南京航空航天大学研究生英语课文全文翻译.docx

柏拉图（公元前427-347），古希腊哲学家、散文家，苏格拉底的辩护是散文和演讲中的名篇。 我们如果从另一角度来思考死亡，就会发觉有绝大理由相信死亡是件好事。死亡可能是以下两种情形其中之一：或者完全没有知觉的虚无状态，或是人们常说的一套，灵魂经历变化，由这个世界移居到另一个世界。倘若你认为死后并无知觉，死亡犹如无梦相扰的安眠，那么死亡真是无可形容的得益了。如果某人要把安恬无梦的一夜跟一生中的其它日子相比，看有多少日子比这一夜更美妙愉快，我想他说不出有多少天。不要说平民，就是显赫的帝王也如此。如果这就是死亡的本质，永恒不过是一夜。倘若死亡一如人们常说的那样，只是迁徙到另一个世界，那里寄居了所有死去的人，那么，我的诸位朋友，法官，还有什么事情比这样来得更美妙呢？假若这游历者到达地下世界时，摆脱了尘世的审判官，却在这里碰见真淳正直的法官迈诺、拉达门塞斯、阿克斯、特立普托马斯，以及一生公正的诸神儿子，那么这历程就确实有意义了。如果可以跟俄耳甫斯、谬萨尤斯、赫西亚德、荷马相互交谈，谁不愿意舍弃一切？要是死亡真是这样，我愿意不断受死。 我很希望碰见帕拉默底斯、蒂拉蒙的儿子埃杰克斯以及受不公平审判而死的古代英雄，和他们一起交谈。我相信互相比较我们所受的苦难会是件痛快的事情。更重要的是，我可以像在这个世界时一样，在那个新世界里继续探求事物的真伪，我可以认清谁是真正的才智仁人，谁只是假装聪明。 法官们啊，谁不愿舍弃一切，以换取机会研究这远征特洛伊的领袖-奥德修斯（荷马史诗中特洛伊远征领袖之一），西昔法斯（希腊神话中奥德修斯之父，被罚不断从山下推动一块石头上山顶，来回往返）和无数其他的男男女女！跟他们交谈，向他们请教，将是何等快乐的事情！在那个世界里，绝不会有人仅仅因为发问而获死罪！如果传说属实，住在那里的人除了比我们快乐之外，还能得到永生。 法官们啊，不必为死亡而感到丧气，要知道善良的人无论生前死后都不会遭恶果，他和家人不会为诸神抛弃。快要降临在我身上的结局绝非偶然。我清楚知道现在对我来说，死亡比在世更佳。我可以摆脱一切烦恼，因为未有神谕显现。为了同样的理由，我不怨恨起诉者或是将我判死罪的人，他们虽对我不怀善意，却未令我受害。不过，我可要稍稍责怪他们的不怀善意。 可是我仍然要请你们为我做一件事情。诸位朋友，我的几个儿子成年后，请为我教导他们。如果他们把财富或其它事物看得比品德重，请像我烦劝你们那样烦劝他们。如果他们自命不凡，那么，请像我谴责你们那样谴责他们，因为他们忽视了事物的本质，本属藐小而自命不凡。你们倘能这样做，我和我的儿子便会自你们手中得到公正。 离别的时刻到了，我们得各自上路-我走向死亡，你们继续活下去，至于生与死孰优，只有神明方知。纽约有三粗略算来，我们可以把纽约人分成三类：第一类是土生土长的纽约人，他们在那里出生，无论是这座城市的大小还是喧嚣，他们都早已习以为常了。他们很自觉，很理所当然地把自己当成了真正的“纽约人”。第二类是那些居住在郊外，每天往返于纽约城的人，我们可以称之为“上班一族”。纽约就像一个贪吃的人，白天在不停地膨胀，晚上又在不停地呕吐。第三类是客居纽约的人，目的是为了寻找自己的价值，这类人可称之为“异乡寻梦客”。在所有的这三类人之中，最伟大的当属第三类。这类人把纽约当做自己一生追求的目标，当做最终目的地。正是这些异乡寻梦客让纽约充满了节奏感，充满了诗意感，让纽约为艺术作出了无与伦比的贡献。如果说上班族给予纽约如潮水一样躁动不安的活力，纽约人使得这座城市团结，生生不息，那么纽约客们则让它充满了激情。无论是来自意大利的，在小区里经营一家杂货店的农民，还是来自密西西比小城的，为了躲避邻居对她的骚扰的姑娘，亦或是背着谋生器械，从中西部移居过来的伤心男孩，都会毫不例外地对纽约这座城市一见钟情，都会以崭新的眼光来接纳纽约。他们散发出的光和热，使得生产电灯的爱迪生联合公司显得那么的渺小。通勤者是所有人中最奇特的家伙。作为他的居住地的郊区没有最基本的活力，它仅仅是他每天结束时回来睡觉的地方。出了极个别的情况，那些住在马马罗内克，小石城或蒂内克市且在纽约工作的人们，除了火车和公交车的到达或离开的时间以及通往快餐店的路以外，对这座城市一无所知。他在办公桌边忙碌着，从来没有悠闲地在夕阳下漫步，不经意间出现在公园的观景塔前，看到冲池塘中突起的陡峭的防护堤，在海边钓鲦鱼的男孩，在岩石上旁若无人的舒展着身体的女孩。他从未在纽约闲逛时偶然遇见什么，因为他为了赶火车没有时间。他最后从马哈顿挣到一些钱，但从没有听过曼哈顿的呼吸，从没在曼哈顿的早晨醒来，也从未在曼哈顿的晚上入睡。大约40000人在每个工作日的早晨从地铁口和隧道口赶到岛上。其中却很少有人能在有安静的只有着沙沙声的公共图书馆的阅览室度过一个昏昏欲睡的下午，旁边的图书升降机把书吐在托盘上。在寒冷的冬日的夜晚，他们在韦斯特切斯特郡和泽西市的炉火旁，从未见过宝利街的火在油桶中燃烧。他们也许在金融区工作，但却从未见到洛克菲勒中心的奢华植物水仙、麝香兰、桦木和香蒲在春天美好的早晨迎风盛开。也许他们常年在中心城区的办公室里忙碌，却从未海堤上看过加弗纳斯岛。通勤者走过的英里数令人惊讶，但他却不是流浪者。他进出的地方比北美的草原土拨鼠的居所还要曲折。只有他的火车被埋在东河底的泥下面的时候他才能安安静静地打桥牌吧。长岛铁路去年运送了四千万人的通勤者，然而其中大部分人都在重复他的脚步I want to tell Jack Ma what an honor it is to be here representing the United States Embassy, representing the people of America, representing so many friends in China many of whom you trade with, invest with, youve studied with in university and schools in China and the United States. It truly is an honor to be here in Hangzhou. I think Hangzhou is perhaps the most beautiful city in all of China. It is historic, it is sophisticated, it is culture, and it is the home of the Alibaba gathering in its 7th year in a row. And its just an unbelievable opportunity to be able to look out at so many representatives of emerging industry and business here in China. I am just so very honored to be here. You know so much more about the issues and the subject matter than I do.我想告诉马云，非常容幸能来到这里，代表美国大使馆，代表美国人民，代表中国这么多的朋友，在座的很多人都是在美国学习或者是美国人交朋 友，做生意，有很多的交往，真的非常高兴来到杭州这个美丽的城市，我认为杭州在整个中国最漂亮的城市了。它是历史名城，一个成熟有底蕴的城市，有深厚的文 化底蕴，而且是阿里巴巴的网商大会的一个主场，而且看到来自这么多网商在中国正在冉冉升起的一个网络行业，网商的行业的年轻人，我相信大家对这个主题，对 我来说，了解的更多，所以对我来说我其实在这里就是在班门弄斧了。Personal Connection to HangzhouNow, the main reason for coming to Hangzhou today is to offer up a challenge, and it starts with many of you right here in this room. The challenge is simple, it goes like this: entrepreneurs of the world, it is time to unite. Im convinced this is a historic time for our two countries to unite around issues of innovation and the development, advancement, and protection of ideas - the fuel that fires the engines of entrepreneurs everywhere in the world, leveling the playing field, of all competitors. But first, though, let me just say how delighted I am to be here in this beautiful and historic city.来到杭州主要的原因其实对我来说也是一个挑战，你们今天来了很多人，其实这个挑战就是很简单的，我这么说吧，是在座的企业精神可以联合的， 企业家团结起来，我很相信这一点，这是一个历史性的时刻，我们应该遵循进步、保护以及创新的精神团结起来，我们精神的引擎应该点燃全世界，我们应该有个非 常公平的竞争的场地跟环境，首先我想说再次表达我来到杭州有多高兴。We hosted late last year one of our very important trade conferences between China and the United States and we talked through a variety of market openings, IPR, information technology and service issues. All matters that I know you deal with and feel so strongly about and now I have a chance to come back and talk again about the issues that, I think, matter to you the most, the CEOs. They are also issues on which we can make common cause for mutual gain. Our trade meetings last year are also a reminding that trade and commerce remain the sturdy backbone of the U.S.-China relationship now $400 billion strong and soon to be the largest trading and commercial relationship anywhere in the world. 我们去年底主办了中国和美国之间的一次商务会议，我们谈到了很多的问题，包括市场的开放、知识产权、信息技术、服务等等所有的重要的事情以 及问题，你们需要面对的我们都谈到了，现在我有机会再次来回复我一直在想的这些问题，而且作为CEO，对你们CEO来说都是非常重要的，这个都是我们共同 的一个事业，解决了问题，我们可以共赢的。去年的商务会议也提醒我们贸易跟商务始终是美国跟中国美好关系的一个重要的基石，因为这个总额是40亿美金这么 大的，在全球是无与伦比的。Hangzhou also has a special place in the revitalized U.S.-China relationship. Were coming up in the 40th anniversary of Henry Kissingers historic visit here, the first tentative step toward re-establishing diplomatic relations between our two great countries. At the time, 40 years ago, the negotiations were all done face to face, secret memos were passed back and forth by hand and if you wanted to look something up you had to actually read a book. There was no internet, no email, no cell phones, no Alibaba and Jack Ma was only around 5 or six years old. President Nixon reportedly enjoyed his time here at Westlake so much he said Beijing may be Chinas capitol, but Hangzhou is the countrys heart! My Chinese friends also refer to it as Yu Mi Zhi Xiang (land of plenty)杭州是一个很重要的地方，中美建交的时候扮演了一个很重要的角色，基辛格国务卿访问过中国杭州，当时中美还没有恢复建交，40年之前中美建 交的谈判在杭州举行，做了一些秘密的协议，实际上你要读一读历史书才知道过去的这段历史，当时没有移动电话，没有电脑，没有阿里巴巴，当时马云可能才5 岁、6岁那么大吧，尼克松总统在西湖旁边渡过一段非常美好的时光，他说过北京是中国的都城，但是杭州是这个国家的心脏，我的朋友曾经有说过鱼米之乡。Celebrating EntrepreneursPresident Nixons visit here was one of the great diplomatic breakthroughs in recent American history. It was a time (before many of you were born) of estrangement, not cooperation between the United States and China. Our relations were largely defined by the hostilities in Korea and Vietnam, and the conflicts between capitalism and communism. It took visionary leadership on both sides of the Pacific to bring these two countries together and so much of that hard work happened right here in Hangzhou. Predictably, we continued to have our differences, and sometimes we still do. But those meetings, over 40 years ago, marked a signal shift in our relationship, from opposition to, at its best, genuine cooperation and mutual benefit. But the 1970s were in many other ways a very difficult time in the United States. The Vietnam War sparked tremendous domestic upheaval. Our economy stalled, we were battered by stagflation, high unemployment and declining living standards. Beloved leaders in America had been assassinated. All around us, confidence in the American economic model was being shaken. Everywhere you looked, people were saying that America was in decline and would soon lose its leading role in the international system. Even at home, millions of Americans were ready to close our borders and turn inward.尼克松总统访问杭州可以说是最近美国历史上的一大突破，这是发生在你们出生之前的一段时间，这也说明了中美之间合作的重要性，当时美国的关 系跟韩国、中国都是很敌对的，我们认为你们是共产主义者，你们认为我们是资本家，但是因为两国领导人的远见，我们两国走到了一起，很多重大的事件就从杭州 开始，可以预言，很多的差异还会继续的弥合，当然现在还有很多的差异，你想40多年前这么大的差异都可以弥合，我们过去从敌对变成了最好的、最真诚的 合作伙伴，同时是互利的一个合作关系，1970年代，从很多角度来看都是对美国人来讲是非常艰难的一个时刻，当时的越南战争对我们国家造成了巨大的创伤， 同时我们当时是在非常高的生活水平上，但是整个经济滞胀，我们的总统又被暗杀了，当时美国整体的经济模式都遭到了挑战，有人预言说美国要走下坡路了，他们 会失去在世界舞台的地位，其实在美国内部来讲的话，我们也关闭了很多的国界线。But then an interesting thing happened that we have seen in other chapters of our history. Our economy bounced back stronger than ever, thanks in large part to our fundamental belief in the powers of an open marketplace. Maybe its because we are a nation of immigrants, or maybe its because we stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, but even during the toughest times, we always believed in the power of freedom and always valued engagement over isolationism. 但是发现一件有意思的事情，可能在美国其他的历史篇章上又看到，发现美国又回到了一个非常好的经济发展渠道上，这可能是有赖于我们很高的雇 佣率，很低的失业率，以及很强大的经济基础，既使是在当时最艰难的时刻，我们也一直坚信不已，一个开放的市场是非常重要的，参与是非常重要的。We welcomed tens of thousands of international students (maybe even some of you or your family members) to our universities, as we continue to do today. Students who return to their home countries armed with uniquely American ideas and approaches, planting their own seeds of innovation and enterprise. We attracted brainpower to the United States, and we still do. Talent that helped fuel our economic engine when we needed it the most and became valued and equal members of American society. We created industry clusters where scientists and entrepreneurs could interact and exchange ideas creating incubators for future ideas and future business opportunities- this, too, continues today. The best example and one I am sure you are all familiar with, is Silicon Valley, which not only helped launch the computer revolution but established a certain recipe for success that serves as a model for similar technology hubs throughout the world, from Brooklyn to Beijing. Our commitment to open markets and an open society resulted in a flurry of innovation and new technologies that revitalized our economy, ultimately creating some 30 million new jobs. It was innovation, and the entrepreneurial culture that fostered it, that helped drag the United States out of the economic challenges and doldrums of the 1970s and set up three decades of unprecedented growth and prosperity.我们欢迎成千上万的国际学生来到美国，也许你们某些家庭成员也去过美国的大学学习，现在我们继续欢迎外国的学生，我们有自己独特的思路，美 国人有非常强的创业精神，我们美国人到目前为止还是有非常强大的精神力量，我们认为人才是美国经济的基础和引擎，我们也非常坚信社会公民的平等，我们认为 企业跟科学家的合作是非常重要的，需要来交换理念，来为未来的业务机会创造一个孵化机会，这样一个理念今天还在持续，我想最好的例子大家可能都知道了，就 是硅谷，我们不仅在硅谷出现了大量的电脑的创新，还看到了很多成功的案例，我们可以看到那里已经成为了很多的巨大的一个新技术的发生地，从布鲁克林到北京 到充满了我们在硅谷出现的新技术，这样的新技术使得我们经济得以重振，而且产生了三千万的新工作机会，我们企业家的精神得到了在更大一部分的培养，这也直 接带领美国走出了1970年的经济困境，而且持续了30年的繁荣。Now both countries have experienced both enormous growth and change since our modern relationship began 40 years ago. I suspect the pace of change will advance beyond anyones comprehension in years to come. And I am guessing the driver will be the development of ideas in health, energy, transportation just to name a few. So heres the question: is there a central role for innovation in the U.S.-China relationship that speaks to where we want to find ourselves in the future? If so, and I believe there is then lets get moving! 40年前产生的中美建交之后，我们的经济跟文化都有了巨大的发展，我们都明白这样一种关系对未来是至关重要的，我觉得在这个过程当中，我们 需要有解决能源的问题、交通的问题、通讯的问题，这只是其中一部分，我的问题就是创新在中美关系当中重要吗，我们希望未来创新是处于什么个地位，我觉得确 实是的，我相信创新是最重要的一点。In the United States we venerate people like Thomas Edison, who invented the light bulb. Henry Ford, who helped launch the modern automobile industry, John Rockefeller, who revolutionized the oil business, Warren Buffet and investing, Bill Gates and Microsoft, all of them have helped define the American Dream, where you work hard, you think big and ultimately, you enjoy the fruits of your labor. And then theres Jack Ma, whos busy creating what we should probably call the Chinese Dream. He started with one of the slowest internet connections in the world. I hear it used to take Jack all day to download a single page. But if it took all day, hed wait all day. And slowly but surely he learned how to operate on-line. Pretty soon, he founded Chinas first internet-based company China Pages. Today, of course, hes CEO of the Alibaba Group, which brings us all together today with, at least this morning, more than 50-million members. Knowing Jack, itll probably be 60 million by the time I finish this speech. 在美国像爱迪生发明了灯泡，同时福特发明了汽车，诺可菲尔创造了新的石油企业，巴菲特巨大的成功在投资上面，美国人总是有美国之梦，如果你 努力工作，你想得远大，最终你就会收获。马云又是一个很好的案例，他创立了我们可以称之为中国之梦，他最开始的时候用得是全球连接最慢的互联网，可能你花 一天的时间，马云就下载了一个页面，但是他会等一天来等这个页面，在一个月之后，他就知道如何很快的上网了，很快他居然建立了中国最早一个网络企业，叫中 国黄页，后来又建立了中国最大的网络企业叫阿里巴巴，大家都知道，马云是我的一个好朋友，也许我说完话之后，他已经拥有更多的钱了。So weve all heard stories about entrepreneurs, whether theyre Chinese or American. And the environment that produced the success stories all seem to have four basic things in common: One, they encourage free thinking; Two, there is easy access to information and capital; Three, they welcome collaboration; Four, they tolerate failure. Perhaps the best example of that sort of innovation is the internet, which is one of the greatest magnets for entrepreneurs weve ever seen. In the United States, some economists estimate the internet has created over a million jobs in the past decade and generates at least 300 billion dollars for the U.S. economy every single year. The internet is transforming the way we live and the way we think. It embodies the central tenets of an innovative society- it is full of free thinkers and nonconformists, and it is by definition a network that is sustained by collaborative work. So, it should come as no surprise that todays Internet is creating a massive new generation of innovation.我觉得企业创业精神是很重要的，不管是中国美国人都一样的，需要四个基本的素质，首先他们是开放的思路，第二很快得到资金和信息，第三欢迎 合作，第四他们人承受失败，也许最好的创新例子就是互联网，我想这也是我们今天在庆祝企业家精神的一个最好的平台，因为它像磁石一样吸引了那么多的创业 者，在美国也为美国的经济带来了每年三千亿美金的一个金钱，我们的互联网其实就驻扎在一个创新的社区，它确实也是鼓励开放的理念，它其实也是通过互联网来 鼓励合作，所以毫不惊奇，目前互联网创造了一个巨大的、很大的新一代的创新者。President Obama put it best when he spoke about this last year in Shanghai. He said the more freely information flows, the stronger society becomes. It generates new ideas and encourages creativity. He also acknowledged that he doesnt always like what he reads on the internet. Obviously no one likes to hear criticism. Its the same thing at the Embassy where I work. We read the Chinese blogs sometimes, and trust me, not all of them are happy supporters of U.S. policy! But the internet lets our businesses find new markets. It lets our citizens keep track of their leaders and our leaders stay in touch with their constituents. I know from experience it helps my very own daughter who comes from China and is now part of our family. She isnt old enough to drive a car but seems able to navigate through endless amounts of information while speaking simultaneously with friends on different continents, and even in different languages!我们的奥巴马总统去年在上海曾经说过，他说要鼓励更通畅的信息流，信息流越通畅，这个社会就越强大，我们同时还要鼓励创造力，他很喜欢在互 联网上阅读，我想在大使馆也一样，我也一样，我们有的时候也会读中文的博客，互联网让我们的业务找到了新市场，我们的公民能够跟从他们的领导，他们的领导 能够跟从他们的知识群体所想得是什么，我也能够跟踪我的女儿在中国的动向，她叫杨乐意，她现在很年轻，还不能开车，我可以知道，在不同大洲的朋友们在做什 么，即使我们说的语言不同。The internet also lets us connect on the two issues I think will define whether our economies succeed in the next quarter century- health care and clean energy. Access to information on these two subjects in real time means we will find innovative ways to enhance the quality of life of our citizens and grow our economies in ways we can only begin to fathom today. So we have made clear, we believe freedom of information benefits everyone throughout the world and the internet is vital in this regard. There is something else we believe and that is promoting the business values that helped create the internet, and that means protecting ideas, innovation, creativity, and intellectual property. You cant have the internet without computers, and theres no way Apple or the great Chinese company Lenovo could operate if everyone ripped off their technology. That sort of innovation is only possible when you have a legal system that ensures rewards for the risk taking and the creativity that naturally follows. Its not complicated: Companies wont invest in markets, whether in the United States, China, or anywhere else, if they know their ideas will somehow be compromised. Companies wont work together if they think their innovations will find a way out the back door. And listen, we see it every day, all of us, and everywhere. I know, even on the streets of New York Ive been offered fake Rolex watches. In fact, just a few days ago somebody tried to offer me, as I was on my bicycle, a bootleg DVDs outside a mall in Beijing. Poor guy, I literally had to tell him, of all the people you try to sell this to, I really think selling bootlegged products to the U.S. Ambassador to China isnt a great business model and I think he agreed totally. 通过互联网我觉得我们能够有两大因素来决定我们的社会的成功，在未来20年是否成功一个是保健医疗，一个是能源，我们都必须经过这个创新的 方法来提高我们的生活品质，提高我们公民的生活品质，能够促进经济建设，我们必须要很清楚的知道，信息可以让全球每个人获益，互联网在这当中扮演了无法替 代的角色，还有其他我们坚信的就是我们必须要创意商业的价值。这个就是知识产权，没有互联网会怎么样，所以呢，苹果或者是中国的联想，如果他们的技术被偷 走得话，会怎么样，如果没有知识产权的保护，所以我们必须要有一个法律的系统来保护创新，公司互相之间也不会进行合作了，如果他们发现他们一些创意会被偷 走的话，他们也不愿意跟合作伙伴一起工作了，我想到处都是这样的，既使是在纽约的大街上也是一样的，有人向我卖假的劳力士的手表，几天前我在骑自行车的时 候，有人想卖给我盗版的DVD，当时我告诉他们，我想你卖给谁都行，但是如果你想把美国的盗版电影卖给我一个美国的大使这可不合适。Meanwhile, as just one example of what a truly innovative and collaborative environment can create, look at the example thats playing out before our very eyes - think of the iPhone. Ten, fifteen years ago, Apple used to guard its systems technology very, very closely. But when it introduced the iPhone, Apple was so confident its core technology would be protected it decided to put its operating platform in the public domain. And then it encouraged other companies to create new applications. And then those companies encouraged their contacts to create even more applications. That simple decision - to share information - made a good product a great product, and benefited both the consumer and Apple. At last count, the iPhone has something like 200-thousand active applications and has already sold more than 40-million units. I am absolutely sure that each one of my daughters has one or two in their hop pocket. 这只是一个其中的例子，我们必须要进行创新，同时要创建一个保护的环境。10-15年前，苹果使用了一套新的技术，推出iPhone之后， 把这个技术放在公共的平台上，我想这样一种分享信息的决定非常好，能够使他们的产品变得更好，同时让苹果受益的同