英语语法Lecture30-32.ppt

Summary of Lecture 27-29 Existential Sentence? lThere stood the poor lady against a moon as bright as the sun. lPattern: There + be + NP(notional subject or real subject) + locative/ temporal expression (adverbial) lThe notional subject, which is actually the focus of information, is usually a noun phrase with indefinite specific reference. lThe determiners include the indefinite article, the zero article, and other indefinite determiners such as some, any, no, several, many, much, more, (a) few, (a) little, less, another, a lot of, plenty of, a number of, enough, etc lThere used to be a petrol station near the park, _? A. didnt it B. doesnt there C. usednt it D. didnt there lThere isnt anything wrong with the radio, _? A. is there B. is it C. does it D. does there lThere appeared to be no better way, _? A. was there B. were there C. did there D. didnt there Key: D A C Tag questions lThey must have stayed at hotel last night, _? a. mustnt they b. havent they c. didnt they d. hadnt they lI suppose youre not going today, _? a. are you b. do you c. dont you d. arent you lI wish to shake hands with you, _? a. shall I b. may I c. do I d. will I Key: C A B Empty it and anticipatory it l In the sentence “Its no use waiting for her”, the italicized phrase is_. A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subject l Yes, he would give them three thousand pounds: it would be liberal and handsome! l It would be enough to make them completely easy. from Sense and Sensibility Key: D Cleft sentence and Pseudo-cleft sentence lI have two grammar classes today at room 210 in Wenli building. lI have two grammar classes today. lI have two grammar classes today. lI have two grammar classes today. lI have two grammar classes today at room 210 in Wenli building. lIt + be + focal element + that/ who-clause lI have two grammar classes today. Refering it or non-refering it? Empty it, introductory it or anticipatory it? lIt is the story she told me last night. lIt is the story that she told me last night. lIt was the story she would always tell me when she was bored,when there was nothing to do, when every bowl had been washed and the Formica table had been wiped down twice, when my father sat reading the newspaper and smoking one Pall Mall cigarette after another, a warning not to disturb him. Lecture 30-32 Coordination and Subordination coordinate or subordinate? l1. phrase level (with one or more heads?中心 词) la book with many pictures la book and many pictures l2. sentence level (main/minor clause?) lI die and many others live. lI die so that many others may live. Coordination construction 并列结构 l1. 什么是并列结构? l2. 并列结构的各种形式表达什么意义? l3. 使用并列结构连词时应该注意的问题 Subordination construction 从属结构 l1. 什么是从属结构? l2. 名词性从句/分句 l3. 形容词性从句(定语从句) l4. 副词性从句(状语从句) To clarify lSentence lClause lTypes of sentences lCoordinate construction lSubordinate construction lAbsolute construction The SentenceThe Sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought. expressing a complete thought Every sentence has two essential parts: and The subject of a sentence is the part about which something is being said. The flower bloomed. Bob painted. The girls on the team were all good students. The predicate of a sentence is the part which says something about the subject. Bill told everyone about the wreck. Mary sobbed. Sue plays the piano well. The simple subject is the main word in the complete subject. The simple predicate, or verb, is the main word or group of words in the complete predicate. The complete subject is the main word and all its modifiers. The complete predicate is the verb and all its modifiers. The four new students arrived early. Complete subject The four new students Simple subject students Saras sister took us bowling yesterday. Simple predicate took Complete Predicate took us bowling yesterday Clauses: dependent and independent A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb. It is different from a phrase in that a phrase does not include a subject and a verb relationship. 1. Sentence=Clause 2. Sentence Clause 3. Sentence Clause Types of sentences lCommunicative function statement, question, command and exclamation. lGrammatical structure simple, compound and complex. lTwo or more coordinated clauses make a compound sentence. lA main clause and one (or more) dependent clause (s) constitute a complex sentence. Coordination Lecture 30 Coordination lA coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators. lCoordinators (conjunctions) and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, （and）then 30.1 Types of coordinate constructions l1) Formation of coordinate constructions l2) Coordinating devices l3) Insertion between coordinated items l4) Symmetrical organization of coordinate constructions 1) Formation of coordinate constructions lDifferent ranks: a sequence of coordinated words, a sequence of coordinated phrases, or a sequence of coordinated clauses. lCompound sentence Two or more coordinated clauses make a compound sentence. 2) Coordinating devices A coordinate construction is formed with coordinating devices including 1. By a comma (commas) and coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and sometimes so). 2. By a semicolon to show contrast 3. By a semicolon accompanied by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result, consequently, etc.). 4. And, by colon to amplify lYou can fool all of the people some of the time . You can fool some of the people all of the time. You cant fool all of the people all of the time. lYou can fool all of the people some of the time and some of the people all of the time, but you cant fool all of the people all of the time. l - Abraham Lincoln Avoiding Run-on Sentences lA run-on sentence is one in which two clauses have been connected incorrectly. lSome students think they can study for an important exam by “cramming” all night they are probably wrong. Avoiding Run-on Sentences 1. We can insert a period and start a new sentence. Some students think they can study for an important exam by “cramming” all night. They are probably wrong. 2. We can insert a comma plus a coordinating conjunction. Some students think they can study for an important exam by “cramming” all night, but they are probably wrong. 3. We can use a semicolon. Some students think they can study for an important exam by “cramming” all night; they are probably wrong. 3) Insertion between coordinated items lconjunctive adverb lprepositional phrase ladverbial clause ldisjunctive adverb 4) Symmetrical organization of coordinate constructions lTelevision has been called in the United States a source of information. It is also called a means of entertainment. Its severest critics call it a “plug-in” drug. lIn the United States television has been called a source of information, a means of entertainment and, as its severest critics call it, a “plug-in” drug. 30.2 Coordinators semantically considered lAccording to grammatical functions lThree basic coordinators: and, or, but. lBoth as conjunctions and as conjunctives adverbs: yet, so, nor. lCorrelative pairs: both and, not onlybut also, notnor, neithernor, eitheror, etc. lQuasi-coordinators: as well as, as much as, rather than, more than , etc. lConjunction both as a coordinator and as a subordinator: for. 30.2 Coordinators semantically considered lAccording to semantic functions lcoordinators denoting “addition”, and lcoordinators denoting “alternation”, or lcoordinators denoting “contrast”, but 1) And-group coordinators lThis group includes and, bothand, not onlybut also, notnor, neithernor, etc. lE.g. He is Jack of all trades and master of none. (contrast) lHe opened the door and went in . (temporal sequence) Attention lTo make the series move slowly and seem lengthy and drawn-out, we repeat the coordinator all through the series, eliminating the commas. lIn addition to semantic extension, and can denote other meanings, such as temporal sequence, result, condition, contrast, and it can also function as an attitudinal disjunct. lE.g. Customer: Can you give me a room and a bath? l Hotel clerk: I can give you a room, but you have to take your own bath, sir. lGrammatical constructions like “nice and, good and, go and,” seem to be, but actually are not , coordinate constructions: lHe is good and hungry. (very, extremely.) lYoure all nice and hardworking. lKeep it sweet and short. 卜 land前的修饰后面的，表示程度,限于少数表性 质和程度的形容词和副词。最典型的是 nice and good.还有： lfine, rare, sweet, bright, big, clear, lovely, pure, well 等： lIts rare and hot inside. lShe is big and busy. lI shall go into business bright and early in the morning. lI didnt like the speech, but at least it was nice and short. l这种结构第二个形容词在名词前作定语时,and往 往可以省略 lI prefer good black coffee.浓浓的咖啡。 lYou scold me so much in the nice long letter. 长长的信。 lAnd 连接两个相同名词表“不同类型”的概 念，且常有“有好的，也有坏的”的含义： lThere are teachers and teachers. lYou can find doctors and doctors. lThere are translations and translations. lThere are women and women. 但如重复两次，则表“众多”: lWe saw dogs and dogs and dogs all over the place. l两个或两个以上的简单句关系如不很紧密 ，并列连词可引导单独一个句子： lYoure alive! And shes dead. lIm sorry to trouble you. But can you direct me to the nearest post office? l口语中，and 与 be 或 go 的完成体搭配表示说 话人对另一人所做某蠢事感到恼怒或埋怨： lThat idiot Antonio has gone and locked our door. 这个笨蛋，竟把我们的门锁了。 lYouve gone and waked him. Hes so tired. l你怎么把他弄醒了！他可累坏了。 lYouve been and bought such a pair of shoes. l你怎么买了这么一双鞋！ lWhos been and taken my dictionary? l真讨厌，谁拿了我的字典？ lAnd that (而且) 用来补充说明前面的内容 以加强语气。其中 that 代替上文中某个 词、短语或句子，以避免重复。有时只 用and: lReturn to your work, and that at once. l回去干活，马上去！ lHe will come, and that soon. l 而且马上就来。 l表示并列成分都被否定时，在 not , nothing , without , never 等后宜用 or, 不用 and, 因为 and 连接的并列成分在否定词后有歧义： lHe doesnt have long hair or wear jeans.= He and he doesnt wear. lHe doesnt have long hair and wear jeans. l= 1) 同上。 l 2) Either he doesnt have long hair OR he doesnt wear jeans.要么要么 lShe cant sing or dance.=Sheand she. lShe and.=1). l2) Either she cant sing or she cant dance. lAnd 连接的分句表主从意义。第一分句是第二分句的条件或时间 ： lGo by train and youll get there quicker. l= If you go lOne more effort, and youll succeed. l= If you make lOne more boot, and Ill have a pair. l如并列分句均为祈使句，第一句仍可表条件，第二句表结果： lSurrender and live; resist and die. l= If you surrender, youll live; lDont drink and drive. l= If you dont drink, you can drive. Or: l If you drink, you cant drive. 不许酒后开车。 lC.f. Dont drink or drive.= Dont drink and dont drive. l有时用 and 表示部分否定，即否定其中 一个，通常是否定后者： lHe is not a teacher and a writer. 他是教师， 不是作家。 lHe didnt speak clearly and correctly. l他讲得清楚，但不正确。 2) Or-group coordinators lThis group includes or and eitheror, denoting “alternation”. Besides “alternation”, or and eitheror can also denote a negative condition . lThe use of eitheror, neithernor, is different from that of bothand, not onlybut also in that the later must be followed by similar construction.(Page 343) lE.g. Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either. （句 首） lEither the president will resign through ill-health, or he will die in office. （句首） lHe both likes fiction and poetry. (correct) lHe not only likes fiction but also poetry. (correct) l在否定句中，一般用 or 不用 and 连接同等成分 。Or 一般不表示所择关系： lHe has no money or food. l= He has neither money nor food. lI didnt find him clever or good-looking. l= I found him neither clever nor. lA sheep was not moving about or eating grass like the others. l有一只羊的行动和(？或)吃草的样子跟别的羊不 一样。 lSpiders never do the least harm to us or our belongs. l 蜘蛛从不危害我们，也(？或)不危害我们的财物 。 3) But-group coordinators lThis group includes but, notbut, while, whereas, yet, only, etc, denoting “contrast” or a turn in meaning , e.g: lThis coat is not mine but yours. lIt never rains but it pours. l1.Early as it was, but a lot of people were waiting to buy new stamps in front of the post office. （correct the mistake） lBut 错。并列连词不可用于as, though, although引导的从属句中。 l2. My name is Robert, _ most of my friends call me Bob for short. lA. then B. instead C. however D. but l选 D, C 是连接副词，在连接分句时，前 面用“;”或前后用“,”，but 后一般不用逗号 。 Exercises l3. I never see her but I want to kiss her. (Translation) l错：我从未但我想 l正：我没有一次见到她而不想 lI never think of summer but I think of my childhood. lI never see the picture but I think of my college years. l上列各句中 but 是 but that 的省略式。它引出的 从句带有结果含义，主句总是否定，并含有 never, too, so, such 等词。换言之，当 主句是否 定时，but 作”without”解，译为“一就”,“如果 不就不会”,“除外，就不”又如： l4. No man is too old _ he can learn. lA. that B. as C. when D. but lD.人不管多老，都可以学习。 lI am not such a fool but that I understand you. l我不至于蠢到连你都不了解。 lIt never rains but it pours. l直译：除了倾盆下外，就总不下雨。/每次下都是倾盆而 下。/ l 一下雨就是倾盆大雨。 l可译为：不雨则己，一雨倾盆。 l5. There is _ would be surprised at the news. lA. no man but who B. no man but lC. no man D. not any man lB. 上句的 but 是关系代词，相当于 thatnot, whonot.在从句中充当主语。这种从句除 but 外不会再有其它主语。又如： lTheres no one but knows that. l没有人不知道这件事。 lTheres no one of us but wishes to help you. l我们中没有一个人不愿意帮助你。 lThere are very few but admire his talents. l很少有人不敬佩他的才华。 lThere is no rule but has exceptions. l没有无例外的规则。/凡规则都有例外。 l6. It is one of those true sayings that there is no one_errs. lA. that B. who C. what D. but l7. There was not a single person there but who thought you were in the right. (改错) l8. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complicated problems _ can be solved. lA. that B. as C. but D. which l9. 翻译 He was anything but a hero. / There is anything but easy. l基本用法和意义相同，都强调“某人或某事绝非 ”，但 1) 后跟名词或代词时可有两种译法：” 除外什么都是/行/可以;绝不,根本不，一点儿 也不” 。 l2) 后跟形容词时则只译 “绝不，根本不”。例： lMy doctor wont let me drink anything but champagne. 只让我喝“除外，不让” lThe little bridge is anything but safe. l一点也不安全。 lHe is anything but polite. 他没有一点礼貌。 lHe is anything but a fool. 他绝不是傻瓜。 l10. It is not “terrible” at all. It is _ “terrible” lA, but for B, all but C, nothing but D, anything but l比较：He is nothing but a fool.他只不过是/仅仅是个傻 瓜。 lHe is all but a fool. lBut for 引出的介词短语相当一个非真实条件句，谓语词 要用虚拟： lBut for John they would all have died. lBut for 表例外(除之外)意义与用法近似 except for, 但 不及它普通。 l1.连接主语 along with, together with, as much as, as well as, and: lAnn, as much as her brothers, was to blame. lThe ocean, as well as the gulf, provides good fishing. lThe ambassador, and perhaps his wife too, is likely to be present. lCatty, and nobody else, is able to do the job. l2.连接主语以外的成份： lAs well as (并列连词或介词) lAs well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.(介) lShe is clever as well as beautiful. lA as well as B 侧重点常在A (not only A but also B侧重点在 B)。A往往当作新信息加以强调。一般译为 “不仅 B,而 且 A; 既 B 又 A; A 和 B一样也; 除 B 外还有 A”: lIm a Chinese, but I have foreign friends as well as Chinese friends. (如对调则强调不对) Quasi- coordination 准并列 lNotice that a force has direction as well as magnitude. l要注意,力不但有大小,而且有方向。 lElectric energy can be changed into light energy as well as into sound energy. l电能既可变为声能,又可变为光能。 lHoover wanted men who could handle a teacup as well as a Tommy-gun. l胡佛需要既会使用自动步枪又懂社交礼仪的人。 l跟 and, or 一样,连接的成分要对等： lThomas was a real friend, for he advised me as well as help(ing ) me with my Arabic. l ？ l在现代英语里, as well as 有时也表达A和B同 等重要，相当于 and, and also: lYou helped him as well as me.=both l可见,这个结构究竟在语意上强调A还是表示 A,B同等重要,需对上下文进行具体分析才能确 定。 lAs well as 还可作比较结构,意为“跟一样好” ： lHe speaks English as well as his teacher. lI like Joe as well as Jack. 可有三解： l1) 我跟Jack一样地喜欢Joe. 关联从属连词, l as Jack (likes). l2) 我喜欢Joe,同样喜欢Jack. 从属连词, as 从句省略 I like. l3) 我不仅喜欢Jack,也喜欢Joe. 准并列连词。 lRather than (从属连词、介词、或并列连词), 相当 于 and not 或 instead of: lShe telephoned rather than write从属 /writing介 词 l/wrote并列. l用作从属连词或介词时，如果强调，其前可带逗 号: lWe ought to check up, rather than just accept/ accepting what he says. lIf not 和 not to say(=if one may not say)与只能 引导名词词组的 not to mention /not to speak of /to say nothing of 意义不同: lIt would be foolish, if not / not to say mad, to sell your car.不然的话, 否则/虽说不上 lHe has experience, to say nothing of / not to mention scholarship. (更)不用说, 当然 lHe can speak German and French, not to speak of / to say nothing of English. lStill less(=much less), still more(=much more)： lI dont like him, still less respect him. lI like music, still more (much more) dancing lMore x than y = x rather than y: lI was more angry than frightened. lHe is more dead than alive. l(=He is dead rather than alive.) lNot so much X as Y = more Y than X l= Y rather than X : lI dont much dislike him as hate him. lHe is not so much unintelligent as uneducated. lIts not so much that I dont want to come as (that)/ but (that) I just havent got the time. Summary of coordination lDifferent ranks: words, phrases, or clauses. lCompound sentence Two or more coordinated clauses make a compound sentence. lCoordinating devices la comma (commas) and coordinating conjunction la semicolon la semicolon accompanied by a conjunctive adverb l colon lAvoiding Run-on Sentences Choose the option with the best remedy. lThis is going to be the most difficult exam of your college career, you had better start studying for it immediately. A. There is nothing wrong with the structure of this sentence. B. Fragment: put a comma after immediately and finish the sentence. C. Run-on: replace that comma with a semicolon. Avoiding Sentence Fragments A sentence fragment tries its best to be a sentence, but it just cant make it. Its missing something. Often, its missing a verb or part of a verb string: John working extra hard on his hook shot lately. Here, for instance, were missing an auxiliary has been, in this case, probably that would complete the verb string and the sentence. Incomplete Verb A sentence fragment tries its best to be a sentence, but