动词分类和时态语态.doc

动词的分类以及时态和语态动词是表示动作或状态的词。 例如： work，工作 , study，学习，eat 吃。 动词分为实义动词，连系动词，情态动词和助动词。 1. 实义动词有完整的词义，并能单独作谓语，实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。例如： study 学习, reach 到达, see 看见, rise 升起。实义动词否定形式一般加dont / didnt / doesnt e.g: He doesnt study hard. They dont study hard.实义动词疑问形式一般是加 do / did / does 构成 e.g: Does he study hard?2. 连系动词有1).表示存在be(是注意其否定形式直接加not疑问句提前be其他系动词用法同实义动词I am a teacher and they are my students.我是老师,他们是我的学生。 Is she very young?. 她非常年轻吗？Tony is not in the office. 托尼在办公室里。)2). 感官动词look(看起来)，seem(似乎是) It seems good to me to do so. He seemed (to be) very happy.，appear(似乎、显得) She appears（ to be） very well. Why does she appear so sad? smell(闻起来)，taste(尝起来)，sound(听起来) feel(摸上去)等。例如: The story sounds true. CF：At this moment his footsteps sounded on the stairs. She looks happy. CF：What are you looking at?Those oranges taste good. CF：He tasted both cakes and decided neither was good.The milk smells sour. CF：I smelled something burning.She felt very proud of her son. CF：I feel my heart beating (感到)Ice feels cold. CF：He felt the cloth to see its quality. （摸起来）3). “变化”类: 表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调变化后的情况或状态.常见的有: become(变成) It has become much warmer. Then I became very angry Our faces became redder still.， turn(变成)（注意如果后加(表示主语身份的)单数名词作表语省略冠词）She turned pale .The weather suddenly turned cold. The milk has turned sour. He turned communist.， grow(变得) He is growing old. When it grew dark we went home. The smoke grew heavier and thicker till it looked like a great fog.， / come (变得) Everything comes so easy for her. Her dream of visiting Australia came true get (变得)等。The days are getting longer and longer Things are getting better. The work began to get more difficult. Seeing them, the young woman got so excited. go (变得) Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather. My hair is going gray. Her face went red. This meat has gone bad. All the children went white with shock. My mind went completely blank. The screen went e (变得)例如: I hope your dream will come true. fall fall ill. fall asleep，fall silent, He fell a victim to cancer.become，get，go，grow，turn它们虽然都表示“(从一种状态)变成另一种状态”，但与其相关的搭配却有差别。若不注意，在使用时就会出错。 1.形容词在这类系动词后面作表语 go和come相比，“go+形容词”多表示“(从好的状态)变成坏的状态”， e.g.(1)In hot weather，meat goes bad. 热天，肉会变坏。 系动词go后面的表语为mad，crazy，blind，lame或表示颜色的形容词时，go前面的主语一般为人。 e.g.(1)He went mad last year. 去年他疯了。 (2)Hearing this，she went red. 听到这个，她脸红了。 2.系动词grow后面可以接表示人或物的特征的静态形容词作表语，也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语。它侧重于“逐渐变成某种状态”。e.g.(1)The girl grew thinner and thinner. 这个女孩越来越瘦了。 (2)Soon the sky grew dark. 天很快变黑了。 3.系动词turn后面多接表示颜色的形容词作表语，也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语。意思上侧重于“变得与以前完全不同”。 e.g.The man turned blue with fear. 那个男人因害怕而脸发青。 The weather suddenly turned much colder. 天气突然变得冷多了。 4.“get+形容词”多用在口语中。get能替代become，但become较为正式。get与become前面的主语既可以是人也可以是物。e.g.He became/got angry with his son. 他生他儿子的气。 His coat has become/got badly torn. 他的外套已经非常破了。 get经常与形容词的比较级连用。 e.g.The days are getting longer and longer after the winter solstice. 冬至过后，天变得越来越长。 注意：系动词become一般不可用来表示“将来变得”的意思。 5.系动词become，turn，get，go，后面能跟名词作表语，其他的“变成”类系动词后面不能跟名词作表语。 e.g.His dream has become a reality. 他的梦想变成了现实。 He has turned scientist. 他成了科学家。 Her cheeks went a very pretty pink. 她的脸颊变得绯红。 注意：在turn后面作表语用的名词前通常不带冠词。 6.系动词get，go，后面可接现在分词，但含义不是“成为”。 e.g.They went in and got chatting together.(get意为“开始”) 他们进去后开始聊天。 We often go swimming.(go意为“去”) 我们常去游泳。 7.系动词get后面接不定式，表示变化过程。Marys growing to be more and more like her mother. 玛丽越长越像她的母亲了。 注意：这种结构不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。4). “持续”类: 表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调“持续”。常见的有: lie, The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake.地震之后整个城市成了一片废墟。I have lain awake all night thinking of them.我心里想着他们,彻夜未眠。 sit Some old machines in the workshop sit idle.车间里有几台旧机器闲置不用。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 rest This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。remain(依然)，keep(保持)，stay(保持)，continue(继续、仍旧) The market price of rice continues firm I hope it will continue fine. The winter continued damp and wet His illness continued long. hold(未见例句) ，stand(处于某状况或情形) stand作连系动词，意为“处于（某种情况）”，后面可接形容词、副词、介词短语、分词。如（1）Im sorry for the mistake. I stand corrected.抱歉，出了个错，我愿意纠正。（2）The law still stands in force.这条法律仍然有效。（3）Some of the machinery is standing idle.有些机器被闲置不用。（4）Thats how matters stood as we sat down to the table.我就是我们在桌边坐下来的情况。（5）The classroom is now standing empty.我间教室现在闲置不用。（6）The contract stands good for a year.这项合同有效期一年。【注】stand作连系动词时可作“充当”解释，后接名词。（7）The dog stood guard over his masters belongings.那条狗充当了主人财物的卫士。例如: Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. Its already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. Whats the matter? 5) 其他 Their money was running short. Still water runs deep. prove(证明是) The search prove（to be） difficult. 搜查证实很难。On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide.3. 情态动词表示能力，义务，必要，猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。情态动词有 can, may, must,等等。 4. 助动词只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态，语态和语气等动词形式。 do、did、does（帮助构成否定句疑问句强调结构的谓语）, shall（帮助构成将来时及其否定句疑问句）, will（帮助构成一般将来时及其否定句疑问句）, would(帮助构成过去将来时及其否定句疑问句)have(has). had （帮助构成过去完成时态及其否定句疑问句）（帮助构成现在完成时态及其否定句疑问句）be（帮助构成进行时态和被动语态及其否定句疑问句）注意事项：连系动词在句中与表语构成系表结构的谓语。有些连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。如:feel，taste等词。例如: -Do you like the material? -Yes, it feels very soft. 连系动词也可跟不定式(to do / to be)，常见的有: appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如: Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it. On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.动词的基本形式。 英语动词有四种基本形式：动词原形，过去式，过去分词和现在分词。这四种动词形式和助动词一起构成动词的时态，语态和语气。 动词的原形。就是词典中所给的形式。例如： be, have, buy, sit. 动词过去式和过去分词的构成有规则的和不规则的两种形式。规则动词的过去式和过去分词变化如下： 一般情况下，动词词尾加 -ed 。 worked played wanted acted 以不发音的 -e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 -d。 lived moved decided declined hoped judged raised wiped 以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed。 studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed。 stopped begged regretted dragged dropped planned referred preferred occurred不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。 buy - bought come - came fly-flew 不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的形式是不规则的，须要一一记忆。 动词的现在分词由动词原形加 -ing 构成。构成方法如下： 1）一般情况在动词原形后加 -ing 。 go-going stand-standing (playing/studying)2）以不发音的 e 结尾的动词，去掉 e ，再加 -ing. arrive- arriving3)动词是闭音节的单音节词，或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词，而末尾只有一辅音字母时，这个辅音字母须双写，然后再加 ing。get- getting sitting running getting cutting stopping beginning planning permitting 4）少数几个以 -ie 结尾的动词，须将 ie 变成 y ，再加 ing.例如： die-dying lie-lying。 tie-tying动词的时态 特例panicked/ panicking英语动词的时态是一种动词的形式。 不同的动词时态用以表示不同的时间和方式。共有十六种时态,常用的九种。 1. 一般现在时： 一般现在时表示经常发生的习惯性的动作或目前所处的状态。 We go to school every day. 我们每天去学校。 The students study very hard. 学生们学习很努力。 在一般现在时句中，如果主语是第三人称时，动词要进行变化，变化规则如下： 1) 一般情况下，动词后面直接加 -s. 例如： works gets says reads 2) 以ch,sh,s,x 或 o 结尾的动词，在后面加 -es。 例如： goes teaches washes misses fixes 3) 以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把 y变为 i 再加 -es. 例如： studies tries carries 动词 have 遇有主语是第三人称单数时，have 改为 has。 例如： He has an interesting book. 动词 be 遇有主语是第一人称单数时，be 改为 am 遇有主语是第二人称时，be 改为 are, 遇有主语是第三人称单数时，be 改为 is. Im a student and he is a student, too. 我是一个学生 ，他也是一个学生。 一般现在时的具体用法： 1) 表示现在，目前存在的状态，性质或经常发生的动作或习惯。一般现在时常用下列副词或短语来作时间状语： often, usually, always, sometimes , seldom, every day(week, year, night), twice a month I often visit my teachers. 我经常看望我的老师。 They do morning exercises every day. 他们每天做早操。 2) 某些动词如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。 The train comes at 3 oclock. （时刻表）火车三点钟到。 Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。 3) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句以及让步状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。 Ill help you as soon as you have problems . Tell Xiao Li about it if / when you meet him. 如果你碰见小李，告诉他这件事情。 No matter what、Whatever happens, I will help you.4) 一般现在时还可用在戏剧， 电影的剧本解说，体育比赛的解说以及图片的说明等场合。 Tom carries the ball to the left. 汤姆把球带到左方。 The picture shows us how they built the motorway last year.展示了他们去年如何建设高速公路。 2. 一般过去式 表示过去的动作和状态。 I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰见了他。一般过去式构成： 表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。（一段时间的状语可以和过去时态连用）一般过去式的用法： A表示在过去某一特定时间某个时间发生或者结束的动作，因此可用于：1指明发生在过去的动作：I met him yesterday我昨天遇见了他。Pasteur died in 1895巴斯彻于1895年去世。2动作显然在过去某特定时刻发生时，虽然并末明确提及该时刻：When did you meet him？你是什么时候见到他的？The train was ten minutes late火车晚点了十分钟。How did you get your present job？你是怎么得到现在这份工作的？I bought this car in Montreal我在蒙特利尔买的这辆车。B) 表示过去习惯性动作用would/ used to do的句型表达，本身表示的就是过去时。例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。）He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）C) 有时情态动词的过去时态，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。Could 代替can / might 可替may表委婉语气 eg: Might I use your telephone? Yes, you may. / No, I am afraid not. will在疑问句中用于第二人称时，表询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求,would比will委婉客气。例：Would you mind if I borrowed your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？）注意事项：A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past/last 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别,以否定形式为例：used not to do, （didnt use to do,）didnt use to doused to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示过去常常或过去曾经，要求加动词原形；后者表示习惯于，要求加名词或动名词。3. 一般将来时 表示将来的动作或状态。一般将来时的构成： shall (will) + 动词原形. 助动词 shall用于主语是第一人称时，will 用于主语是第二，三人称。 I shall attend the meeting tomorrow. 我明天要参加会议。 The workers will build a school here next year. 工人们明年将在这儿盖一所学校。 一般将来时的否定形式shall not + 动词原形。 will not + 动词原形。 shall not和 will not可以分别缩写为shant 和 wont. I shall not go to the Yingze Park next time. 下一次我不去迎泽公园了。 He wont come back this week. 这一周他不回来了。 （will用在第一人称时，还可以表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺， 命令等） I will do my best to catch up with them. 我要尽力赶上他们 。 其他表示将来的句型： （1）be + going + 动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，最近或将来要作的某事。 I am going to Beijing next week. 下周我要去北京。 Cf: will do 临时决定Have you brought my book? Oh, sorry, I forgot. Ill bring it to you tomorrow.（2）be + 动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。 There is to be a meeting this afternoon. 今天下午有个会。 We are to meet the guests at the station. 我们要去车站接人。 （3） be about + 动词不定式，表示马上，很快作某事。 They are about to leave. 他们就要离开。 （4）一般现在时态 表将来 （5）现在进行时态 表将来（以上几点适用于过去将来）4. 过去将来时 表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。 1过去将来时的构成 和一般将来时一样，只不过把助动词be，will，shall变为过去式。 例句：I didnt know if he would come. =I didnt know if he was going to come. 我不知道他是否会来。 She told us that she would not go with us，if it rained. 她告诉我们，如果下雨，她就不和我们一起去了。 I didnt know how to do it. What would be their ideas？ 我不知如何去做，他们会有什么想法呢？ 2.过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。此时，不管什么人称，一律用would。 This door wouldnt open. 这扇门老是打不开。 Whenever he had time，he would do some reading. 他一有时间，总是看书。 I would play with him when was a child. 当我还是孩童时，总是和他一起玩。5. 现在进行时： 一般进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。 We are working now. 我们正在工作。 一般进行时的构成： be + 现在分词。 Its raining hard. 雨下的很大。Are you studying now?你在学习吗？They are watching TV. 他们在看电视。 现在进行时的用法： 1) 现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作， 它注重现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。 What are you doing now? 你在干什么呢? I am looking for my key. 我在找我的钥匙。 The workers are building a big library. 工人们正在建一座大型图书馆。 2) 现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作，也许此时此刻这个动作并没有进行。 The students are preparing for the examination. 学生们正在作考试准备。 3) 某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有 arrive, come, leave, start等。 They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow. 他们明天要去香港。 I am coming. 我就来。6. 过去进行时： 过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，过去进行时常和表示过去时的时间状语词组或从句连用。 过去进行时的构成： were (was) + 动词现在分词 He was reading at nine last night. 昨天晚上九点钟他正在看书。 I was watching TV when she came to see me. 她来看我的时候，我正在看电视。（非谓语中现在分词也用于这种情况）I know he was writing the book last year,but I dont know whether he has finished it or not.7. 现在完成时 一般完成时表示动作发生在过去，但与现在有关系，说明这个动作在现在的结果，例如： I have been here for two hours. 我来这儿已有两个小时了。 She has not said anything about it. 她对这件事情什么也没有说。 完成时的构成 have (has) + 过去分词， has 用于主语是第三人称单数，其它用 have。 I have worked for ten hours today. 今天我工作了十个小时。 He has found his pen. 他找到了他的钢笔了。 现在完成时的用法： 1) 一般完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。 He has gone away. 他已经走了。 I have bought a ten-speed bicycle. 我买了一辆十速自行车。 They have cleaned the classroom. 他们打扫了教室。 2) 一般完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。 一般完成时常与for 和 since 引导的短语或从句连用。 We have lived here since 1976. 从一九七六以来，我们就住这儿。 They have waited for more than two hours. 等了两个多小时。 注意：延续性动词才能与完成时态及其时间状语连用（一段时间的状语可以和过去时态连用）记住下列终止性动词 (1)die他死了三年了。 误：He has died for three years. 正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago. 正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died. (2)come他来这儿五天了。 误：He has come here for five days. 正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago. 正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here. leave be away, borrow keep, buy have, begin/start be on, move to live in, finish be over, join be in/be a member of, open sth. keep sth. open, fall ill be ill, fallasleepbeasleep catch a cold have a cold。marry/get married be married (to) get used to be used to go to prison be in prison openbeopengetupbeupclosebeclosed get to/ arrive/reach - be (in) get to know - know, go (get) out be out ，put on wear become - be补充练习：1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for 20 minutes. A. has left B. had left C. has been awayD. had been away2. I _ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in D. have been joined3. The factory _ since the February of 1988. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4. Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5.You mustnt _ until he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be left6.The meeting _ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over7.Miss Gao _ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has come to 8.Ben _ a teacher for 4 years . A. has been B. has become C. was D. became9. I _ home for a week. A. have returned B. have been back C. returned10. How long _ he _ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead11. He _ at three yesterday afternoon. A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12.He _ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had 13.-How long _ you _ ill ? -Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been14.Since 2000, he _ his hometown. A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from15.Ill lend you the book , but you can only _ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. take16.The bus _ on the road for 2 hours so far. A. has stopped B. stopped C. has been17.Are you _ the jacket these days? A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on18.He _ for 2 hours. A. got up B. has got up C. has been up19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _ a cold for several days. A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had20.- How long can I _ the book? - Two weeks. A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keepKey:1-5 D C A B B; 6-10 C A A B C; 11-15 B C C C B; 16-20 C A C D D说明: 终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如： He hasnt left here since 1986. I havent heard from my brother for two weeks. 终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成not+终止性动词+until/till .的句型，意为直到才。如： You cant leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。 I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。Since so far in the last few weeks/ it is the first time that I have been here从句、This is the best film that I have ever seen.8. 过去完成时： 过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去完成时常和 by , before 等词组成的短语和从句连用。 过去完成时的构成： had + 过去分词 We had already learned 2000 words by the end of last year. 到去年年底我们已经学了2000个单词。 not later than/beforeWhen we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes. 我们到达车站的时候，他们已经等了二十多分钟。 过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 2） 用法 （1） 表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作，常与由by，before引导的时间状语连用。 We had learned 5000 words by the end of last month. 到上个月底为止我已经学了五千个单词。 I had finished the composition before supper. 晚饭前我就已经把作文写完了。 （2） 表示过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，常与由when，before等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。 When I woke up it had already stopped raining. 我醒来的时候雨就已经停了。 I hadnt learned any English before I came here. 我来这儿之前没学过英语。 常用于引导这类状语从句的连词有：when当.的时候，as soon as一.就， before在.之前，after在.之后，until直到，等。 （3） 用于宾语从句或间接引语中 I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission. 我想知道谁未经允许就把雨伞拿去。 He told me that he had passed the exam. 他告诉我他已通过考试。 （4） 某些动词的过去完成时表示打算要做却没有做成的事（未能实现的愿望和想法）。 I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldnt get away. 昨晚我本打算来看你，但有人来找，脱不开身。 We had hoped to catch the early bus, but found it was gone. 我们本希望搭早班车，却发现车已开了。 We hoped to have caght the early bus, but found it was gone. 我们本希望搭早班车，却发现车已开了。 这类动词有：intend打算，hope希望，plan计划，mean预定，want想要， think想要，等。 （5） 用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句中 If you had come yesterday, you would have met him. 如果你昨天来的话，你就已经见到他的面了。 She would have come if she hadnt been so busy. 要不是这么忙的话，她就已经来了9. 现在完成进行时 1）表示一个开始于过去，但现在仍在继续或者刚刚结束的动作。例如： （1） Ive been waiting for an hour and the secretary says that I have to wait one more hour （2） Ive been thinking it over 句（1）表明的动作是：I waited；I am waiting and I will have to wait 句（2）表明的动作是：I thought about it and I am still thinking或 I thought about it and now I have come to a conclusion2）表示不间断的重复的动作。例如：Justine has been c