英语高考第三轮复习——完形与阅读.doc

年 级高三学 科英语版 本人教版内容标题高考第三轮复习完形与阅读编稿老师【本讲教育信息】一、教学内容高考第三轮复习：完形与阅读二、知识精讲完形填空解题技巧点拨1. 跳读首尾句进行预测一般来讲，高考完形填空的首、尾句通常是不挖空的。先跳读这两句，便可判断体裁，猜想它要讲什么。若首句交代了when, where, who, what，即四个w，那么就是记叙文，很可能是一个故事，为了测试考生对语篇的理解能力，出题者特别注意选材的趣味性，其结尾往往出人意料，耐人寻味；若首句提出或解释说明某事物，一般来说是说明文；若首句提出一个论点，那么就是议论文。首句往往开宗明义，是文章的主题。细读首句可启示全文。而尾句又往往是对文章主题的总结。所以，它们是了解文章大意的一个窗口，对我们理解全文有着重要的启示作用。因此，要充分利用段首句提供的信息，去挖掘文章的思路，寻找文章的脉络与线索。Evelyn Glennie was the first lady of solo percussion in Scotland. In an interview, she recalled how she became a percussion soloist (打击乐器独奏演员) in spite of her disability.2. 利用固定搭配解题完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查，主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面。习惯用法是英语中某种固定的结构形态，即所谓的“习语”，不能随意改动。所以，考生平时应掌握好习惯用法。对词义辨析题的考查有加大力度的趋势。要做好这类题，需要有较大的词汇量和词语搭配能力、词语辨析能力，特别是在特定的语境中能灵活运用的能力。如：They couldnt read or write. They didnt like to work and they never _ baths.A. took B. washed C. ran D. coveredI did very badly at school. My headmaster thought I was useless and when I was 14 he said, “Youre never going to be _ but a failure.”A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing3. 利用固定句型解题完形填空虽注重考查语境理解，但同时也会考一些固定句型，考生掌握好这些句型，对确定题目的答案很有帮助。如：I havent had a phone in the house for three weeks now, and its several days _ I used a phone box.A. as B. when C. if D. sinceIt wasnt long _the police caught the thief.A. after B. when C. before D. until“Why _ you take a big man with you? You have to fight the sailor who is drunk.”A. dont B. couldnt C. cant D. do4. 利用复现信息解题语篇复现的信息包括原词复现、同义词或反义词复现、概括词复现和代词复现等。语篇中有可能出现多种同现的现象，如与语篇话题相关、意义相关的词汇同时出现，结构同现，同义同现，修饰同现，因果同现等。因此，可利用上下文寻找解题信息，确定正确答案。如：First of all, I respected his _ to teaching. Because his lectures were always well-prepared and clearly delivered, students crowded into his classroom.A. attention B. introduction C. relation D. devotionI put my head in, expecting the worst. But to my surprise, the room wasnt empty at all. It had furniture, curtains, a TV, and even paintings on the wall. And then on the well-made bed sat Amy, my new _, dressed neatly. A. roommate B. classmate C. neighbor D. companion 5. 利用跳读法解题一般而言，完形填空要填的20个空中总有一些空是相对简单的。对于这类空格考生可以先将其确定下来，之后再逐个去突破其他空。跳过那些不太容易得出答案的空。切忌做题时循规蹈矩地一个顺着一个地去完成。如：“Visitors!” repeated Josh, wide-awake at once. He_1_ up and looked around. A short distance away, a group of _2_ stood quietly watching us. One of them _3_ walking toward us. We both jumped to our _4_ not knowing what to expect.1. A. sat B. stayed C. thought D. put2. A. pilots B. natives C. editors D. assistants3. A. avoided B. delayed C. began D. desired4. A. boat B. car C. horses D. feet6. 巧用排除法解题在有些情况下，考生如果不能很有把握地直接得出某一道题的答案，可以把排除 法和词汇、语法分析结合起来运用，缩小选择的范围，提高正确率。如：The woman looked carefully at me _ through her glasses, and then questioned me in a low voice.A. as usual B. for a while C. in a minute D. once againHe put the books into the return box. And after a brief _ in the toilet, he would be on his way to the playground to meet Eric.A. rest B. break C. walk D. stopWhen I started playing _ _ him, he told me I needed to relax because I looked nervous.A. at B. by C. for D. around7. 利用逻辑关系解题尝试从逻辑关系的高度出发，整体上把握文意，就会不无惊喜地发现逻辑关系才是征服完形 填空的最佳途径。所谓逻辑关系并不缥缈，它就隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。运用逻辑关系的方法，我们可以通过确切、具体的线索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而在答案中寻找表现出相同逻辑意义的选项。这样做可使题目的难度大大降低。(1) 句中逻辑关系Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and _ nitrogen. They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.A. mostly B. partly C. sometimes D. rarely(2) 句间逻辑关系在此，我们发现所谓逻辑关系并不抽象，它往往通过转折、让步、递进、因果等明确的逻辑关系词来体现。当然，句子的逻辑关系也不一定体现在一句话的内部，它还可以渗透到篇章的层面上，在句与句之间表现出来。如：Ms Cleveland does not keep her workers on a short leash. _, she encourages them to get better ways to do business.A. Still B. Yet C. Instead D. WhileThere is a tendency to think of each of the arts as a separate area of activity. Many artists, _ would prove that there has always been a warm relationship between the various areas of human activity.A. therefore B. however C. moreover D. otherwise8. 巧用背景常识解题解答完形填空题时，有时文章中提供的信息还不够，还需要把读者头脑中储存的一般性常识结合起来考虑，最后作出符合常识的最佳答案。因此，考生的知识范围越广，则对文章的理解会越容易，整体上知道了所选短文在说什么，那么局部上的每一个空填起来就会得心应手。因此解答完形填空题时，考生的英语语言知识和有关的世界知识，都发挥着重要的作用。当对语言的把握不是很准确时，可将自己已掌握的文化背景和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，先找出并理解文章的主题和主线，再根据主题猜测细节，注意从重复出现的单词、短语中寻找、体会文章表达的氛围。这样将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。如：After _ the British flag at the Pole, they took a photograph of themselves before they started the 950-mile journey back.A. growing B. putting C. planting D. layingSalina Joe began to _ when she was one-year-old.A. say B. cry C. sing D. talkEvery morning she would give him breakfast in bed and bring him the paper to .A. check B. read C. keep D. signOwning springs and streams sometimes means control, particularly in the areas like the desert.A. dry B. distant C. deserted D. wild9. 利用对比结构解题对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空题常常利用句子之间的对比关系或同一个句子的不同部分之间的对比关系来设计题目。如：A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and _ room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on. A. furnished B. expensive C. comfortable D. suitableIf he did not know them, he would greet them with a few words about the weather, _ he did, he would ask about their families or make jokes, always cutting his cloth according to his customers.A. and then B. and so C. even if D. but if阅读理解解题技巧点拨多年来阅读理解一直是高考英语测试的重头戏。近几年的高考考试说明反复强调：阅读是我国学生接触英语最主要的途径，也是高中外语教学的重点，在试卷设计和试题难度方面应该予以重视。这一观点在近几年的高考试题中得到了充分的体现。全卷l50分，阅读理解占40分，更何况其他题型如完形填空、短文改错甚至单项选择等都是对阅读理解能力的间接考查。没有人会怀疑今后相当长一段时间内阅读理解能力仍将是高考考查的重点。可以毫不夸张地说，做好阅读理解题，是获得高考英语高分的关键！1. 高考对阅读理解的要求(1)考试大纲对阅读理解的要求：要求考生能读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章。考生应能：理解主旨大意；寻找具体信息；识别不同的文体特征；根据上下文提供的语境推测生词词义；作出简单的判断和推理；理解文章的基本逻辑结构；把握作者的意图和态度；理解文章的文化信息。(2)新课程标准对阅读理解的目标要求：新课程标准在语言技能部分中对“读”的八级目标是这样要求的：能识别不同文体的特征；能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句；能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度；能根据学习任务的需要从多种媒体中获取信息并进行加工处理；能在教师的帮助下欣赏浅显的英语文学作品；除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到30万词以上。2. 近几年高考阅读理解的题型设置、命题特点及预测(1) 题型设置阅读理解是历年高考英语的必考题型，在整份试卷中占的分值最大。一般是45篇短文，共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分。阅读理解的主要考查题型有：细节理解词义理解推理判断主旨大意图形识别(2) 命题特点阅读材料的选择贴近生活，题材广泛：涉及图片，图表，时刻表，广告，新闻，科普， 历史，地理，经济，文化，旅游，时尚等。体裁多样：记叙文，议论文，说明文。所选材料多是外国人写的反映外国事物的短文，文章结构严谨，逻辑性强，英语语言地道、标准，话题适合当代中学生。问题的设置科学合理，检测重点放在考查考生获取信息、解决问题的语言运用能力上。(3) 高考预测通过对近几年高考试题的分析，加上某些省份新课程标准的试用，可知今后阅读理解题的命题趋向：更加重视词汇量的扩大，注意新增词汇；更加重视对语篇分析、推测的能力，而减少对事实、细节的考查；更加重视阅读量和阅读速度；采用原版英文材料，内容新颖，语言更加地道；取材更加广泛，题材和体裁更加灵活多样。3. 不同题型的解题技巧1）主旨大意题主旨大意题要求考生掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，它的一般范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题、大意或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上对文章进行高度的概括或总结。标志性句子常见的有：Which sentence best expresses the main idea?Which of the following best summaries the passage?The passage is mainly about. The main ideaThe general ideaThe main purpose isThe central idea of the paragraph is thatThe best titleheadline for this passage isWhat is the main topic of this passage?The passage deals mainly withis mainly aboutis primarily concerned with.对于这类考题，考生应做到：(1) 寻找主题句(topic sentence)从而抓住全段的中心思想。一般来说，每一个段落有一个中心思想，尤其是议论文和说明文更为典型。新闻类更明显。代表本段中心思想的句子叫做主题句，其常见位置是段首第一句或第二句，但也有可能在段尾或段中。(2) 概括全文，寻找文章的中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心句的基础上的，各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。（这一技巧主要针对叙事文）【高考真题】Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert(警报) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.Text messages have exploded in popularity in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless industrys trade association, CTIA, estimates(估计) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvement to the nations emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and during, disasters and other emergencies,” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said following approval of the plan.Participation in the alert system by carrierstelecommunications companiesis voluntary, but it has received solid support from the wireless industry.The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a terrorist attack or natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats,” which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be reserved for child abduction(绑架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.The service could be in place by 2010.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting StudentsB. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless IndustryC. Cell Phone Alerts of Natural DisastersD. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon2) 细节理解题细节理解题主要考查学生对文章某一段落中某一特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力，一般包括在原文中可以直接找出答案的直接理解题和需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上转换的语义转换题。标志性句子：Which of the following statements is true (false)?Which of the following is (not) mentioned?Which of the following shows the right order of?Which is the correct order of the following events?What does the author mention?What is (not) mentioned in the passage?What do we know about?From the passage, we learn that.According to the passage，the writer做这种类型的题往往需要运用检索阅读法(scanning)，即要注意题干中的标识语，带着问题有的放矢地在阅读材料中寻找某一特定信息(如：日期、数字、专有名词、原因和特点等)的具体位置。题干中的标识语是快速寻找答题依据的“路标”，最常见的就是用引号标识的关键词或标明了标识语所在的具体行数。3) 推理判断题推理判断题要求考生在理解文章中直接陈述的观点或描述的事实的基础上，领悟作者的言外之意(implied meaning)，得出符合作者意愿的结论，即根据作者暗示的内容，推断出合理的结论。标志性句子：It can be inferred from the passage that. What does the author probably mean by?What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?Where would this passage most probably appear?The passage following this one would most probably discuss. From the last paragraph，we infer thatBy the first sentence of the passage，the author means that. Whats the attitude of the author towards?What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主要观点与次要观点(main idea and supporting idea)。【高考真题】Having a husband means an extra seven hours of housework each week for women, according to a new study. For men, getting married saves an hour of housework a week. “Its a well-known pattern,” said lead researcher Frank Stafford at University of Michigans Institute for Social Research. “Men usually work more outside the home, while women take on more of the housework.” He points out that differences among households（家庭）exist. But in general, marriage means more housework for women and less for men. “And the situation gets worse for women when they have children,” Stafford said. Overall, times are changing in the American home. In 1976, women busied themselves with 26 weekly hours of sweeping-and-dusting work, compared with 17 hours in 2005. Men are taking on more housework, more than doubling their housework hours from six in 1976 to 13 in 2005.Single women in their 20s and 30s did the least housework, about 12 weekly hours, while married women in their 60s and 70s did the most-about 21 hours a week. Men showed a somewhat different pattern, with older men picking up the broom more often than younger men. Single men worked the hardest around the house, more than that of all other age groups of married men.Having children increases housework even further. With more than three children, for example, wives took on more of the extra work, clocking about 28 hours a week compared with husbands10 hours. What can we conclude from Staffords research?A. Marriage gives men more freedom. B. Marriage has effects on job choices.C. Housework sharing changes over time.D. Having children means doubled housework.4) 猜测词义题在阅读英语材料这类真实语言活动的过程中，遇到生词本属正常，但我们并不是每次遇到生词就一定要去查词典的。正确理解、掌握所读材料中单词或短语的含义是理解全文意思的基础，在阅读过程中根据选材、背景及上下文等线索推测出生词词义也是真实语言活动中的一项重要技巧。(1) 通过定义、解释来推测词义通常在文章的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号的方式引出并加以解释说明。A linguist, an expert on languages, is always listening.(2) 通过对比关系来推测词义此法又称为“反义法”，即利用反义词来说明生词的意义。如反义词hot and cold；perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。能够体现这种关系的词很多，主要有表示转折关系的but，while，on (the) one handon the other hand，for one thingfor another和众多反义词。【高考真题】The house looked quite normal outside，but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?A. Messy and untidy. B. Rich and expensive. C. Comfortable and calming. D. Foreign and unusual. (3) 通过因果关系推测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。因果关系的语境，通常由because，so that，sosuchthat等连词来体现。【高考真题】I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because she is the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions. The underlined expression make a big “to do” over means .A. show much concern aboutB. have a special effect onC. list jobs to be done forD. do good things for(4) 通过同类关系来推测词义同类部分可以是当作同位语的词、短语或从句等。同类关系常由such as，like，for example，for instance等连词列举同类词汇来体现。Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes. (5) 利用重述来推测词义Or, that is, that is to say, in other words, to put it another way.It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is, it will break easily.4. 不同体裁文章的阅读方法1) 记叙文的阅读方法记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来事情的经过。简而言之，记叙文就是讲故事，包括人物或故事情节。常见的记叙文根据其用途可分为文学记叙文和说明记叙文：文学记叙文以虚构为主，如趣闻轶事、传说、寓言、传奇故事、短篇小说、科幻小说等；说明记叙文以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、新闻报道、日记等。无论哪一种记叙文作者都要交代何人何时何地为了什么、怎么样、干了何事等等，这也就是我们常说的“5Ws and 1H”。这是我们在阅读记叙文时要首先了解的，接着按照线索弄清事情的来龙去脉，就能理解整个故事。另外，所讲故事必定有其目的：或证明某一理论，或阐明某一概念，或赞美某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶等等。我们在阅读时要通过作者的重要细节描写联系故事情节去领会作者的意图，对作者重墨泼就的细节描写要重点关注。概括起来一句话：读记叙文的关键是抓情节。抓住了故事情节，就理解了文章的脉络，其他问题也就迎刃而解了。2) 说明文的阅读方法说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。说明事物可采用多种方式：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。举例说明文使用例子说明事物、阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异，分类展开法则强调事物的相似之处；类比法说明事物如何相似，对比法说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物发生的原因及结果。除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物的特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。【高考真题】Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading, you need to read different kinds of English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability.There are four parts in the book:Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example, there is an informal letter between friends. There is formal (正式的) English in biography (传记) . There is a job application as a model to help with your writing, as well as testing your reading.Part 3 is Places: In this part, too. Many different kinds of English are shown, some informal and some formal. There is the informal English of a holiday postcard. There is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.You can do these tests in any order you like, or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text.I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.1. We can find the introduction to a product in .A. Part 1B. Part 2C. Part 3D. Part 42. Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?A. A letter of complaint.B. A computer handbook.C. A letter to a friend. D. A story of a president.3. The passage is most probably written for .A. test designers B. students C. test-takers D. teachers 4. What is the best title of the book?A. Test Your Reading B. Help with Your Writing C. Learn Different Kinds of English D. Practice English in Different Ways （参考答案：DCBA）3) 议论文的阅读方法议论文也就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据（evidence），使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。阅读议论文我们要抓住论题、抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题、抓住了观点，我们就把握了中心，再结合作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点/结论之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。因此，阅读议论文的关键是：抓论题、抓观点。4) 应用文的阅读方法应用文不同于一般普通的文章，应用文措辞简洁明了、直截了当。应用文是一种使用范围比较广泛的文体，像广告、书信、列车或飞机的时刻表、产品说明书、宣传海报、简明新闻等都属于应用文，它们的目的都是为了向读者传输信息。在阅读这类文章时主要是注意细节信息，做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法更有效。了解了应用文的措辞和内容特点，我们在实践中总结出读应用文的关键是：抓信息。【模拟试题】（答题时间：70分钟）一、单选A组1. Ive been told that John from his journey to India. What about visiting him tonight? Great. I will call for you at 6:30 pm.A. had come backB. is backC. came backD. coming back2. How proud she is! She has been Beijing University.A. admitted toB. agreed toC. received byD. had watched