形式作宾语；接动词不定式作宾语补足语，如上面各例。7. replace vt. to take the place of (sb./sth.) 代替，取代 e.g. Can anything replace a mothers love? 有什么东西能代替母爱吗？ to put back in its place 将（某物）放回原处。 e.g. Please replace the dictionary on the shelf. 请把词典放回书架。8. relate vt. & vi. (relate to sth/sb.) to show or establish a connection between（和）有关联，把联系起来 e.g. How on earth do his remarks relate to what are discussing now? 他的评语和我们现在所讨论来的事情究竟有什么关系？ (relate sth. to sth.) to connect sth. to sth. 把与联系起来 e.g. Its difficult to relate these results to any known cause. 很难将这些结果与任何已知原因联系起来。 (be related to) to be connected to 与有关系e.g. They are related to each other. 他们彼此有关系。9.advertise vt. & vi. to praise sth publicly in order to encourage people to buy or use it 做（登）广告 e.g.The company advertises in all the newspapers. 这家公司在各家报纸上登广告。They want to advertise their products on TV. 他们想在电视上为自己的产品做广告。构词解析：advertisement (n.) action of advertising 做广告，登广告advertiser (n.) a person who advertises 做广告者，登广告者10. promise(n.) written or spoken declaration that one will give or do or not do sth. 许诺，诺言 e.g. He has made a promise to help us. 他答应帮我们。vt. & vi.)to make a promise (to sb.), assure (sb) that one will give or do or not do sth（向某人）许诺；答应（某人）给予某物、做或不做某事e.g. He promised me that he would come here on time. 他答应我准时来到这儿。I cant promise, but Ill do my best. 我不能保证做到，但我一定尽力而为。重点词语用法1Once 1)adv. (1)one time一次He has only been to Shanghai once. 他只到过一次上海。I remember that I went there once or twice before. 我记得我以前到那儿去过一、二次。(2)at sometime in the past从前；曾经This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经居住过的房子。He was once a college student, now he is a doctor. 他曾经是位大学生，现在是医生。2)conj. as soon as一旦就Once you show any fear, he will attack you. 只要你显出害怕的样子，他就会向你进攻。Once you put your heart into your study, you will make great progress. 你一旦用心学习，你就会取得巨大进步。2follow vt. 跟随；听得清；接受(作为指导或榜样)Follow me, please. 请跟我学。English will be followed by mathematics. 英语课后，将上数学课。The teacher spoke so fast that I couldnt follow her. 老师讲得那么快，以至于我没听懂。 I didnt quite follow you, could you say it again? 我没有十分听懂，你能再讲一遍吗？This is a good piece of advice for us to follow. 这是一条我们应该接受的好建议。【注意】 following为形容词，意为“接着的”。例如：In the following days he often came to see us. 在随后的日子里，他经常来看我们。He didnt get up until the following week. 他一直到第二个星期才起床。3从属连词unless的用法unless用作从属连词，引导一个条件状语从句，相当于ifnot，常译为“如果不”“非不可”“除非”unless是具有否定意义的连接词，因此当使用unless引导从句时其谓语形式一般是用肯定形式。使用unless引导条件状语从句时，要注意以下几点：1)unless相当于 ifnot，两者常可交替使用。例如：Unless the rain stops，I shall not go out for a walk.(If the rain doesnt stop, I shall not go out for a walk.)倘若雨不停，我就不出去散步了。2)如 ifnot引导非真实条件句时，一般不可改为 unless。例如：If he werent so silly, he would understand. 如果他不傻的话，他会明白(事实上他很傻)。3)如果unless引导的从句本身是否定形式，unless就不能由ifnot所替代。例如：Youll do well in the English examination unless you dont do your homework. 这次英语考试你会考得好的，除非你平时不做作业。4allow/permit/promise的用法及区别1)allow为一般用语，侧重于“默许”，正式的许可需用permit，侧重正面的“允许”，语气比allow强。例如：Smoking is not allowed here. 此处不许抽烟。Smoking is not permitted here. 此处禁止抽烟。【注意】(1)permit和allow两者可以互换，前者较为正式。如：Permit(Allow)me to congratulate you on your success. 请允许我祝贺你的成功。(2)permit后若是动词作宾语，这一动词要用动词-ing形式(动名词)，而不用不定式。如：The guard didnt permit entering the camp. 卫兵不允许进入营地。2)promise可用作动词。意为“允诺”，“答应”，和permit, allow意思不一样。试比较：His mother allowed him to join the army. 他母亲允许他参军。(主语允许宾语“他”去参军)His mother promised him to join the army. 他母亲向他允诺去参军。(主语向宾语允诺“她”去参军)【注意】promise也可用作名词。如：make a promise许诺；keep(carry out)a promise遵守(履行)诺言；break a promise不守诺言。5介词with的两种用法1)with表示“具有”，“带有”。例如：China is a country with a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。She is a girl with black eyes. 她是一位长着黑眼睛的女孩。2)with表示“用”。例如：Men work with their hands. 人用手劳动。Our teacher told us to make sentences with these phrases. 我们老师叫我们用这些词组造句。6glass n.作为不可数名词，意思是“玻璃”。作为可数名词，意思是“玻璃杯”，“镜子”。作“眼镜”讲时，用复数。如：These bottles are made of glass. 这些瓶子是用玻璃做的。There are four glasses on the table. 桌子上有四个玻璃杯。Sometimes our teacher of English wears(a pair of)glasses. 有时我们英语老师戴(一副)眼镜。7as和like的用法as与like都作连词，后接方式状语从句，意思也一样，都作“如像”，“同一样”解。例如：Nobody loves you like I do, baby. 孩子，谁也没有像我这样疼你。一般说，如果要说明人与人，物与物，动作与动作，状态与状态之间有相似之处，可用以用as，也可以用like。但as是连词，后跟从句；而like是介词，后跟名词或代词。例