高中二轮英语语法复习讲解-构词法.doc

嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用高中英语语法之构词法一.概念语言学家把这种专门研究词形变化现象和规则的学问称为词形学(Morphology),通常简称为构词法(Word Formation)。 英语的构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法. 二.相关知识点精讲1.转化法英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。1)动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下)；有时意思有一定变化(如下)；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下)。例如：Lets go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。Lets have a swim.咱们游泳吧。2)名词转化为动词很多表示物件(如下)、身体部位(如下)、某类人(如下)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词(如下)也可作动词。例如：Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。3)形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。4)副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。5)形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下)。例如：You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 2.派生法在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。1)前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。 高考资源网 (1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：appear出现disappear消失 correct正确的incorrect不正确的 lead带领mislead领错 stop停下non-stop不停 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：alone单独的antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作enjoy使高兴internet互联网reuse再用 subway地铁telephone电话2)后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。 (1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一)，-ian (精通的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：differ不同于difference区别 write写writer作家 Japan日本Japanese日本人act表演actress女演员 mouth口mouthful一口 music音乐musician音乐家 (2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使化)，-ize (使成为)。例如： widewiden加宽 beautybeautify美化 purepurify提纯realrealize意识到 organorganize组织 (3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：nature自然natural自然的 reason道理reasonable有道理的 America美国American美国的 China中国Chinese中国人的 gold金子golden金的 east东eastern东方的 child孩子childish孩子气的 snow雪snowy雪的 (4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如： angry生气的angrily生气地 to到towards朝，向 east东方eastward向东 (5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六 four四forty四十fortieth第四十 3.合成法1)合成名词构成方式例词名词名词weekend周末 名词动词daybreak黎明名词动名词handwriting书法 名词及物动词eror pain-killer止痛药名词介词名词editor-in-chief总编辑 代词名词she-wolf母狼 动词名词typewriter打字机 动名词名词reading-room阅览室现在分词名词flying-fish飞鱼 形容词名词gentleman绅士副词动词outbreak爆发 介词名词afternoon下午2)合成形容词名词形容词snow-white雪白的 名词现在分词English-speaking讲英语的名词to名词face-to-face面对面的 名词过去分词man-made人造的数词名词one-way单行的 数词名词形容词two-year-old两岁的数词名词ed five-storeyed五层的 动词副词see-through透明的形容词名词high-class高级的 形容词名词ed noble-minded高尚的形容词形容词light-blue浅蓝色的 形容词现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词形容词ever-green常青的 副词现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词过去分词well-known著名的 副词名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词名词downhill下坡的3)合成动词名词动词sleep-walk梦游 形容词动词white-wash粉刷 副词动词overthrow推翻4)合成副词形容词名词hotfoot匆忙地 形容词副词everywhere到处 副词副词however尽管如此介词名词beforehand事先 介词副词forever永远5)合成代词代词宾格self herself她自己 物主代词self myself我自己 形容词名词anything任何东西6)合成介词副词名词inside在里面 介词副词within在之内 副词介词into进入 4.截短法(缩略法)截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1)截头telephonephone aeroplaneplane omnibusbus 2)去尾mathematicsmaths co-operateco-op examinationexam kilogramkilo laboratorylab taxicabtaxi3)截头去尾influenzaflu refrigeratorfridge prescriptionscript 5.混合法(混成法)混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。news broadcastnewscast新闻广播 television broadcasttelecast电视播送smoke and fogsmog烟雾 helicopter airportheliport直升飞机场 6.首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。very important personVIP (读字母音)要人；大人物 televisionTV (读字母音)电视Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福 三.巩固练习1.That man was_enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A.careB.carefulC.carelessD.carelessness2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai.A.die B.dead C.died D.death3.The child looked_at his brother who was badly wounded.A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a _.A.chemistry B.chemicalC.chemist D.physician5.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child.He may fall off.A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged6.Stephenson became the_railway engineer in the world.A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked_about at his classmates. A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely8.To everyones _，the girl finished the job quite well.A.satisfied B.satisfactoryC.satisfying D.satisfaction9.What are you doing here?Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English.You can write_passage in English?A.600 words；a 600-wordsB.600-word；a 600-wordsC.600 words；a 600-wordD.600 words；a 600-words10.No one should enter the spot without the_of the police.A.permit B.permissionC.permitting D.permittence11.You must come with us to the police _.Our head is waiting for you.A.headquarters B.headlineC.headmaster D.headache12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it _.A.intend B.intentionC.intentionally D.intentional13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_smile.A.practice B.practiseC.practical D.practiced14.The_ordered him to pay a $100 fine.A.judger B.judgmentC.judge D.judgement15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the_news about Iraq War? A.lately B.latestC.later D.latter16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in _. 高考资源网A.longer B.lengthC.long D.longing17.To my _，I passed the exam easily.A.joy B.joyfulC.joyless D.joyness18.Canada is mainly an_country.A.English-speaking B.speak-EnglishC.spoken-English D.English-spoken19.How_ he is! He is always acting_.He is really a _.A.foolish；foolishly；fool B.fool；foolish；foolC.foolish；fool；fool D.foolishly；foolish；fool20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.Its of great _.A.valuable B.valueC.valueless D.unvaluable21.There were_fish in the river in South America.A.in danger B.dangerC.dangerous D.dangerless22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is_.A.sound B.silentC.silence D.sounded23.The child looked at me_.A.stranger B.strangelyC.strange D.strangeless24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their_bravely.A.free B.freelyC.freedom D.frees25.What you said sounded_ but