学业考词性转换-2014.doc

学业考词性转换：Passage 1: We find that bright children are seldom held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary(相反), both their knowledge and experience are_1_ (rich). We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming（按能力分班）pupils. It does not _2_ (consideration) the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright children. After all, it can be quite _3_( courage) to be the bottom of the top grade. Besides, it is rather_4_ (real) to grade people just according to their _5_ (intelligence) ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We care much about the development of all the pupils abilities to the full, not just their study ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability _6_ (teacher) does good to all these aspects of learning.In our classrooms, we work in _7_ (variety) ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the chance to learn to work together, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to deal with _8_ (person) problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate and to communicate_9_ (effect). The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual(个人的) tasks, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some class teaching when this is proper. We _10_(courageous) our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this well. An advanced pupil can do advanced work and it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to achieve this goal.Passage 2: Small, simple life changes can be powerful. Implementing some of these changes can literally change your entire life. How do you change? Take on one change at a time, and go slowly. Implement each change consistently so that it becomes a habit. Dont do too much too fast. What follows is a list of changes that are simple, yet _1_ (incredible) powerful. Some are obvious and some arent. I hope they _2_ (service) as reminders of useful changes.Walk dailyWalking every day is good for your _3_ (physics) health. But more importantly, its good for your mind. walking is a _4_ (joyful). You are outside without distractions. You may even see people. And theres few better ways to boast your mood.Wake earlyIf you asked me whats the best change you can make this _5_ (instant), I would say “wake early。”The early morning is peaceful there are no interruptions and no noise. You can wake up and go for a walk. You can meditate. And you can create.And waking early is the most _6_ (produce) thing Ive ever done. I often get more work done in a couple hours in the morning than during the entire day.Declutter (整理)Clutter whether mental, physical, or virtual takes a toll. The only way to get rid of clutter is to get rid of stuff. Deal with bad thoughts and be done with them. Delete_7_ (needed) files. And get rid of unnecessary items. Then when you feel like adding something, ask yourself if its necessary. For the most part, it will just contribute to clutter.Meditate (冥想)The incredible benefits of meditation are well-known. But most people dont practice it because it seems _8_(complicate). The truth is, you dont need to shave your head, or sit with crossed legs to meditate. The simplest way to meditate is to just sit and _9_(breath). Focus on your breath. Or focus on the sounds around you.Let go of expectationsExpectations are completely _10_ (point). Try it for yourself: think of how something will be in advance. Most of the time your expectations arent met or are exceeded or your expectations create negative results.Live without expectations, and you wont be disappointed. You wont have to worry about things you cant control. You will just flow and accept things as they are.Passage 3Jealousy can take over your life and tear you apart. And jealousy needs to be controlled before it controls you. Jealousy: rational and irrational First, work out who or what youre _1_（jealousy）of. Then ask yourself if the jealousy is rational or irrational. A rational example of jealousy is when your best mate gets a better exam grade than you. If you envy everything your best friend does, you are _2_（probable）feeling irrational jealousy.You need to work out youre feeling the green-eyed _3_ (emotional). If you feel rational jealousy _4_ (occasional), dont feel too bad everyone gets a pang sometimes. Were rarely _5_ (satisfy) with what weve got and sometimes feeling a bit jealousy _6_ (inspiration) us to work harder towards the things we want. However, if _7_ (real) is out the window and youre insanely jealous about everything and everyone, the problem is more complex. Jealousy makes you think that other people are in the wrong, when most of the time the problem is in your hand. Youre lacking _8_（confident）in yourself, your abilities and the people around you. Thats why youre jealous.The best way to beat jealousy is to build confidence. If you are happy and _9_ (security) in life, the green-eyed monster cant control you. Dont bottle it up. If youre jealous of one person in particular, talk to them. Tell them how you feel. Chances are, you can work through the problem together. Go for the things you want, too. Jealousy is a negative emotion and _10_ (succeed) will boost your life and get jealousy under control.Passage 4 The mysteries of the human brain are only now beginning to be solved. 1 (scientific) have found out that certain parts of the brain make possible certain abilities and actions. They have found this out by studying groups of people who have suffered _2_ (injure)to the same part of the brain.Most parts of the brain _3_ (able) people to do several things. So damage to one area usually _4_ (cause) several disabilities. But one area of the brain seems to be _5_ (limit) to one specific ability, the ability to recognize faces. People who have injured this part of the brain cant _6_ (connection) a face with a name. This happens even with members of their own family. They can see the face well because they can describe it. They can recognize the voice of a family member and _ (identification) it. They can match two _ (slight) different pictures of the same person. But they are unable to connect a face with a name.Why does this part of the brain affect such a specific ability? Scientists think the reason is that humans are very _ (society) animals. The ability to recognize friendly faces probably played a big part in the early _ (develop) of humanity.Passage 5A group of _1_ (graduate), highly established in their careers, got together to visit their old university professor. The conversation soon turned into _2_ (complain) about stress in work and in life. _ 3_ (Offer) his guests coffee, the professor went to the kitchen and returned with a large pot of coffee and an assortment of cups - porcelain, plastic, glass, crystal, some plain-looking, some expensive, some exquisite（精致的）- telling them to help _4_ (them) to the coffee.When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the professor said, “If you noticed, all the nice-looking, expensive cups were _5_ (take) up, leaving behind the plain and cheap ones. While it is _6_ (abnormal) for you to want only the best for yourselves, that is the source of your problems and stress.“What all of you really wanted was coffee, not the cup, but you _7_ (conscious) went for the _8_ (good) cups and were eyeing each others cups.“Now consider this: Life is the coffee and the jobs. Money and position in _9_ (social) are the cups. They are just tools to hold and contain life, and do not change the quality of life. Sometimes, by concentrating only on the cup, we _10_ (failure) to enjoy the coffee. So, dont let the cups drive you enjoy the coffee instead.”Passage 6Some thirty years ago, I was studying in a public school in New York. One day, Mrs. Nanette ONeill gave an arithmetic paper to our class. When the papers were marked she discovered that twelve boys had made _1_ (exact) the same mistakes throughout the test. There is nothing really new about _2_(cheat) in exams. Perhaps that was why Mrs. ONeill didnt even say a word about it. She only asked the twelve boys to remain after class. I was _3_(first) of the twelve. Mrs. ONeil asked no questions, and she didnt scold us either. Instead, she wrote on the _4_(black) the words by Thomas Macaulay: The measure of a mans real character is what he would do if he knew he would never be found out.She then ordered us to copy these words into our exercises-books one hundred times. I dont know about the other eleven boys. Speaking for myself I can say: it was the most _5_(importance) single lesson of my life. Thirty years after being _6_(introduction) to Macaulays words, they still seem to me the best yardstick(准绳), because they give us a way to measure _7_(we) rather than others. Few of us are asked to make great _8_(decide) about nations going to war or armies going to battle. But all of us are called upon daily to make a great many _9_(person) decisions. Should the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket or turned over the policeman? Should the extra change received at the store be forgotten or returned? Nobody will know except you. But you have to _10_(life) yourself, and it is always better to live with someone you respect.Passage 7Suppose we built a robot to explore the planet，MarsWe provide the robot with seeing detector（探测器）to keep it away from _1_(dangerous)It is powered entirely by the sunShould we program the robot to be _2_(equal) active at all time? NoThe robot would be using up energy at a time when it was not receiving anySo we would probably program it to stop its activity at night and to wake up at dawn the next morning According to the evolutionary theory of sleep，evolution _3_(equipment) us with a regular pattern of sleeping and waking for the same reasonThe theory doesnt deny that sleep provides some important restorative functionsIt merely says that evolution has programmed us to perform those functions at a time when activity would be _4_(efficiency) and possibly dangerous. However, sleep _5_(protection) us only from the sort of trouble we might walk into；it doesnt protect us from trouble that comes looking for usSo we sleep well when we are in a familiar and safe place，but we sleep _6_(light)，if at all，when we fear that bears will nose into the tentThe evolutionary theory explains the differences in sleep among creaturesWhy do cats，for instance，sleep so much，while horses sleep so little? Surely cats do not need five times as much repair and _7_(restore) as horses doBut cats can afford to have long periods of inactivity because they spend little time eating and _8_(likely) to be attacked while they sleepHorses must spend almost all their waking hours eating，because what they eat is very low in energy valueMoreover，they cannot afford to sleep too long or too deeply，because their _9_(survive ) depends on their ability to run away from _10_(attack)Passage 8Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel _1_(proud) when they receive the news, while others worry, wondering whether they will be good father. Although there are some men who like children and may have had considerable experience with them, others do not _2_ (particular) care for children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. For other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted willingly or _3_(willingly).Whatever the _4_ (react) to the birth of a child, it is _5_(obviously) that the shift from the role of husband to that of father is a difficult task. Yet, _6_(fortunate), few attempts have been made to educate fathers in this resocialization process. Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a father.It is argued by some writers that the _7_ (transit) to the fathers role, although difficult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mothers role. The mothers role seems to require a complete transformation in daily routine and highly innovative _8_(adapt), on the other hand, the fathers role is less _9_(demand) and immediate. However, even though we mentioned the fact that _10_(grow)numbers of women are working outside the home, the father is still thought by many as the breadwinner in the household.Passage 9Questions have always been the major stock in trade for teachers. At all levels, students are puzzled by the different kinds of _1_ (inquire). Throughout his academic career, questions, both oral and written, _2_ (applicant) a major influence to the student. In some cases, the future professional activities of the student will reflect the results of examinations.Traditionally, questions have been used to _3_ (determination) what has been learned-too often as isolated bits of knowledge which are of little value. Thus, there is a wide range in the quality of questions. Some of the elements which make a good question are: _4_ (accurate), clearness and close connection to the matters on which the question is based.There is _5_ (mark) difference in the ability of teachers in the art of questioning. As stated by Dr. Sander, the teacher most talented in questioning are usually deep and continuing scholars. Good questions _6_ (recognition) the wide possibilities of thought and are built around various forms of thinking. Good questions are directed toward learning and thinking that are of _7_ (create) type, rather than determining what has been learned in a narrow sense.“Classroom Questions” has enjoyed some five years of field development and _8_ (evaluate) in the public schools of Wisconsin. The author has held seminars（研讨会）on questions with some 40 groups, _9_ (include) teachers in various public school systems, professional education organizations, and college groups.This book should be of great _10_ (assist) to those who make and ask classroom questions. It is my belief that it will also reduce the puzzlement of those taking examinations.Passage 10Every hour spent watching TV, DVDs and videos as an adult reduces life expectancy by almost 22 minutes, a study suggests. And watching TV for an average of six hours a day can cut short your life by five years.The research claims that a sedentary (久坐不动的) lifestyle is as _1_ (harm) to health as smoking and obesity, because of the dangers caused by _2_(active) and the greater opportunities it offers for _3_(health) eating.The academics conducting the study set out to calculate the overall risk to life expectancy from watching television. Their research involved more than 11,000 people over the age of 25. They concluded: “ TV _4_(view) time may be associated with a loss of life that is comparable to other _5_(majority) chronic disease risk factors.The researchers, from the University of Queensland, used _6_(inform) from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study, together with population and death rate data. But they said: “While we used Australian data, the _7_( affect) in other _8_(industry) and developing countries are likely to be comparable, considering the typically large amounts of time spent watching TV and _9_(similar) in disease patterns.” In the UK, the average amount of time spent watching TV is four hours a day compared with five hours in the United States.Another study shows that exercising for just 15 minutes a day can increase your lifespan by up to three years,. It can reduce the risk of early _10_(die) by 14 percent.Passage 11One topic is 1 (rare) mentioned in all the talk of improving standards in our schools: the almost complete 2 (fail) of foreign-language teaching. As a French 3 (graduate) who has taught for more than twenty-five years, I believe I have some idea of why the failure is so total. In addition to the faults already found out in the education system as a whole such as child-centered learning, the “ 4 (discover)” method, and the low 5 (expect) by teachers of pupils - there have been several serious errors which have a direct 6 (affect) on language teaching.The first is the 7 (remove) from the curriculum of the thorough teaching of French grammar. Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun, the subject of a sentence from its object, or the difference between the past, present, or future.Another important error is mixed-ability teaching or teaching in ability groups so wide that the most able pupils are held back and are bored while the least able are lost and 8 (equal) bored. Strangely enough, few head teachers seem to be in 9 (favorite) of mixed-ability school football teams. Most American schools have accepted what is 10 (evitable) and withdrawn modern languages, even Spanish, from the curriculum. Perhaps it is time for Britain to do the same.Passage 12The pollution of the earths soil and water has become an issue of great concern. Until recentl